Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreaks, Vaccination, Politics and Society: The Continuing Challenge

Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Editor
Coronavirus (COVID-19) Outbreaks, Vaccination, Politics and Society: The Continuing Challenge
Introduction
Global Perspectives on COVID-19 Pandemics Scenario
COVID-19 Scenario 2021–2022
When COVID-19 Ends: Focus on Selected Regions
USA
East Asian Region
Resurgence in Hong Kong
Japan
Australia
England
European Countries
Canada
South Africa
Indonesia
Malaysia
Bangladesh
Latin America and the Caribbean Nations: COVID-19 in the 2022
The Cost of an Unequal World
Omicron—From Pandemic to Endemic
The Book Throws Light on the Following Aspects in Both Developed and Developing Countries
COVID-19 versus Non-COVID-19 Diseases
Conclusion
References
Australasia
Underpromise and Overdeliver: The Failure of Political Rhetoric in Managing COVID-19 in Australia
Introduction
A Public–Private Federation
The Outsourcing of the Public
Let It Rip
References
COVID-19 and Culture in Papua New Guinea. Failing to Meet the Challenges of Diversity?
Introduction
COVID-19 Arrives in Melanesia
The Complexities of Culture
Threats to Livelihoods
No Niupela Pasin
References
COVID-19 in Fiji—From Health and Economic to Major Political Crisis
Introduction
Fiji’s Second Wave—A Severe Health Disaster
Vaccination Campaign in Fiji as Major COVID-19 Containment Strategy
No Jab—No Job Policy from the Perspective of Human Rights
Economic Challenges of COVID-19—Second Wave
Political Enmeshment and COVID-19
Conclusion
References
COVID-19 Vaccination Trends and Public Views and Responses in Japan
Introduction
Trends in Infectious Cases and the Response in Japan
The Japanese government’s Vaccination Policy
Vaccination Influence and Hidden Causal Effects in Japan
People’s Perceptions of and Behaviours During the Pandemic and to the COVID-19 Vaccination
Factor X: Convergence Factors on COVID-19 Cases
Discussion
References
Analysis of 2021 COVID-19 Outbreak and Vaccination in Taiwan Using a Causal Loop Diagram Approach
Introduction
Methods
Data Source and Synthesis
Causal Loop Diagramming
The Outbreak of COVID-19 in Taiwan During 2021
Time Course of the COVID-19 Outbreak
Spatial Distribution Characteristics
The COVID-19 Outbreak Onset
Outbreak and Immunization Through Causal Loop Diagram
Outbreak Prevention Loop (B1)
Outbreak Response Loop (B2)
Vaccine Hesitancy
Vaccine Supply
Outbreak Loop (R1)
Morbidity and Mortality
Medical Care Systems and Resources
Conclusion
References
Lessons from COVID-19 Vaccine Rollout in Hong Kong and South Korea
Introduction
COVID-19 Vaccination in Hong Kong and South Korea
Vaccine Rollout in Hong Kong
Vaccine Rollout in South Korea
Latest Updates on COVID-19 Vaccination
Lessons from the Vaccine Rollout in Hong Kong and South Korea
HK: Strict Interventions with Few Incentives
South Korea: From a Late Start to a Highest Vaccination Rate
Concluding Remarks
References
Distribution and Allocation of Vaccines Against COVID-19 and Vaccination Communication in Thailand
Introduction
Methods
Impacts of Thailand’s Third COVID-19 Wave
Trends in COVID-19 Cases
Total COVID-19 Cases Per 1000 Population by Province
COVID-19 Death Trends
Impact of COVID-19 on Other Diseases and Health Services
Dengue
Sexually Transmitted Infections and HIV Services
COVID-19 Vaccine
COVID-19 Vaccine Allocation
COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution
COVID-19 Vaccination Communication
Conclusion
References
Resurgence COVID-19 in Indonesia: Response to the Critical Waves of Pandemic
Current Situation of COVID-19 in Indonesia
Social and Cultural Impacts
Indonesia Response and Challenges
Vaccination Program (Progress and Distribution)
Indonesia Strategy to Enter the Endemic Stage COVID-19
References
The Coronavirus Disease and Vaccine Epidemiology in Malaysia
Introduction
COVID-19 Scenario and Prevalence in Malaysia
General Impact of COVID-19 in Malaysia
COVID-19 Coping Mechanisms in Malaysia: Prevention and Control Measures
COVID-19 Vaccination Programme in Malaysia
Current Vaccine Coverage and Its Efficacy in Malaysia
A State of Art of COVID-19 Vaccination Programme (Program Imunisasi COVID-19 Kebangsaan—PICK) in Malaysia
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Barriers in Malaysia
Recommendations for COVID-19 Immunization Programme in Malaysia
Enhancement of COVID-19 Vaccine Literacy Among the Malaysians
Social Innovation and Community Responses to COVID-19 Behaviour Change
Conclusion
References
COVID-19 in Bangladesh: A Spatio-temporal and Gender Analysis
Introduction
Aims and Objectives
Data and Methodology
Spatio-temporal Aspects of COVID-19 Cases
Gender Aspect of COVID-19
Distribution of COVID-19 Vaccination
COVID-19 Situation in Bangladesh in Respect to South Asian Countries
COVID-19 Management in Bangladesh and Infodemic
Summary and Conclusion
References
Crowded Out: The Pandemic’s Toll on Non-COVID Patients in India
Introduction
The Indian Experience
Impact During the First Wave
Impact During the Second Wave
Impact During the Current Wave
Global Experiences
Conclusion—Lessons for Health Systems
References
Africa
COVID-19: Work, Economic Activity and the Spatiotemporal Distribution of Infection in South Africa
Introduction
COVID-19: The South African Context
Materials and Methods
Research Setting
Data Sources
Measures
Statistical Data Analysis and Procedures
Results
Discussion
Strengths and Limitations of the Study
Policy Implications
References
Analysing the Dual Nature of Responses to COVID-19 in Lusaka City
Introduction
Theoretical Framing
The Zambian Situation
Responses to COVID-19
Vaccine Hesitancy
COVID-19 and the City, Exposing Duality in Daily Life
COVID-19 and the Retail Sector
COVID-19 and Employment in the City
COVID-19 and Mobility in the City
COVID-19 and the Future of Urban Development
Conclusion
References
COVID-19 Patterns and Waves in West Africa: A Geographical Perspective
Introduction
Conceptual Clarifications
Pattern of COVID-19 in West Africa
Explanatory Factors
COVID-19 Vaccinations and Protocols in West Africa
Nigeria: The Epicenter in the Sub-Region
COVID-19 Vaccination Situation in Nigeria
Conclusion
References
Europe
Current Development and Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy
Introduction
National Epidemiological Situation Updated on 13 January 2021
The National Epidemiological Situation Updated on the End of January 2022
The Sustainability of Health Facilities
The Socio-Economic Consequences of the Pandemic
Conclusion
References
The Pandemic in France Reveals the Vulnerability of Society
A 2020–2021: Two Years Driven by the Virus, Master of the Clocks
I Table of the Course of the Epidemic
The 6 Waves of the Pandemic
II These Different Waves Have Different Characteristics
The Second and Third Waves
A Better Understanding of the Virus and the Disease
More Flexible Forms of Lockdown in the Second and Third Waves
The End of the EPHAD (Nursing Home) Drama
The Vaccine Strategy Implemented
The Fourth Wave
The Fifth Wave
The Sixth Wave
Who Are the People Called “Anti-vax” or Refuseniks?
B What Lessons Can Be Drawn in Order to Live with the Virus?
Health at the Heart of Public Policy and the Environment at the Heart of Health Policy
I How Has the Virus Transformed the Economy?
Government Goes into Debt to Save Businesses and the Economy
Has the Economic Recovery Increased Inequalities?
II The Fear of Hospital Saturation Has Driven the Management of the Pandemic
This Crisis Highlighted the Inorganization of the Health System
The Pandemic Provided an Opportunity to Take a Critical Look at the Centralization of the French Health System
III The Pandemic Provides an Opportunity to Reflect on the Link Between Science and Politics
The Scientific Council
The Fear of Bio-power
IV Environmental Health and the Virus
One Health
Conclusion
References
Without Risk: A Social Analysis of the Vaccination Programme in England
Introduction
Vaccine Development and Supply
Regulating COVID-19 Vaccines
Prioritisation Order
Vaccine Nationalism
Vaccine Coverage
Discussion
References
COVID-19 in the United Kingdom: How a Mixed Welfare Regime Has Responded to the Pandemic
The UK in Global Context
Deaths from COVID-19
The UK as a Welfare Regime
COVID-19 and the ‘Fractured Society’
COVID-19 and Socio-economic Status
COVID-19 and Ethnicity
COVID-19, Ageism and Disablism
Children and Young People
Gender Dimensions
Conclusion
References
Americas
COVID-19 in Canada, Vaccination, and the Effects of the Pandemic on Healthcare Workers and the Healthcare System
Overview of COVID-19 in Canada
Vaccination
Hospital Service and Treatment of Non-COVID-19 Conditions
Surgeries and Procedures
Admissions and Occupancy
Pandemic Impacts on Healthcare Workers
Studies and Surveys
A Systematic Review of Stress in Healthcare Workers
Conclusion
References
Geographic Patterns of COVID-19 Vaccination, Infection, and Mortality in the United States During Year Two of the Pandemic and the Influence of Political Orientation
Introduction
COVID-19 Infection and Mortality Waves in 2021
Geographic Variability in Infection, Death and Vaccination Rates
Political Orientation and Interstate Geographic Variability in Vaccination, Infection, and Mortality Rates
References
COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy the United States
Introduction
Overview of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy by Age Group
Myths and Misinformation About the COVID-19 Vaccine
Mitigation Policies in the United States
Conclusion
References
Vaccination in Mexico as a Political Strategy
Introduction
Vaccination in Mexico Relative to Other Countries
Differences in Application of Vaccines
Vaccination Strategy
The Model in Mind
Political Use of Vaccination
State-Level Vaccination
Changes in Vaccination Rates Across States
The US Border
GDP Per Capita Across States
Political Use of the Vaccine State-Wise
Rural Population
Concluding Remarks
References
Collateral Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health Services in Argentina
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Other Pathologies
Impact of the Pandemic on Mental Health Services
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
Other Tropical Diseases
Vaccination in the Country
Current Situation Regarding the Omicron Variant
Conclusions
References
COVID-19 in Brazil: The Experience of Collecting Citizen Data in the City of Rio de Janeiro
Introduction
Urban Spaces of Favelas and the Pandemic
Citizen Surveillance and GIS (Geographic Information Systems) as Tools for Epidemiological Analysis
COVID-19 in Rural Areas and Remote Territories
The Distribution of COVID-19 in Rio De Janeiro and Favela Territories
Vaccination and the New Wave of the Omicron
Conclusion
References
Conclusion and Suggestions
Introduction
What Can Be Done About Inequities?
Environment and Virus-Borne Disease
COVID-19 and Geoecology
References
Index