Core Java. Volume I: Fundamentals

Preface

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Java
1.1 Java As a Programming Platform
1.2 The Java “White Paper” Buzzwords
1.2.1 Simple
1.2.2 Object-Oriented
1.2.3 Network-Savvy
1.2.4 Robust
1.2.5 Secure
1.2.6 Architecture-Neutral
1.2.7 Portable
1.2.8 Interpreted
1.2.9 High-Performance
1.2.10 Multithreaded
1.2.11 Dynamic
1.3 Java Applets and the Internet
1.4 A Short History of Java
1.5 Common Misconceptions about Java

Chapter 2: The Java Programming Environment
2.1 Installing the Java Development Kit
2.1.1 Downloading the JDK
2.1.2 Setting the Executable Path
2.1.3 Installing the Library Source and Documentation
2.1.4 Installing the Core Java Program Examples
2.1.5 Navigating the Java Directories
2.2 Choosing a Development Environment
2.3 Using the Command-Line Tools
2.3.1 Troubleshooting Hints
2.4 Using an Integrated Development Environment
2.4.1 Locating Compilation Errors
2.5 Running a Graphical Application
2.6 Building and Running Applets

Chapter 3: Fundamental Programming Structures in Java
3.1 A Simple Java Program
3.2 Comments
3.3 Data Types
3.3.1 Integer Types
3.3.2 Floating-Point Types
3.3.3 The char Type
3.3.4 The boolean Type
3.4 Variables
3.4.1 Initializing Variables
3.4.2 Constants
3.5 Operators
3.5.1 Increment and Decrement Operators
3.5.2 Relational and boolean Operators
3.5.3 Bitwise Operators
3.5.4 Mathematical Functions and Constants
3.5.5 Conversions between Numeric Types
3.5.6 Casts
3.5.7 Parentheses and Operator Hierarchy
3.5.8 Enumerated Types
3.6 Strings
3.6.1 Substrings
3.6.2 Concatenation
3.6.3 Strings Are Immutable
3.6.4 Testing Strings for Equality
3.6.5 Empty and Null Strings
3.6.6 Code Points and Code Units
3.6.7 The String API
3.6.8 Reading the Online API Documentation
3.6.9 Building Strings
3.7 Input and Output
3.7.1 Reading Input
3.7.2 Formatting Output
3.7.3 File Input and Output
3.8 Control Flow
3.8.1 Block Scope
3.8.2 Conditional Statements
3.8.3 Loops
3.8.4 Determinate Loops
3.8.5 Multiple Selections—The switch Statement
3.8.6 Statements That Break Control Flow
3.9 Big Numbers
3.10 Arrays
3.10.1 The “for each” Loop
3.10.2 Array Initializers and Anonymous Arrays
3.10.3 Array Copying
3.10.4 Command-Line Parameters
3.10.5 Array Sorting
3.10.6 Multidimensional Arrays
3.10.7 Ragged Arrays

Chapter 4: Objects and Classes
4.1 Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming
4.1.1 Classes
4.1.2 Objects
4.1.3 Identifying Classes
4.1.4 Relationships between Classes
4.2 Using Predefined Classes
4.2.1 Objects and Object Variables
4.2.2 The GregorianCalendar Class of the Java Library
4.2.3 Mutator and Accessor Methods
4.3 Defining Your Own Classes
4.3.1 An Employee Class
4.3.2 Use of Multiple Source Files
4.3.3 Dissecting the Employee Class
4.3.4 First Steps with Constructors
4.3.5 Implicit and Explicit Parameters
4.3.6 Benefits of Encapsulation
4.3.7 Class-Based Access Privileges
4.3.8 Private Methods
4.3.9 Final Instance Fields
4.4 Static Fields and Methods
4.4.1 Static Fields
4.4.2 Static Constants
4.4.3 Static Methods
4.4.4 Factory Methods
4.4.5 The main Method
4.5 Method Parameters
4.6 Object Construction
4.6.1 Overloading
4.6.2 Default Field Initialization
4.6.3 The Constructor with No Arguments
4.6.4 Explicit Field Initialization
4.6.5 Parameter Names
4.6.6 Calling Another Constructor
4.6.7 Initialization Blocks
4.6.8 Object Destruction and the finalize Method
4.7 Packages
4.7.1 Class Importation
4.7.2 Static Imports
4.7.3 Addition of a Class into a Package
4.7.4 Package Scope
4.8 The Class Path
4.8.1 Setting the Class Path
4.9 Documentation Comments
4.9.1 Comment Insertion
4.9.2 Class Comments
4.9.3 Method Comments
4.9.4 Field Comments
4.9.5 General Comments
4.9.6 Package and Overview Comments
4.9.7 Comment Extraction
4.10 Class Design Hints

Chapter 5: Inheritance
5.1 Classes, Superclasses, and Subclasses
5.1.1 Inheritance Hierarchies
5.1.2 Polymorphism
5.1.3 Dynamic Binding
5.1.4 Preventing Inheritance: Final Classes and Methods
5.1.5 Casting
5.1.6 Abstract Classes
5.1.7 Protected Access
5.2 Object: The Cosmic Superclass
5.2.1 The equals Method
5.2.2 Equality Testing and Inheritance
5.2.3 The hashCode Method
5.2.4 The toString Method
5.3 Generic Array Lists
5.3.1 Accessing Array List Elements
5.3.2 Compatibility between Typed and Raw Array Lists
5.4 Object Wrappers and Autoboxing
5.5 Methods with a Variable Number of Parameters
5.6 Enumeration Classes
5.7 Reflection
5.7.1 The Class Class
5.7.2 A Primer on Catching Exceptions
5.7.3 Using Reflection to Analyze the Capabilities of Classes
5.7.4 Using Reflection to Analyze Objects at Runtime
5.7.5 Using Reflection to Write Generic Array Code
5.7.6 Invoking Arbitrary Methods
5.8 Design Hints for Inheritance

Chapter 6: Interfaces and Inner Classes
6.1 Interfaces
6.1.1 Properties of Interfaces
6.1.2 Interfaces and Abstract Classes
6.2 Object Cloning
6.3 Interfaces and Callbacks
6.4 Inner Classes
6.4.1 Use of an Inner Class to Access Object State
6.4.2 Special Syntax Rules for Inner Classes
6.4.3 Are Inner Classes Useful? Actually Necessary? Secure?
6.4.4 Local Inner Classes
6.4.5 Accessing final Variables from Outer Methods
6.4.6 Anonymous Inner Classes
6.4.7 Static Inner Classes
6.5 Proxies
6.5.1 Properties of Proxy Classes

Chapter 7: Graphics Programming
7.1 Introducing Swing
7.2 Creating a Frame
7.3 Positioning a Frame
7.3.1 Frame Properties
7.3.2 Determining a Good Frame Size
7.4 Displaying Information in a Component
7.5 Working with 2D Shapes
7.6 Using Color
7.7 Using Special Fonts for Text
7.8 Displaying Images

Chapter 8: Event Handling
8.1 Basics of Event Handling
8.1.1 Example: Handling a Button Click
8.1.2 Becoming Comfortable with Inner Classes
8.1.3 Creating Listeners Containing a Single Method Call
8.1.4 Example: Changing the Look-and-Feel
8.1.5 Adapter Classes
8.2 Actions
8.3 Mouse Events
8.4 The AWT Event Hierarchy
8.4.1 Semantic and Low-Level Events

Chapter 9: User Interface Components with Swing
9.1 Swing and the Model-View-Controller Design Pattern
9.1.1 Design Patterns
9.1.2 The Model-View-Controller Pattern
9.1.3 A Model-View-Controller Analysis of Swing Buttons
9.2 Introduction to Layout Management
9.2.1 Border Layout
9.2.2 Grid Layout
9.3 Text Input
9.3.1 Text Fields
9.3.2 Labels and Labeling Components
9.3.3 Password Fields
9.3.4 Text Areas
9.3.5 Scroll Panes
9.4 Choice Components
9.4.1 Checkboxes
9.4.2 Radio Buttons
9.4.3 Borders
9.4.4 Combo Boxes
9.4.5 Sliders
9.5 Menus
9.5.1 Menu Building
9.5.2 Icons in Menu Items
9.5.3 Checkbox and Radio Button Menu Items
9.5.4 Pop-Up Menus
9.5.5 Keyboard Mnemonics and Accelerators
9.5.6 Enabling and Disabling Menu Items
9.5.7 Toolbars
9.5.8 Tooltips
9.6 Sophisticated Layout Management
9.6.1 The Grid Bag Layout
9.6.1.1 The gridx, gridy, gridwidth, and gridheight Parameters
9.6.1.2 Weight Fields
9.6.1.3 The fill and anchor Parameters
9.6.1.4 Padding
9.6.1.5 Alternative Method to Specify the gridx, gridy, gridwidth, and gridheight Parameters
9.6.1.6 A Helper Class to Tame the Grid Bag Constraints
9.6.2 Group Layout
9.6.3 Using No Layout Manager
9.6.4 Custom Layout Managers
9.6.5 Traversal Order
9.7 Dialog Boxes
9.7.1 Option Dialogs
9.7.2 Creating Dialogs
9.7.3 Data Exchange
9.7.4 File Dialogs
9.7.5 Color Choosers

Chapter 10: Deploying Applications and Applets
10.1 JAR Files
10.1.1 The Manifest
10.1.2 Executable JAR Files
10.1.3 Resources
10.1.4 Sealing
10.2 Java Web Start
10.2.1 The Sandbox
10.2.2 Signed Code
10.2.3 The JNLP API
10.3 Applets
10.3.1 A Simple Applet
10.3.1.1 Converting Applications to Applets
10.3.2 The applet HTML Tag and Its Attributes
10.3.3 The object Tag
10.3.4 Use of Parameters to Pass Information to Applets
10.3.5 Accessing Image and Audio Files
10.3.6 The Applet Context
10.3.6.1 Inter-Applet Communication
10.3.6.2 Displaying Items in the Browser
10.4 Storage of Application Preferences
10.4.1 Property Maps
10.4.2 The Preferences API

Chapter 11: Exceptions, Assertions, Logging, and Debugging
11.1 Dealing with Errors
11.1.1 The Classification of Exceptions
11.1.2 Declaring Checked Exceptions
11.1.3 How to Throw an Exception
11.1.4 Creating Exception Classes
11.2 Catching Exceptions
11.2.1 Catching Multiple Exceptions
11.2.2 Rethrowing and Chaining Exceptions
11.2.3 The finally Clause
11.2.4 The Try-with-Resources Statement
11.2.5 Analyzing Stack Trace Elements
11.3 Tips for Using Exceptions
11.4 Using Assertions
11.4.1 Assertion Enabling and Disabling
11.4.2 Using Assertions for Parameter Checking
11.4.3 Using Assertions for Documenting Assumptions
11.5 Logging
11.5.1 Basic Logging
11.5.2 Advanced Logging
11.5.3 Changing the Log Manager Configuration
11.5.4 Localization
11.5.5 Handlers
11.5.6 Filters
11.5.7 Formatters
11.5.8 A Logging Recipe
11.6 Debugging Tips
11.7 Tips for Troubleshooting GUI Programs
11.7.1 Letting the AWT Robot Do the Work
11.8 Using a Debugger

Chapter 12: Generic Programming
12.1 Why Generic Programming?
12.1.1 Who Wants to Be a Generic Programmer?
12.2 Defining a Simple Generic Class
12.3 Generic Methods
12.4 Bounds for Type Variables
12.5 Generic Code and the Virtual Machine
12.5.1 Translating Generic Expressions
12.5.2 Translating Generic Methods
12.5.3 Calling Legacy Code
12.6 Restrictions and Limitations
12.6.1 Type Parameters Cannot Be Instantiated with Primitive Types
12.6.2 Runtime Type Inquiry Only Works with Raw Types
12.6.3 You Cannot Create Arrays of Parameterized Types
12.6.4 Varargs Warnings
12.6.5 You Cannot Instantiate Type Variables
12.6.6 Type Variables Are Not Valid in Static Contexts of Generic Classes
12.6.7 You Cannot Throw or Catch Instances of a Generic Class
12.6.7.1 You Can Defeat Checked Exception Checking
12.6.8 Beware of Clashes after Erasure
12.7 Inheritance Rules for Generic Types
12.8 Wildcard Types
12.8.1 Supertype Bounds for Wildcards
12.8.2 Unbounded Wildcards
12.8.3 Wildcard Capture
12.9 Reflection and Generics
12.9.1 Using Class Parameters for Type Matching
12.9.2 Generic Type Information in the Virtual Machine

Chapter 13: Collections
13.1 Collection Interfaces
13.1.1 Separating Collection Interfaces and Implementation
13.1.2 Collection and Iterator Interfaces in the Java Library
13.1.2.1 Iterators
13.1.2.2 Removing Elements
13.1.2.3 Generic Utility Methods
13.2 Concrete Collections
13.2.1 Linked Lists
13.2.2 Array Lists
13.2.3 Hash Sets
13.2.4 Tree Sets
13.2.5 Object Comparison
13.2.6 Queues and Deques
13.2.7 Priority Queues
13.2.8 Maps
13.2.9 Specialized Set and Map Classes
13.2.9.1 Weak Hash Maps
13.2.9.2 Linked Hash Sets and Maps
13.2.9.3 Enumeration Sets and Maps
13.2.9.4 Identity Hash Maps
13.3 The Collections Framework
13.3.1 Views and Wrappers
13.3.1.1 Lightweight Collection Wrappers
13.3.1.2 Subranges
13.3.1.3 Unmodifiable Views
13.3.1.4 Synchronized Views
13.3.1.5 Checked Views
13.3.1.6 A Note on Optional Operations
13.3.2 Bulk Operations
13.3.3 Converting between Collections and Arrays
13.4 Algorithms
13.4.1 Sorting and Shuffling
13.4.2 Binary Search
13.4.3 Simple Algorithms
13.4.4 Writing Your Own Algorithms
13.5 Legacy Collections
13.5.1 The Hashtable Class
13.5.2 Enumerations
13.5.3 Property Maps
13.5.4 Stacks
13.5.5 Bit Sets
13.5.5.1 The “Sieve of Eratosthenes” Benchmark

Chapter 14: Multithreading
14.1 What Are Threads?
14.1.1 Using Threads to Give Other Tasks a Chance
14.2 Interrupting Threads
14.3 Thread States
14.3.1 New Threads
14.3.2 Runnable Threads
14.3.3 Blocked and Waiting Threads
14.3.4 Terminated Threads
14.4 Thread Properties
14.4.1 Thread Priorities
14.4.2 Daemon Threads
14.4.3 Handlers for Uncaught Exceptions
14.5 Synchronization
14.5.1 An Example of a Race Condition
14.5.2 The Race Condition Explained
14.5.3 Lock Objects
14.5.4 Condition Objects
14.5.5 The synchronized Keyword
14.5.6 Synchronized Blocks
14.5.7 The Monitor Concept
14.5.8 Volatile Fields
14.5.9 Final Variables
14.5.10 Atomics
14.5.11 Deadlocks
14.5.12 Thread-Local Variables
14.5.13 Lock Testing and Timeouts
14.5.14 Read/Write Locks
14.5.15 Why the stop and suspend Methods Are Deprecated
14.6 Blocking Queues
14.7 Thread-Safe Collections
14.7.1 Efficient Maps, Sets, and Queues
14.7.2 Copy on Write Arrays
14.7.3 Older Thread-Safe Collections
14.8 Callables and Futures
14.9 Executors
14.9.1 Thread Pools
14.9.2 Scheduled Execution
14.9.3 Controlling Groups of Tasks
14.9.4 The Fork-Join Framework
14.10 Synchronizers
14.10.1 Semaphores
14.10.2 Countdown Latches
14.10.3 Barriers
14.10.4 Exchangers
14.10.5 Synchronous Queues
14.11 Threads and Swing
14.11.1 Running Time-Consuming Tasks
14.11.2 Using the Swing Worker
14.11.3 The Single-Thread Rule

Appendix: Java Keywords

Index