Control of Power Electronic Converters with Microgrid Applications

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Author Biographies
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction to Power Electronics
1.2 Power Converter Modes of Operation
1.3 Power Converter Topologies
1.4 Harmonics and Filters
1.5 Power Converter Operating Conditions, Modelling, and Control
1.6 Control of Power Electronic Systems
1.6.1 Open-loop Versus Closed-loop Control
1.6.2 Nonlinear Systems
1.6.3 Piecewise Linear Systems
1.7 Power Distribution Systems
1.8 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 2 Analysis of AC Signals
2.1 Symmetrical Components
2.1.1 Voltage Unbalanced Factor (VUF)
2.1.2 Real and Reactive Power
2.2 Instantaneous Symmetrical Components
2.2.1 Estimating Symmetrical Components from Instantaneous Measurements
2.2.2 Instantaneous Real and Reactive Power
2.3 Harmonics
2.4 Clarke and Park Transforms
2.4.1 Clarke Transform
2.4.2 Park Transform
2.4.3 Real and Reactive Power
2.4.4 Analyzing a Three-phase Circuit
2.4.5 Relation Between Clarke and Park Transforms
2.5 Phase Locked Loop (PLL)
2.5.1 Three-phase PLL System
2.5.2 PLL for Unbalanced System
2.5.3 Frequency Estimation of Balanced Signal Using αβ Components
2.6 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 3 Review of SISO Control Systems
3.1 Transfer Function and Time Response
3.1.1 Steady State Error and DC Gain
3.1.2 System Damping and Stability
3.1.3 Shaping a Second-order Response
3.1.4 Step Response of First- and Higher-order Systems
3.2 Routh–Hurwitz's Stability Test
3.3 Root Locus
3.3.1 Number of Branches and Terminal Points
3.3.2 Real Axis Locus
3.3.3 Breakaway and Break-in Points
3.4 PID Control
3.4.1 PI Controller
3.4.2 PD Controller
3.4.3 Tuning of PID Controllers
3.5 Frequency Response Methods
3.5.1 Bode Plot
3.5.2 Nyquist (Polar) Plot
3.5.3 Nyquist Stability Criterion
3.6 Relative Stability
3.6.1 Phase and Gain Margins
3.6.2 Bandwidth
3.7 Compensator Design
3.7.1 Lead Compensator
3.7.2 Lag Compensator
3.7.3 Lead–lag Compensator
3.8 Discrete-time Control
3.8.1 Discrete-time Representation
3.8.2 The z-transform
3.8.3 Transformation from Continuous Time to Discrete Time
3.8.4 Mapping s-Plane into z-Plane
3.8.5 Difference Equation and Transfer Function
3.8.6 Digital PID Control
3.9 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 4 Power Electronic Control Design Challenges
4.1 Analysis of Buck Converter
4.1.1 Designing a Buck Converter
4.1.2 The Need for a Controller
4.1.3 Dynamic State of a Power Converter
4.1.4 Averaging Method
4.1.5 Small Signal Model of Buck Converter
4.1.6 Transfer Function of Buck Converter
4.1.7 Control of Buck Converter
4.2 Transfer Function of Boost Converter
4.2.1 Control of Boost Converter
4.2.2 Two-loop Control of Boost Converter
4.2.3 Some Practical Issues
4.3 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 5 State Space Analysis and Design
5.1 State Space Representation of Linear Systems
5.1.1 Continuous-time Systems
5.1.2 Discrete-time Systems
5.2 Solution of State Equation of a Continuous-time System
5.2.1 State Transition Matrix
5.2.2 Properties of State Transition Matrix
5.2.3 State Transition Equation
5.3 Solution of State Equation of a Discrete-time System
5.3.1 State Transition Matrix
5.3.2 Computation of State Transition Matrix
5.3.3 Discretization of a Continuous-time System
5.4 Relation Between State Space Form and Transfer Function
5.4.1 Continuous-time System
5.4.2 Discrete-time System
5.5 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
5.5.1 Eigenvalues
5.5.2 Eigenvectors
5.6 Diagonalization of a Matrix Using Similarity Transform
5.6.1 Matrix with Distinct Eigenvalues
5.6.2 Matrix with Repeated Eigenvalues
5.7 Controllability of LTI Systems
5.7.1 Implication of Cayley–Hamilton Theorem
5.7.2 Controllability Test Condition
5.8 Observability of LTI Systems
5.9 Pole Placement Through State Feedback
5.9.1 Pole Placement with Integral Action
5.9.2 Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR)
5.9.3 Discrete-time State Feedback with Integral Control
5.10 Observer Design (Full Order)
5.10.1 Separation Principle
5.11 Control of DC-DC Converter
5.11.1 Steady State Calculation
5.11.2 Linearized Model of a Boost Converter
5.11.3 State Feedback Control of a Boost Converter
5.12 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 6 Discrete-time Control
6.1 Minimum Variance (MV) Prediction and Control
6.1.1 Discrete-time Models for SISO Systems
6.1.2 MV Prediction
6.1.3 MV Control Law
6.1.4 One-step-ahead Control
6.2 Pole Placement Controller
6.2.1 Pole Shift Control
6.3 Generalized Predictive Control (GPC)
6.3.1 Simplified GPC Computation
6.4 Adaptive Control
6.5 Least-squares Estimation
6.5.1 Matrix Inversion Lemma
6.5.2 Recursive Least-squares. (RLS) Identification
6.5.3 Bias and Consistency
6.6 Self-tuning Controller
6.6.1 MV Self-tuning Control
6.6.2 Pole Shift Self-tuning Control
6.6.3 Self-tuning Control of Boost Converter
6.7 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 7 DC-AC Converter Modulation Techniques
7.1 Single-phase Bridge Converter
7.1.1 Hysteresis Current Control
7.1.2 Bipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM)
7.1.3 Unipolar Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation
7.2 SPWM of Three-phase Bridge Converter
7.3 Space Vector Modulation (SVM)
7.3.1 Calculation of Space Vectors
7.3.2 Common Mode Voltage
7.3.3 Timing Calculations
7.3.4 An Alternate Method for Timing Calculations
7.3.5 Sequencing of Space Vectors
7.4 SPWM with Third Harmonic Injection
7.5 Multilevel Converters
7.5.1 Diode-clamped Multilevel Converter
7.5.2 Switching States of Diode-clamped Multilevel Converters
7.5.3 Flying Capacitor Multilevel Converter
7.5.4 Cascaded Multilevel Converter
7.5.5 Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC)
7.5.6 PWM of Multilevel Converters
7.6 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 8 Control of DC-AC Converters
8.1 Filter Structure and Design
8.1.1 Filter Design
8.1.2 Filter with Passive Damping
8.2 State Feedback Based PWM Voltage Control
8.2.1 HPF-based Control Design
8.2.2 Observer-based Current Estimation
8.3 State Feedback Based SVPWM Voltage Control
8.4 Sliding Mode Control
8.4.1 Sliding Mode Voltage Control
8.5 State Feedback Current Control
8.6 Output Feedback Current Control
8.7 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 9 VSC Applications in Custom Power
9.1 DSTATCOM in Voltage Control Mode
9.1.1 Discrete-time PWM State Feedback Control
9.1.2 Discrete-time Output Feedback PWM Control
9.1.3 Voltage Control Using Four-leg Converter
9.1.4 The Effect of System Frequency
9.1.5 Power Factor Correction
9.2 Load Compensation
9.2.1 Classical Load Compensation Technique
9.2.2 Load Compensation Using VSC
9.3 Other Custom Power Devices
9.4 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 10 Microgrids
10.1 Operating Modes of a Converter
10.2 Grid Forming Converters
10.2.1 PI Control in dq-domain
10.2.2 State Feedback Control in dq-domain
10.3 Grid Feeding Converters
10.4 Grid Supporting Converters for Islanded Operation of Microgrids
10.4.1 Active and Reactive Over a Feeder
10.4.2 Inductive Grid
10.4.3 Resistive Grid
10.4.4 Consideration of Line Impedances
10.4.5 Virtual Impedance
10.4.6 Inclusion of Nondispatchable Sources
10.4.7 Angle Droop Control
10.5 Grid-connected Operation of Microgrid
10.6 DC Microgrids
10.6.1 P-V Droop Control
10.6.2 The Effect of Line Resistances
10.6.3 I-V Droop Control
10.6.4 DCMG Operation with DC-DC Converters
10.7 Integrated AC-DC System
10.7.1 Dual Active Bridge (DAB)
10.7.2 AC Utility Connected DCMG
10.8 Control Hierarchies of Microgrids
10.8.1 Primary Control
10.8.2 Secondary Control
10.8.3 Tertiary Control
10.9 Smart Distribution Networks: Networked Microgrids
10.9.1 Interconnection of Networked Microgrids
10.10 Microgrids in Cluster
10.10.1 The Concept of Power Exchange Highway (PEH)
10.10.2 Operation of DC Power Exchange Highway (DC-PEH)
10.10.3 Overload Detection and Surplus Power Calculation
10.10.4 Operation of DC-PEH
10.10.5 Dynamic Droop Gain Selection
10.11 Concluding Remarks
Problems
Notes and References
Chapter 11 Harmonics in Electrical and Electronic Systems
11.1 Harmonics and Interharmonics
11.1.1 High-frequency Harmonics (2–150 kHz)
11.1.2 EMI in the Frequency Range of 150 kHz–30 MHz
11.1.3 Common Mode and Differential Mode Harmonics and Noises
11.1.4 Stiff and Weak Grids
11.2 Power Quality Factors and Definitions
11.2.1 Harmonic Distortion
11.2.2 Power and Displacement Factors
11.3 Harmonics Generated by Power Electronics in Power Systems
11.3.1 Harmonic Analysis at a Load Side (a Three-phase Inverter)
11.3.2 Harmonic Analysis at a Grid Side (a Three-phase Rectifier)
11.3.3 Harmonic Analysis at Grid Side (Single-phase Rectifier with and without PF Correction System)
11.3.4 Harmonic Analysis at Grid Side (AFE)
11.4 Power Quality Regulations and Standards
11.4.1 IEEE Standards
11.4.2 IEEE 519
11.4.3 IEEE 1547
11.4.4 IEEE 1662-2008
11.4.5 IEEE 1826-2012
11.4.6 IEEE 1709-2010
11.4.7 IEC Standards
11.5 Concluding Remarks
Notes and References
Index
IEEE Press Series on Power and Energy Systems
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