Converter-Based Dynamics and Control of Modern Power Systems

Front-Matter_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Control-of-Modern-Power-Syste
Front matter
Copyright_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Control-of-Modern-Power-Systems
Copyright
Contributors_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Control-of-Modern-Power-Syste
Contributors
Chapter-1---Introduc_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Control-of-Modern-Pow
Introduction
Introduction
Book structure
How to use the book
Chapter-2---Review-of-the-classical-p_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Cont
Review of the classical power system dynamics concepts*
Introduction
Electromagnetic model of synchronous machines
EXH synchronous machine model
Comparison between detailed and simplified models
Prime movers and governor
Excitation system
The power system stabilizer
Conclusion
References
Chapter-3---Classical-grid-control--F_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Cont
Classical grid control: Frequency and voltage stability
Power system states
Frequency control and stability in power systems
General aspects
Hierarchical frequency control
The linearized electromechanical model of a synchronous generator
Inertia frequency response
Primary frequency control
Speed-droop governor
Secondary frequency control
Tertiary frequency control
Frequency stability
The European network codes
Voltage control and stability in power systems
General aspects
Issues in the transmission of the reactive power
Classification of the voltage stability problems
PV and VQ curves
Voltage sensitivities to active and reactive powers variation
Effect of the power factor seen from the line
Voltage regulation
Synchronous generators: Capability curve
Shunt reactors
Synchronous compensator
Static var compensators
Shunt and series capacitors
OLTC-equipped transformers
Summary of the features of the compensation devices
Hierarchical reactive power regulation
Primary voltage regulation
Secondary and tertiary voltage regulation
References
Chapter-4---Modal-anal_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Control-of-Modern-P
Modal analysis
Linearization of dynamic equations
Eigenvalues and eigenvectors
Time response of the linear systems
The modal analysis applied to small-signal rotor angle stability
Aspects of small-signal rotor angle stability
The Single-Machine Infinite Bus (SMIB) system
Eigenvalues, eigenvectors, and participation factors applied to small signal stability
Application 1: Single machine infinite bus system
Parameters calculation
Calculation of the initial operating conditions
Modal analysis
Application 2: Small-signal stability in the multimachine system
Application of modal analysis to voltage stability
Application 3: Voltage stability of a 3-bus system by modal analysis
References
Chapter-5---Dynamics-of-modern_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Control-of-
Dynamics of modern power systems
Abbreviations
Introduction
Dynamics and stability of modern power system
Towards the modern structure of the power system
Impact of distributed energy resources on power system dynamics
Impact of renewable distributed generation on stability and dynamics of transmission systems
Impact of renewable distributed generation on stability and dynamics of distribution systems
Power quality
System stability
Low inertia
Reverse power flow (back-feeding)
Technological and managerial complexity
Impact of renewable distributed generation at the end-user point: LV microgrids
Control of dynamics in microgrids
Microgrid stability
The role played by power electronics in modern power systems
Controllability of transmission systems via power electronics: HVDC and FACTS
High voltage direct current systems
HVDC conversion systems
Line commutated converter-HVDC
VSC-HVDC
LCC scheme over VSC scheme
Advantages of HVDC
Flexible alternate current transmission system
Technical aspects
STATCOM
Operating mode
Voltage regulation
Var control
Advantages
Static synchronous series compensator
Operating mode
Advantages
Unified power flow controller
Operating mode
Advantages
Interline power flow controller
Operating principle
Advantages and limitations
Controllability of distribution systems via power electronics: LVDC and custom power
Low voltage direct current systems
Advantages of LVDC systems
Disadvantages of LVDC systems
Functional requirements
Custom power devices
Network reconfiguring type CP devices
Fault current limiter
Transfer switch
Solid-state circuit breaker
Uninterruptible power supply
Compensating type custom power devices
Distribution static compensator
Dynamic voltage restorer
Unified power quality controller
The smart transformer and its role in the electrical power grid
From the solid state transformer to the smart transformer
The concept of smart transformer
The challenges to the realization of the smart transformer solution
Summary
References
Chapter-6---Frequency-definition-and-e_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Con
Frequency definition and estimation in modern power systems
Introduction
Need for frequency estimation in power systems
Theoretical techniques to estimate the frequency
Center of inertia
Frequency divider formula
Practical techniques to estimate the frequency
Washout filters
Phase-locked loop
Generalities
PLL implementations
Synchronous reference frame PLL
Lag PLL
Low-pass filter PLL
Enhanced PLL
Second-order generalized integrator FLL
Impact of noise and bad data on frequency estimation
Three-phase fault
Noise
Remarks
References
Chapter-7---Architectures-for-frequenc_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Con
Architectures for frequency control in modern power systems
Introduction
Frequency control through converter-interfaced generation
Wind power plants
Example
Remarks
Solar photo-voltaic power plants
Example
Remarks
Frequency control through energy storage systems
Energy storage systems
Examples
Three-phase fault and line outage
Stochastic variations of wind
Remarks
Virtual synchronous generator
Examples
VSG vs. grid feeding with frequency support
Virtual synchronous generator vs. synchronous generator
Adaptive virtual synchronous generator
Remarks
Frequency control through FACTS devices
Static VAR compensator
Examples
WSCC 9-bus system
All-island Irish transmission system
Remarks
Smart transformer
Example
Remarks
References
Chapter-8---Control-of-power-electro_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Contr
Control of power electronics-driven power sources
Introduction
Main topologies used for the power electronic converters connected to the grid
Two-level voltage source converter
Modular multilevel converter
General considerations about power control in a voltage source converter
Current control of a VSC-Grid-following control
Introduction
Synchronization to the grid
AC current loop
MMC control
Ancillary services with grid-following converters
Voltage control of an ideal VSC based grid-forming control
Introduction
Principle of the power control with the voltage
Effect of adding a virtual transient damping resistance
Control without PLL
Introduction of a LC filter in the grid-forming converter
Ancillary services with grid-forming converters
Test of grid-forming converters behaviors in various situations
Proposal of a classification for the main types of grid-forming controls
Conclusion
References
Chapter-9---Converter-based-s_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Control-of-M
Converter-based swing dynamics
Introduction
Dynamics of the swing equation
Linear swing dynamics
LSD concepts for single-machine-infinite-bus systems
Voltage control-based LSD
Stability analysis
Resistive-inductive network
Adaptive voltage control-based LSD
Inertia-based LSD
Adaptive inertia-based LSD
Reverse approach: The delta-based SE
Comparison of SMIB LSD concepts
LSD control embedded in existing inertia emulation schemes
VSM with cascaded control
Synchronverter
HVDC converter
LSD concepts for multimachine systems
Centralized approach-Voltage control based example
Decentralized approach-Adaptive voltage control based example
Distributed approach-Delta-based example with internal reactance method
The delta-based LSD with internal reactance method
Simulation of a multimachine system
Conclusion
References
Chapter-10---Long-term-volta_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Control-of-Mo
Long-term voltage control
Introduction
ULTC transformers
Secondary voltage regulation
Organization
Underload tap changer
Modeling
ULTC circuit
ULTC control
Discrete model
Continuous model
Examples
Case study 1
Case study 2
Stochastic modeling
Voltage-dependent load
Wind speed
Example
Remarks
Secondary voltage regulation
Control strategy
Coupling of large RES power plants
Examples
Case study 1
Case study 2
References
Chapter-11---Dynamic-voltage_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Control-of-Mo
Dynamic voltage stability
Voltage stability issues in futuristic distribution grids
Voltage stability-An impedance approach
Middlebrook stability criterion
Nyquist stability criterion
Passivity-based stability criterion
Generalized Nyquist criterion
Harmonic stability theory-An impedance phenomenon
Impedance modeling of single-phase inverter
DQ domain impedance modeling of three phase inverter
Wideband grid impedance measurement techniques
Wideband system identification technique
Wideband-frequency grid impedance device
Virtual output impedance control techniques
Passive damping
Active damping/VOI control
Generalized framework for VOI synthesis
Invasive methods-Active impedance cancellation devices
Dynamic voltage stability monitoring
Role of solid-state transformer in futuristic distribution grids
Summary
References
Index_2021_Converter-Based-Dynamics-and-Control-of-Modern-Power-Systems
Index