Conventional Flowmeters covers origin, principle of operation, development, advantages and disadvantages, applications, and frontiers of research for conventional technology flowmeters, which include differential pressure and primary elements, positive displacement, turbine, open channel, and variable area.
There are more conventional technology meters being used in the field than new-technology meters. New developments, such as more accurate pressure transmitters, new primary elements like cone elements, reversible flow, and dual rotor turbine meters, and variable area meters with transmitters and a signal output, are discussed.
Features:
- Offers a working knowledge of the origin and development of the more traditional technology flowmeters: differential pressure and primary elements, positive displacement, turbine, open channel, and variable area.
- Describes how these conventional meters still fit into what is being called Industry 4.0.
- Discusses the advantages and disadvantages of conventional technology meters and provides a rationale for retaining or displacing these meters.
- Focuses on the origin, development operating principles, and applications for the meters.
- Explores the development of each conventional flowmeter type, including the roles of companies like Siemens, ABB, Emerson, Foxboro, KROHNE, and Endress+Hauser.
This book is designed for anyone involved with flowmeters and instrumentation, including product and marketing managers, strategic planners, application engineers, and distributors.
Author(s): Jesse Yoder
Series: Advances in Flowmeter Technology
Publisher: CRC Press
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 197
City: Boca Raton
Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Preface
Acknowledgments
Author
1. A Preview of Coming Attractions
Overview
Chapter Summary
A Preview of Upcoming Chapters
2. The Building Blocks of Flow
Overview
Definitions Are Relative
David Spitzer's Definition of "Flow"
Loy Upp's Definition of "Flow"
A Comparison of Definitions
Cross-sectional Area of a Pipe
An Alternative View of the Width of Circles
Velocity Profile
Insertion Flowmeters
Multiple Factors Influence Flow Measurement
3. Conventional Flowmeters
Overview
Defining Conventional Flowmeters
Differential Pressure Transmitters
Primary Elements
Positive Displacement
Turbine
Open Channel
Variable Area
Familiarity Breeds Respect
Switching Technologies Has a Cost
Selecting a Flowmeter
4. Differential Pressure Transmitters
Overview
DP and Other Pressure Transmitters
Product Improvements
Multivariable Transmitters Offer Enhanced Flexibility
DP Transmitter Companies
Emerson Automation Solutions
History and Organization
DP Transmitter Products
Yokogawa Electric Company
History and Organization
DP Transmitter Products
How They Work
Growth Factors for the DP Flow Transmitter Market
Energy Efficiency and Conservation
Plant Upgrades and Retrofits
Growth in Developing Markets
The DP Flow Transmitter Replacement Market
Higher Performance in DP Flow Transmitters
Factors Limiting Growth for the DP Flow Transmitter Market
Pressure Transmitters Are More Reliable, Reducing the Need for Replacements
Other Flow Technologies Are Replacing DP Transmitters
Multivariable Transmitters Include Several Transmitters in a Single Package
Market Consolidation Has Led to Product Rationalization, Reducing Availability of Some Products
Frontiers of Research
Multivariable Flowmeters
Offering DP Transmitters with Integrated Flow Elements
Technological Advances to Meet Advanced Plant Upgrade and More Stringent Environmental Requirements
Higher Performance in DP Flow Transmitters
5. Primary Elements
Overview
History of Primary Elements and DP Flow Measurement
Theory of DP Measurement
Types of Primary Elements
Orifice Measuring Points
Pitot Tubes
Venturi Tubes
Cone Elements
Flow Nozzles
Wedge Elements
Combination Elements
Other Primary Elements
Primary Elements Companies
Daniel
History and Organization
Primary Elements Products
McCrometer
History and Organization
Primary Elements Products
Growth Factors for the Primary Elements Market
The Large Installed Base of DP Flow Transmitters
Rapid Growth in China, India, and Other Developing Markets
Technology Improvements in Primary Elements
Growth in the Use of Multivariable DP Flowmeters
Growth in the Use of Integrated DP Flowmeters
Factors Limiting the Growth of the Primary Elements Market
Other Flow Technologies Are Replacing DP Transmitters
In Many Cases, Primary Elements Are Commodity Items
Applications
Steam
Measurement and Monitoring of Flare and Stack Gas Flow
Frontiers of Research
Technology Improvements in Primary Elements
Developing More Types of Orifice Plates
Combining Different Types of Primary Elements into One
6. Positive Displacement Flowmeters
Overview
PD Flowmeters Are One of the Earliest Technology Types
Utility Applications
PD Flowmeters Will Be Around for Many Years to Come
PD Flowmeter Companies
Dresser Utility Solutions
History and Organization
PD Flowmeter Products
TechnipFMC
History and Organization
Technip
FMC Technologies
PD Flowmeter Products
How They Work
Oval Gear
Rotary
Gear
Helical
Nutating Disc
Piston
Oscillating Piston
Diaphragm
Spur Gear
Other Types and Variations
Growth Factors for the PD Flowmeter Market
There Are Many PD Flowmeter Suppliers
Large Installed Base
New Products, Applications, and Capabilities
High Accuracy: A Major Factor
Good for Measuring Low Flowrates
Excel with High Viscosity Liquids
Factors Limiting the Growth of PD Flowmeters
Competition from New-Technology Flowmeters
Competition from Conventional Meters
Frontiers of Research
From "The Meter with a Face" to Electronic Registers
Improved Manufacturing Methods Increase Precision
Capitalize on Downstream Refined Fuel Distribution with Integrated Solutions
Explore New PD Flowmeter Designs
7. Turbine Flowmeters
Overview
History of Turbine Flowmeters
Turbine Flowmeter Companies
Honeywell Elster
History and Organization
Honeywell Elster Group GmbH
Turbine Flowmeter Products
Faure Herman
History and Organization
Turbine Flowmeter Products
How They Work
Types of Turbine Meters
Growth Factors for the Turbine Flowmeter Market
Installed Base of Turbine Flowmeters
Turbine Flowmeters Are Used for Both Liquid and Gas Measurement
Approval Organizations Specify Turbine Meters
Turbine Flowmeters Are a Good Choice for Steady, Medium- to High-Speed Flows
Turbine Suppliers Continue to Make Technology Improvements
Factors Limiting the Growth of Turbine Flowmeters
Maintenance and Repair
Competition from New-Technology Flowmeters
Competition from Conventional Meters
A Perceived Lack of Investment in Enhanced Turbine Flowmeter Designs
Turbine Flowmeter Market Not Keeping Pace with Other Flowmeter Types
Applications for Turbine Meters
Frontiers of Research
Improved Construction Materials for Bearings
Dual Rotor Designs Enhance Performance
Dual Tube Design
Other Improvements
8. Open Channel Flowmeters
Overview
An Ocean of Water
Water and Air Currents
Open Channel Flow vs. Closed Pipe Flow
Open Channel Flowmeter Companies
Hach
History and Organization
Open Channel Flowmeter Products
Siemens
History and Organization
Open Channel Flowmeter Products
How They Work
Growth Factors for Open Channel Flowmeters
An Increasing Need to Measure Water Flow
Conventional Meters Are Being Replaced by New-Technology Flowmeters
Flowmeters Are Used at Multiple Places in an Irrigation System
Increased Regulations and Cost Drive Flowmeter Usage
Desalination Plant Construction Is a Boon to Instrumentation Suppliers
Continuing Development of Technologies
Factors Limiting the Growth of the Open Channel Flowmeter Market
Delays in Funding, Planning, and Deployment
Lack of Investment in Open Channel Flowmeters
Frontiers of Research
Measuring the Size of the Channel
Integrating Different Technologies
Integrating Flowmeters with Control Valves
9. Variable Area Flowmeters
Overview
History
VA Flowmeter Companies
ABB
History and Organization
VA Flowmeter Products
Brooks Instrument
History and Organization
VA Flowmeter Products
How They Work
Growth Factors for the VA Flowmeter Market
Users Have a Need for the Measurements Done Well by VA Flowmeters
The Drive to Enhance Efficiency by Measuring Everything
Networking Through Communication Interfaces
VA Flowmeters Are Chosen by Laboratory, Research, and OEM Users
VA Flowmeters Are a Low-Cost Solution
Fast, Regional Delivery
Factors Limiting the Growth of the VA Flowmeter Market
Mounting Configuration
Measuring Tube Material Choices
Fluid Pressure
Fluid Viscosity Changes
Line Size
Measurement Accuracy
Applications
Frontiers of Research
Addition of Transmitters and Communication Protocols
Putting the Right Scale on a VA Meter
Dealing with Calibration Issues for VA Flowmeters
10. Flowmeters and the Oil and Gas Industry
Overview
Types of Gas and Other Fluids
Petroleum Liquids
Non-petroleum Liquids
Gases
Industrial Gases
Natural Gas
The Three Main Segments of the Oil and Gas Industry
Upstream
Midstream
Downstream
The Oil and Gas Industry and the Price of Oil
The Underlying Dynamics of the Oil Market
The Role of Fracking
Types of Oil and the Formation of OPEC
How Oil Is Measured
Factors that Influence Oil Prices
Four Benchmark Oils: WTI, Brent, Dubai/Oman, and the OPEC Reference Basket
What is OPEC?
Why Was OPEC Formed?
OPEC and "The Seven Sisters"
OPEC Since 1970
How Supply and Demand Impact Oil Prices
The Flowmeter Market in 2020
Flow Measurement and Oil Prices
Oil Prices in 2019 and 2020
Pandemic
Another Extraordinary Meeting
The Sudden Dip
Signs of Recovery
Oil Prices in 2022
Effect on the Flowmeter Markets
The Oil and Gas Industry and the Other Process Industries
11. Four Paradoxes of Continuity
Overview
The Rope Experiment
A Flaw in Calculus
12. Sensing and Measuring
Theory of Sensing
Sensing and Measuring
What Is a Sensor?
The Amplifier or Transducer
Sensor and Transmitter
What Is Measurement, and How Does It Differ from Sensing?
Mechanical, Electronic, and Biological Sensors
Electronic Sensors
Biological Sensors
Frontiers of Research
The Measurement of Time
Do Clocks Sense Time?
Decimal Time
Advantages of Decimal Time
Flowtime
Why Change to Flowtime?
Index
