Converged Communications: Evolution from Telephony to 5G Mobile Internet

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Acronyms
About the Companion Website
Introduction – The Evolution
Part I Fixed Telephone Systems
Chapter 1 Fixed Telephone Networks
1.1 Telephone Network
1.1.1 Analog and Digital Representation of Voice
1.1.2 Telephone Network Elements
1.1.3 Evolution of the Fixed Telephony Network from Analog to Digital
1.1.4 Telephone Numbering
1.1.5 Tasks and Roles of Telephone Exchanges
1.1.6 The Subscriber Line
1.1.7 Telephony Signaling on the Analog Subscriber Line
1.1.8 Trunk Lines
1.1.9 Telephone Networks and Data Communications
1.2 Telephone Exchange and Signaling Systems
1.2.1 Operation and Structure of a Telephone Exchange
1.2.2 Intelligent Networks
1.2.3 Signaling between Exchanges
1.2.3.1 Channel Associated Signaling
1.2.3.2 Common Channel Signaling and SS7
1.2.4 ISDN
1.3 Transmission Networks
1.3.1 E1 and T1
1.3.1.1 Standardization of E1 and T1
1.3.1.2 Endpoints of E1 and T1 Lines
1.3.1.3 Frame Structures
1.3.2 V5
1.3.3 PDH
1.3.3.1 Standardization of PDH
1.3.3.2 PDH Signal Hierarchy and Operation
1.3.3.3 PDH Network Architecture
1.3.4 SDH
1.3.4.1 Standardization of SDH
1.3.4.2 Basic Principles of SDH Multiplexing
1.3.4.3 SDH Network Architecture
1.3.5 Microwave Links
1.3.5.1 Standardization of Microwave Link Systems
1.3.5.2 Architecture of Microwave Radio Links
1.3.6 Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM)
1.3.6.1 Standardization of WDM Systems
1.3.6.2 WDM System Building Blocks
1.3.6.3 WDM Network Architecture
1.4 Questions
References
Part II Data Communication Systems
Chapter 2 Data over Telephony Line
2.1 Subscriber Line Data Technologies
2.1.1 Narrowband Analog Modems
2.1.2 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Technologies
2.2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
2.2.1 Architecture of ADSL System
2.2.2 ADSL Modulation Methods
2.2.3 ADSL Latency Paths and Bearers
2.2.4 ADSL Modem Functional Block Model
2.2.5 ADSL Frame Structure
2.2.6 ADSL Bearers and Transport Classes
2.2.7 ADSL Line Initialization
2.3 VDSL
2.3.1 Architecture and Bands of VDSL System
2.3.2 VDSL Frame Structure
2.3.3 VDSL Overhead
2.3.4 VDSL Line Initialization
2.4 Questions
References
Chapter 3 Data Network Technologies
3.1 Data Link Protocols
3.1.1 Ethernet
3.1.1.1 Ethernet Standardization
3.1.1.2 Ethernet Media Access Control and Networking
3.1.1.3 Ethernet Layers and Frames
3.1.2 WLAN Systems
3.1.3 HDLC and LLC
3.1.3.1 Architecture of the HDLC System
3.1.3.2 HDLC Frame Structures
3.1.3.3 Operation of HDLC
3.1.3.4 LLC Protocol
3.1.4 PPP
3.2 Switching Protocols for Virtual Connections
3.2.1 Frame Relay
3.2.2 ATM
3.2.3 MPLS
3.3 Internet Protocol Version 4
3.3.1 History of IPv4 Protocol Suite
3.3.2 IPv4
3.3.2.1 Architecture and Services of IPv4
3.3.2.2 IPv4 Addressing
3.3.2.3 IPv4 Packet Structure
3.3.3 ICMP and IGMP
3.3.4 UDP
3.3.5 TCP
3.3.6 SCTP
3.3.7 QUIC
3.3.8 DNS
3.3.9 DHCP
3.3.10 Security of IPv4 Data Flows
3.3.10.1 IPSec
3.3.10.2 TLS
3.4 Internet Protocol Version 6
3.4.1 Standardization of IPv6 and the Initial Challenges
3.4.2 IPv6
3.4.2.1 IPv6 Addressing
3.4.2.2 IPv6 Packet Structure
3.4.3 Methods to Support the Parallel Use of IPv4 and IPv6
3.4.4 ICMPv6
3.4.5 DHCPv6
3.5 IP Routing
3.6 Web Browsing with HTTP Protocol
3.7 Questions
References
Part III Mobile Cellular Systems
Chapter 4 Cellular Networks
4.1 Cellular Networking Concepts
4.1.1 Structure of a Cellular Network
4.1.2 Operation of Cellular Network
4.1.3 Antenna Technologies
4.1.4 Multiplexing Methods in Cellular Networks
4.1.4.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)
4.1.4.2 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
4.1.4.3 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
4.1.5 Mobility Management
4.2 History of Cellular Technologies
4.3 First Generation
4.4 Questions
References
Chapter 5 Second Generation
5.1 GSM
5.1.1 Standardization of Second Generation Cellular Systems
5.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for GSM
5.1.3 Architecture and Services of GSM Systems
5.1.3.1 GSM Services
5.1.3.2 GSM System Architecture
5.1.3.3 GSM Functions and Procedures
5.1.3.4 GSM Protocol Stack Architecture
5.1.4 GSM Radio Interface
5.1.4.1 Modulation and Multiplexing
5.1.4.2 Frame Structure and Logical Channels
5.1.4.3 GSM Bursts and Channel Coding
5.1.4.4 GSM Frequency Hopping
5.1.5 Signaling Protocols between MS and GSM Network
5.1.5.1 LAPDm Protocol
5.1.5.2 RIL3 Protocols
5.1.6 Signaling Protocols of GSM Network
5.1.6.1 Layer 1
5.1.6.2 Layer 2
5.1.6.3 Layer 3
5.1.6.4 SS7 Protocols
5.1.7 Radio Resource Management
5.1.7.1 GSM Radio Channel Assignment
5.1.7.2 Changing Channel Type or Data Rate
5.1.7.3 Releasing GSM Radio Channel
5.1.8 Security Management
5.1.8.1 Security Algorithms
5.1.8.2 Security Procedures
5.1.8.3 Hiding The Identity of the User
5.1.9 Communication Management
5.1.9.1 Mobile Originated Call
5.1.9.2 Mobile Terminated Call
5.1.9.3 Call Release
5.1.9.4 Other Communication Management Functions
5.1.10 Voice and Message Communications
5.1.10.1 Voice Encoding for GSM Circuit Switched Call
5.1.10.2 Short Messages
5.1.11 Data Connections
5.1.11.1 Circuit Switched Data
5.1.11.2 Data Connectivity to External Data Networks
5.1.11.3 Data Transport within the GSM Network
5.1.12 Mobility Management
5.1.12.1 PLMN and Cell Selection
5.1.12.2 Location Update
5.1.12.3 Handover in Dedicated Mode
5.2 General Packet Radio Service
5.2.1 Standardization of General Packet Radio Service
5.2.2 Architecture and Services of GPRS System
5.2.2.1 GPRS System Architecture
5.2.2.2 GPRS Functions and Procedures
5.2.2.3 GPRS Protocol Stack Architecture
5.2.3 GPRS Radio Interface
5.2.3.1 GPRS Radio Resource Allocation
5.2.3.2 GPRS Logical Channels
5.2.3.3 GPRS Channel Coding and Transmitter Design
5.2.4 Protocols between MS and GPRS Network
5.2.4.1 MAC Protocol
5.2.4.2 RLC Protocol
5.2.4.3 LLC Protocol
5.2.4.4 SNDCP Protocol
5.2.5 Protocols of GPRS Network
5.2.5.1 NS Layer Protocols
5.2.5.2 BSSGP Protocol
5.2.5.3 GTP Protocol
5.2.6 Radio Resource Management
5.2.6.1 Opening and Releasing of Dedicated GPRS Radio Channels
5.2.7 Mobility Management
5.2.7.1 GPRS Attach
5.2.7.2 Cell Reselection
5.2.7.3 Routing Area Update
5.2.8 Packet Data Connections
5.2.8.1 PDP Context Management
5.2.8.2 Transfer of Packet Data in GPRS System
5.3 EDGE
5.3.1 ECSD
5.3.2 EGPRS
5.3.3 EGPRS2
5.4 Questions
References
Chapter 6 Third Generation
6.1 Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS)
6.1.1 Standardization of Third-Generation Cellular Systems
6.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for WCDMA UMTS
6.1.3 Architecture and Services of UMTS Systems
6.1.3.1 UMTS Services
6.1.3.2 UMTS System Architecture
6.1.3.3 UMTS Bearer Model
6.1.3.4 UMTS Functions and Procedures
6.1.3.5 UMTS Protocol Stack Architecture
6.1.3.6 UMTS Radio Channel Architecture
6.1.4 WCDMA Radio Interface
6.1.4.1 Modulation and Multiplexing
6.1.4.2 Operation of WCDMA Rake Receiver
6.1.4.3 UMTS Handover Types
6.1.4.4 Power Control
6.1.4.5 Logical and Transport Channels
6.1.4.6 Frame Structure and Physical Channels
6.1.4.7 WCDMA Transmitter Design
6.1.5 Protocols between UE and UMTS Radio Network
6.1.5.1 MAC Protocol
6.1.5.2 RLC Protocol
6.1.5.3 Packet Data Convergence Protocol
6.1.5.4 Radio Resource Control Protocol
6.1.6 Signaling Protocols between UE and Core Network
6.1.6.1 Mobility Management Protocol
6.1.6.2 Connection Management Protocol
6.1.6.3 GPRS Mobility Management Protocol
6.1.6.4 Session Management Protocol
6.1.7 Protocols of UTRAN Radio and Core Networks
6.1.7.1 Link and Network Layers
6.1.7.2 Iu User Plane Protocol
6.1.7.3 Frame Protocol
6.1.7.4 Node B Application Protocol
6.1.7.5 Radio Access Network Application Protocol
6.1.7.6 Radio Network Subsystem Application Protocol
6.1.7.7 Mobile Application Protocol
6.1.7.8 GPRS Tunneling Protocol
6.1.8 Radio Resource Management
6.1.8.1 UMTS Cell Search and Initial Access
6.1.8.2 Opening and Releasing RRC Connections
6.1.8.3 Selection of Channel Type and Adjusting Data Rate
6.1.9 Security Management
6.1.9.1 Security Algorithms
6.1.9.2 Security Procedures
6.1.10 Communications Management
6.1.10.1 Mobile Originated Circuit Switched Call
6.1.10.2 Mobile Terminated Circuit Switched Call
6.1.10.3 Circuit Switched Call Release
6.1.11 Voice and Message Communications
6.1.11.1 Voice Encoding for UMTS Circuit Switched Calls
6.1.11.2 Short Message
6.1.12 Packet Data Connections
6.1.12.1 Quality of Service Classes and Parameters
6.1.12.2 Packet Data Protocol (PDP) Context Activation by UE
6.1.12.3 Packet Data Protocol Context Activation by the Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)
6.1.12.4 Packet Data Protocol Context Deactivation
6.1.13 Mobility Management
6.1.13.1 Cell Reselection
6.1.13.2 Location Area Update for CS Domain
6.1.13.3 Routing Area Update for PS Domain
6.1.13.4 Handover in Radio Resource Control Connected State
6.2 High-Speed Packet Access
6.2.1 General
6.2.2 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access
6.2.3 High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
6.2.4 High-Speed Packet Access Advanced
6.3 Questions
References
Chapter 7 Fourth Generation
7.1 LTE and SAE
7.1.1 Standardization of Fourth-Generation Cellular Systems
7.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for LTE
7.1.3 Architecture and Services of LTE Systems
7.1.3.1 LTE Services
7.1.3.2 LTE and SAE System Architecture
7.1.3.3 LTE Bearer Model
7.1.3.4 LTE Protocol Stack Architecture
7.1.3.5 LTE Radio Channel Architecture
7.1.4 LTE Radio Interface
7.1.4.1 OFDMA and QAM for LTE Downlink
7.1.4.2 Downlink Reference Signals and Link Adaptation
7.1.4.3 SC-FDMA for LTE Uplink
7.1.4.4 Power Control and DRX
7.1.4.5 Scheduling
7.1.4.6 Multiantenna Methods and UE Categories
7.1.4.7 Frame Structure and Physical Channels
7.1.4.8 Logical and Transport Channels
7.1.4.9 LTE Transmitter Design
7.1.4.10 Support for Machine Type Communication and Internet of Things
7.1.5 Protocols Used between UE and LTE Radio Network
7.1.5.1 MAC Protocol
7.1.5.2 RLC Protocol
7.1.5.3 PDCP Protocol
7.1.5.4 RRC Protocol
7.1.6 Signaling Protocols between UE and Core Network
7.1.6.1 NAS Protocols EMM and ESM
7.1.7 Protocols of LTE Radio and Core Networks
7.1.7.1 S1AP Protocol
7.1.7.2 X2AP Protocol
7.1.7.3 GTP-C Protocol
7.1.7.4 GTP-U Protocol
7.1.7.5 Diameter Protocol
7.1.8 Protocols Used between EPC and UTRAN or GERAN Networks
7.1.8.1 SGsAP Protocol
7.1.9 Radio Resource Management
7.1.9.1 LTE Initial Access
7.1.9.2 Opening RRC Connection
7.1.9.3 Releasing the RRC Connection
7.1.10 Security Management
7.1.10.1 Authentication
7.1.10.2 Encryption and Integrity Protection
7.1.11 Packet Data Connections
7.1.11.1 Quality of Service
7.1.11.2 EPS Bearers
7.1.11.3 Initial Default EPS Bearer Opening at LTE Initial Access
7.1.11.4 Opening Connections to Other PDNs
7.1.11.5 Opening Dedicated EPS Bearers
7.1.11.6 User Data Transport
7.1.11.7 Disconnecting from Packet Data Network
7.1.12 Mobility Management
7.1.12.1 Cell Reselection and Tracking Area Update
7.1.12.2 Handover in RRC Connected State
7.1.13 Voice and Message Communications
7.1.13.1 CSFB for Voice Call
7.1.13.2 SMS over SG
7.2 Questions
References
Chapter 8 Fifth Generation
8.1 5G
8.1.1 Standardization of Fifth-Generation Cellular Systems
8.1.2 Frequency Bands Used for 5G NR
8.1.3 Architecture and Services of 5G Systems
8.1.3.1 5G Services
8.1.3.2 5G System Architecture
8.1.3.3 5G Protocol Stack Architecture
8.1.3.4 5G Bearers and Radio Channels
8.1.4 5G NR Radio Interface
8.1.4.1 Modulation and Multiplexing
8.1.4.2 Frame Structure and Physical Channels
8.1.4.3 Scheduling
8.1.4.4 5G NR Reference Signals
8.1.4.5 Beam Management
8.1.4.6 Multi-Band Coexistence
8.1.5 Protocols Used between UE and NR Radio Network
8.1.5.1 MAC Protocol
8.1.5.2 RLC Protocol
8.1.5.3 PDCP Protocol
8.1.5.4 RRC Protocol
8.1.5.5 SDAP Protocol
8.1.6 Signaling Protocols between UE and Core Network
8.1.6.1 NAS Protocols MM and SM
8.1.7 Protocols of 5G Radio and Core Networks
8.1.7.1 NGAP Protocol
8.1.7.2 XnAP Protocol
8.1.7.3 PFCP Protocol
8.1.8 Radio Resource Management
8.1.8.1 Initial Access and Registration to 5G
8.1.8.2 Opening RRC Connection
8.1.8.3 Resuming RRC Connection
8.1.8.4 Releasing the RRC Connection
8.1.8.5 Service Request
8.1.8.6 Beam Recovery
8.1.9 Security Management
8.1.9.1 Authentication and NAS Security Mode
8.1.10 Packet Data Connections
8.1.10.1 Quality of Service Model
8.1.10.2 Creating 5G PDU Session
8.1.10.3 Activating Existing PDU Sessions
8.1.10.4 PDU Session Modification
8.1.10.5 User Data Transport
8.1.10.6 Releasing PDU Session
8.1.11 Mobility Management
8.1.11.1 NR Registration in RRC Idle State
8.1.11.2 RNA Update in RRC Inactive State
8.1.11.3 Handover in RRC Connected State
8.1.12 Voice and Message Communications
8.2 Questions
References
Part IV IP Multimedia Systems
Chapter 9 Convergence
9.1 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) and IP Multimedia
9.2 SIP Systems
9.2.1 Standardization of SIP
9.2.2 Architecture and Services of SIP System
9.2.2.1 SIP Multimedia System Services
9.2.2.2 SIP System Architecture
9.2.2.3 SIP Protocol Stack and Operation
9.3 3GPP IP Multimedia Subsystem
9.3.1 Standardization of IMS
9.3.2 Architecture and Services of IMS System
9.3.2.1 IMS Services
9.3.2.2 IMS System Architecture
9.3.2.3 IMS User Identities and Service Profiles
9.3.3 IMS Functions and Procedures
9.3.3.1 IMPU Registration State Management
9.3.3.2 Authenticating IMS Subscribers
9.3.3.3 SIP Security Mechanism Agreement and Ipsec-3gpp
9.3.3.4 Resolving the Address of Local P-CSCF
9.3.3.5 Signaling Compression
9.3.3.6 Media Negotiation
9.3.3.7 Charging Support
9.3.4 IMS System Procedures
9.3.4.1 Registration and Authentication
9.3.4.2 Voice Call Setup
9.4 Voice over LTE
9.4.1 Standardization of VoLTE
9.4.2 VoLTE System Procedures
9.4.2.1 Registering to VoLTE Service within LTE Attach
9.4.2.2 Call Setup and Release
9.4.2.3 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
9.4.2.4 Emergency Call
9.4.2.5 Short Message over IP
9.4.2.6 SMS Interworking
9.4.2.7 Supplementary Services
9.4.2.8 DTMF Tones
9.4.2.9 VoLTE Roaming
9.5 IMS Voice over 5G NR
9.6 Voice over WiFi
9.7 Questions
References
Summary – The Transformation
Index
EULA