Coordinated Operation and Planning of Modern Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Editor Biographies
List of Contributors
Preface
Chapter 1 Overview of Modern Energy Networks
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Reliability and Resilience of Modern Energy Grids
1.3 Renewable Energy Availability in Modern Energy Grids
1.4 Modern Multi-Carrier Energy Grids
1.5 Challenges and Opportunities of Modern Energy Grids
1.6 Summary
References
Chapter 2 An Overview of the Transition from One-Dimensional Energy Networks to Multi-Carrier Energy Grids
Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Traditional Energy Systems
2.2.1 Electricity Grid
2.2.2 Gas Grid
2.2.3 Heating and Cooling Grid
2.3 Background of Multi-Carrier Energy Systems
2.3.1 Distributed Energy Resources Background
2.3.2 Cogeneration and Trigeneration Background
2.3.3 Quad Generation
2.4 The Definition of Multi-Carrier Energy Grids
2.5 Benefits of Multi-Carrier Energy Grids
2.6 Challenges of Moving Toward Multi-Carrier Energy Grids
2.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3 Overview of Modern Multi-Dimension Energy Networks
Nomenclature
Acronyms
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Multi-Dimension Energy Networks
3.3 Benefits of MDENs
3.3.1 Enhancing System Efficiency
3.3.2 Decarbonization
3.3.3 Reducing System Operation Cost
3.3.4 Improving System Flexibility and Reliability
3.4 Moving Toward Modern Multi-Dimension Energy Networks
3.4.1 Technology Advancements
3.4.2 Policy-Regulatory-Societal Framework
3.5 Coordinated Operation of Modern MDENs
3.5.1 Technologies
3.5.1.1 Enhanced Optimization Tools and Methods
3.5.1.2 Improved Forecasting Tools
3.5.2 Markets
3.5.2.1 Real-time Market Mechanisms
3.5.2.2 Peer-to-Peer Market Mechanisms
3.6 Coordinated Planning of Modern MDENs
3.7 Future Plans for Increasing RERs and MDENs
3.8 Challenges
3.9 Summary
References
Chapter 4 Modern Smart Multi-Dimensional Infrastructure Energy Systems - State of the Arts
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Energy Networks
4.3 Infrastructure of Modern Multi-Dimensional Energy
4.4 Modeling Review
4.5 Integrated Energy Management System
4.6 Energy Conversion
4.7 Economic and Environmental Impact
4.8 Future Energy Systems
4.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Overview of the Optimal Operation of Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks
Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Integration of Electrical and Heat Energy Systems: The EH Solution
5.3 Energy Carriers and Elements of EH
5.3.1 Combined Heat and Power Technology
5.3.2 Power to Gas Technology
5.3.3 Compressed Air Energy Storage Technology
5.3.4 Water Desalination Unit
5.3.5 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
5.4 Advantages of the EH System
5.4.1 Reliability Improvement
5.4.2 Flexibility Improvement
5.4.3 Operation Cost Reduction
5.4.4 Emissions Mitigation
5.5 Applications of the EH System
5.5.1 Residential Buildings
5.5.2 Commercial Buildings
5.5.3 Industrial Factories
5.5.4 Agricultural Sector
5.6 Challenges and Opportunities
5.6.1 Technical Point of View
5.6.2 Economic Point of View
5.6.3 Environment Point of View
5.6.4 Social Point of View
5.7 The Role of DSM Programs in the EH System
5.7.1 Demand Response Programs
5.7.2 Energy Efficiency Programs
5.8 Management Methods of the EH System
5.9 Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Modern Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks Targeted by Coordinated Cyberattacks for Congestion and Cascading Outages
Abbreviations
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Scope of the Chapter
6.1.2 Literature Review
6.1.3 Research Gap and Contributions of This Chapter
6.1.4 Organization of the Chapter
6.2 Proposed Framework
6.2.1 Illustration of the Proposed Framework
6.2.2 Assumptions of the Attack Framework
6.3 Problem Formulation
6.3.1 Objective Functions of the Attack Framework
6.3.2 Technical Constraints
6.3.2.1 Constraints Related to Bypassing DCSE BDD and ACSE BDD
6.3.2.2 Constraints Related to Thermal Units and CHP Units
6.3.2.3 Constraints Related to Wind Turbines
6.3.2.4 Constraints Related to PV Modules
6.3.2.5 Power and Heat Balance Constraints
6.3.2.6 Rest of System’s Constraints
6.4 Case Study and Simulation Results
6.4.1 Utilized Solver
6.4.2 Case Study
6.4.3 Investigated Scenarios of Cyberattacks
6.4.4 Numerical Results and Analysis
6.4.4.1 Elaboration of Results Associated with Scenario I
6.4.4.2 Elaboration of Results Associated with Scenario II
6.4.4.3 Elaboration of Results Associated with Scenario III
6.5 Conclusions and Future Work
References
Chapter 7 Cooperative Unmanned Aerial Vehicles for Monitoring and Maintenance of Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks: A Learning-based Approach
Abbreviations
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Application of Machine Learning in Power and Energy Networks
7.3 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Applications in Energy and Electricity Incorporated Networks
7.4 Cooperative UAVs for Monitoring and Maintenance of Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks: A Learning-based Approach
7.4.1 Network Topology
7.4.2 Solar Power Harvesting Model
7.4.3 SUAV´s Energy Outage
7.4.4 Mission Success Metric
7.4.5 Learning Strategy
7.4.6 Convergence Analysis
7.5 Simulation Results
7.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8 Coordinated Operation and Planning of the Modern Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks
Nomenclature
Abbreviation
Parameters
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Review
8.3 Optimal Operation and Planning
8.3.1 Optimization in Incorporated Energy Networks
8.3.2 Stochastic Modelling
8.3.3 Objective Function
8.4 Components and Constraints
8.4.1 Combined Heat and Power by Waste to Energy
8.4.2 Photovoltaic
8.4.3 Wind Turbine
8.4.4 Ground Source Heat Pump
8.4.5 Boiler
8.4.6 Heat Storage
8.4.7 Heat and Electricity Demand
8.5 Incorporated Heat and Electricity Structure
8.6 Case Study
8.7 Demand Profile
8.8 Economic and Environmental Features
8.9 Result and Discussion
8.10 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Optimal Coordinated Operation of Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks
Nomenclature
A. Acronyms
B. Indices
C. Parameters
D. Variables
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks Components and Their Modeling
9.2.1 Loads/Services
9.2.1.1 Electrical Loads
9.2.1.2 Thermal Loads
9.2.1.3 Thermal Comfort
9.2.2 Equipment
9.2.2.1 Resources
9.2.2.2 Storages
9.2.3 Buildings/Smart Homes
9.2.4 Heat and Electricity Incorporated Network Operator
9.2.5 Different Layers/Networks and Their Connection
9.3 Uncertainties
9.4 Optimal Operation of Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks
9.4.1 Definition of Optimal Operation
9.4.2 Different Goals in Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks Exploitation
9.4.3 Different Levels of Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks Exploitation
9.4.4 Existing Potential of Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks for Optimizing Their Operation
9.4.4.1 Internal Potential
9.4.4.2 External Potential
9.5 Market/Incentives
9.5.1 Energy Markets
9.5.2 Ancillary Services Market
9.5.3 Tax/Incentives Impact on Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks Operation
9.5.4 Offering Strategy
9.6 Main Achievements on Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks Operation
9.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10 Optimal Energy Management of a Demand Response Integrated Combined-Heat-and-Electrical Microgrid
Nomenclatur
A. Acronyms
B. Sets and Indexes
C. Parameters
D. Variables
10.1 Introduction
10.2 CHEM Modeling
10.2.1 CHEM Structure
10.2.2 Modeling for Heat Network
10.2.2.1 District Heating Network Background
10.2.2.2 Nodal Flow Balance
10.2.2.3 Calculation of Heat Energy
10.2.2.4 Mixing Equation for Temperature
10.2.2.5 Heat Dynamics and Loss
10.2.3 Indoor Temperature Control
10.2.4 Price-based Demand Response
10.3 Coordinated Optimization of CHEM
10.3.1 Objective Function
10.3.2 Operational Constraints
10.3.3 Solution Method
10.4 Case Studies
10.4.1 Simulation Test Setup
10.4.1.1 33-bus CHEM
10.4.1.2 69-bus CHEM
10.4.2 Discussions on Simulation Results
10.4.2.1 33-bus CHEM
10.4.2.2 69-bus CHEM
10.4.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 11 Optimal Operation of Residential Heating Systems in Electricity Markets Leveraging Joint Power-Heat Flexibility
11.1 Why Joint Heat-Power Flexibility?
11.2 Literature Review
11.3 Intelligent Heating Systems
11.4 Flexibility Potentials of Heating Systems
11.5 Heat Controllers
11.6 Thermal Dynamics of Buildings
11.7 Economic Heat Controller in Dynamic Electricity Market
11.7.1 Objective Function of EMPC
11.7.2 Case Study of EMPC
11.8 Flexible Heat Controller in Uncertain Electricity Market
11.8.1 Objective Function of SEMPC
11.8.2 First Stage
11.8.3 Second Stage
11.8.4 Third Stage
11.8.5 Scenario Generation
11.8.6 Case Study of SEMPC
11.9 Economic Heat Controller of Mixing Loop
11.9.1 Objective Function of Mixing Loop
11.9.2 Case Study of Mixing Loop
11.10 Conclusion
Funding
References
Chapter 12 Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Optimal Operation of the Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks
Nomenclature
Acronyms
Sets and Indices
Parameters
Decision Variables
Binary Variables
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Methodology
12.2.1 Power and Heat Balance Constraints
12.2.2 Exchanged Power and Heat with Upstream Networks Constraints
12.2.3 Gas Flow Constraints
12.2.4 Combined Heat and Power Plants Constraints
12.2.5 Electric Heat Pumps Constraints
12.2.6 Electric Boilers Constraints
12.2.7 Non-Gas Fired Generators Constraints
12.2.8 Gas Fired Generators Constraints
12.2.9 Hybrid Energy Storage System Constraints
12.2.9.1 Battery Energy Storage System
12.2.9.2 Thermal Energy Storage System
12.2.9.3 Natural Gas Energy Storage System
12.3 Numerical Results and Discussions
12.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 13 Operational Coordination to Boost Efficiency of Complex Heat and Electricity Microgrids
Abbreviations
Sets and Indices
Parameters
Variables
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Integrated Energy System Resources
13.2.1 Renewable Energy Resources
13.2.1.1 Photovoltaic Unit
13.2.1.2 Wind Turbine
13.2.2 Combined Heat and Power Technologies
13.2.2.1 Fuel Cell Unit
13.2.2.2 Gas Turbine
13.2.3 Energy Storage Systems
13.2.3.1 Heat Storage Tank
13.2.3.2 Battery
13.2.4 Demand Response Program
13.3 Optimization Scheme for Energy Management in the Microgrid
13.3.1 The Objective
13.3.2 Units Technical Constraints
13.3.3 Load Balance Constraints
13.3.4 Grid Connection Constraints
13.3.4.1 System Design Constraints
13.3.5 Microgrid´s Other Performance Constraints
13.4 Simulations and Analysis of Results
13.4.1 Simulation Results
13.4.2 Result Analysis for Electrical Storage Unit
13.4.3 The Impact of Demand Response Program and Battery on Total Cost Reduction
13.4.4 Analysis of the Fuel Cell Results
13.4.5 Analysis of the Backup Burner and the Heat Storage Tank Results
13.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Techno-Economic Analysis of Hydrogen Technologies, Waste Converter, and Demand Response in Coordinated Operation of Heat and Electricity Systems
Nomenclature
Abbreviations
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Methodology
14.2.1 Model
14.2.2 Case Study
14.2.3 Assumptions
14.3 Results and Discussion
14.3.1 Results
14.3.2 Discussion
14.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 Optimal Operational Planning of Heat and Electricity Systems Considering Integration of Smart Buildings
Nomenclature
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Problem Modeling and Formulation
15.2.1 The Proposed Framework
15.2.2 Optimal Bidding of Smart Buildings in the Day-Ahead Market (First Level of First Stage Problem)
15.2.3 Optimal Scheduling of Energy System in the Day-Ahead Market (Second Level of First Stage Problem)
15.2.4 Optimal Bidding Strategies of Smart Buildings in the Real-Time Market (First Level of the Second-Stage Problem)
15.2.5 Optimal Scheduling of Energy System in the Real-Time Market (Second Level of the Second-Stage Problem)
15.3 Optimization Algorithm
15.4 Numerical Results
15.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16 Coordinated Planning Assessment of Modern Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Definition of the Optimal Planning of Heat and Electricity Incorporated Network
16.3 Structure of HEINs for Optimal Planning
16.3.1 Natural Gas-Based CHP
16.3.1.1 Operation and Maintenance Costs of CHP
16.3.1.2 Environmental Costs of CHP
16.3.1.3 Startup/Shutdown Costs of CHP
16.3.2 Diesel Generation Set
16.3.2.1 Operation and Maintenance Costs of DG
16.3.2.2 Environmental Costs of DG
16.3.2.3 Startup/Shutdown Costs of DG
16.3.3 Renewable Energy Utilities (REN)
16.3.4 Fuel Cell
16.3.4.1 Operation and Maintenance Costs of FC
16.3.4.2 Environmental Costs of FC
16.3.4.3 Startup/Shutdowns Costs of FC
16.3.5 Battery Energy Storage System (BESS)
16.3.6 Electrical Heater
16.3.6.1 Operation and Maintenance Costs
16.3.7 Natural Gas Boiler
16.3.7.1 Operation and Maintenance Costs of NGB
16.3.7.2 Environmental Costs of NGB
16.3.8 Heat Energy Storage System
16.3.9 Power Interchange Between HEIN and Upstream Grid
16.3.10 Heat Interchange Between HEIN and Upstream Network
16.4 Advantages and Features of Optimal Planning of HEINs
16.4.1 Economic Optimization (Revenue & Costs)
16.4.1.1 Generation Costs
16.4.1.2 Operational Revenues
16.4.1.3 Maintenance Costs
16.4.1.4 Environmental Costs
16.4.2 Supply Reliability and Grid Stability Increase
16.4.3 Heat Loss Reduction (Efficiency Increase)
16.4.4 Design Complexity Mitigation
16.5 Challenges and Future Research Opportunities in Optimal Planning for HEINs
16.5.1 Economic Challenges
16.5.2 Environmental Challenges
16.5.3 Technical Challenges
16.5.4 Regulatory Challenges
16.6 Summary
References
Chapter 17 Coordinated Planning of Thermal and Electrical Networks
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Motivation and Problem Description
17.1.2 Literature Review
17.1.3 Chapter Organization
17.2 The Concept of Energy Hub
17.3 Power Flow Modeling of Energy Hub
17.4 Electricity Market Modeling
17.4.1 Real-Time Market
17.4.2 Day-Ahead Market (DA)
17.5 Introduction and Modeling of Components of the Energy Hub
17.5.1 CHP
17.5.1.1 Parametric Modeling and CHP Constraints
17.5.1.2 CHP Operation Area
17.5.2 Furnace Gas
17.5.3 Diesel Generator
17.5.4 Wind Turbine
17.5.5 Load
17.5.6 The Objective Function
17.6 Energy Hub Analyzing and Discussions
17.6.1 Scenario Without Selling Electricity to the Grid
17.6.2 Scenario with the Sale of Electricity to the Grid
17.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18 Hybrid Energy Storage Systems for Optimal Planning of the Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks
List of Symbols
Abbreviations
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Description of the Proposed Model for Heat and Electricity Incorporated Networks
18.2.1 Fuel Cell
18.2.2 Boiler
18.2.3 PV
18.2.4 Wind Turbine
18.2.5 Electrolyzer
18.2.6 Electrical Energy Storage
18.2.7 Thermal Energy Storage
18.2.8 Hydrogen Energy Storage
18.2.9 Loads
18.3 Problem Formulation
18.3.1 Objective Function
18.3.2 Constraints of Objective Function
18.3.2.1 Electrical Power Balance Constraint
18.3.2.2 Thermal and Cooling Power Balance Constraint
18.3.2.3 Operational Constraints of Each Type of DG Unit
18.3.2.4 Energy Storage Constraint
18.3.2.5 Reliability Constraint
18.4 CCHP Strategy to Satisfy Total Demands
18.4.1 Electrical Power Demand
18.4.2 Thermal Power Demand
18.5 Results and Discussion
18.5.1 Providing Electrical Demands
18.5.2 Providing the Thermal Demands
18.6 Conclusion
References
Index
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