EPA, 2008. 808 p.
Assessment and Standards Division Ofice of Transportation and Air Quality U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyContents
Industry Characterization
Manufacturers of Small SI Engines
Manufacturers of Marine Spark-Ignition Engines
Fuel System Components
Air Quality, Health, and Welfare Concerns
Ozone
Particulate Matter
Air Quality Modeling Methodology
Air Toxics
Carbon Monoxide
Acute Exposure to Air Pollutants
Emission Inventory
Overview of Small Nonroad and Marine SI Engine Emissions Inventory Development
Baseline Emission Inventory Estimates
Contribution of Small Nonroad and Marine SI Engines to National Emissions Inventories
Controlled Nonroad Small Spark-Ignition and Marine Engine Emission Inventory Development
Projected Emissions Reductions from the New Standards
Emission Inventories Used for Air Quality Modeling
Feasibility of Exhaust Emission Control
General Description of Spark-Ignition Engine Technology
General Description of Exhaust Emission Control Technologies
Feasibility of Small SI Engine Standards
Feasibility of Outboard/Personal Watercraft Marine Engine Standards
Feasibility of Sterndrive/Inboard Marine Engine Standards
Feasibility of Standard for Marine Generator Sets
Test Procedures
Impacts on Safety, Noise, and Energy
APPENDIX 4A: Normalized Modal Emissions for a 7.4 L MPI SD/I
Feasibility of Evaporative Emission Control
Diurnal Breathing Loss Evaporative Emissions
Running Loss Emissions
Fuel Tank Permeation
Fuel/Vapor Hose Permeation
Other Evaporative Emissions
Evaporative Emission Test Procedures
Impacts on Noise, Energy, and Safety
APPENDIX 5A: Diurnal Temperature Traces
APPENDIX 5B: Emission Results for Small SI Equipment Fuel Tanks Showing Effect of Venting on Diffusion
APPENDIX 5C: Diurnal Emission Results: Canister and Passive-Purge
APPENDIX 5D: Material Properties of Common Fuel System Materials
APPENDIX 5E: Diurnal Test Temperature Traces
Costs of Control
Methodology
Exhaust Emission Control Costs for Small SI Engines
Exhaust Emission Control Costs for Outboard and Personal Watercraft Engines
Exhaust Emission Control Costs for Sterndrive/Inboard Marine Engines
Evaporative Emission Control Costs for Small SI Equipment
Costs of Evaporative Emission Controls for Marine Vessels
Cost Sensitivity Analysis
Cost Per Ton
30-Year Net Present Value Cost effectiveness
Results
Cost-Benefit Analysis
Overview
Air Quality Impacts for Benefits Analysis
PM-Related Health Benefits Estimation - Methods and Inputs
Health Impact Functions
Economic Values for Health Outcomes
Benefits Analysis Results for the Final Standards
Comparison of Costs and Benefits
Appendix 8A: Sensitivity Analyses of Key Parameters in the Benefits Analysis
Appendix 8B: Health-Based Cost-Effectiveness of Reductions in Ambient O3 and PM2.5
Associated with the Final Small SI and Recreational Marine Engine Rule
Economic Impact Analysis
Overview and Results
Economic Methodology
EIM Data Inputs and Model Solution
Methods for Describing Uncertainty
Appendix 9A: Impacts on Small SI Markets
Appendix 9B: Impacts on Marine SI Markets
Appendix 9C: Time Series of Social Cost
Appendix 9D: Overview of Model Equations and Calculation
Appendix 9E: Elasticity Parameters for Economic Impact Modeling
Appendix 9F: Derivation of Supply Elasticity
Appendix 9G: Initial Market Equilibrium - Price Forecasts
Appendix 9H: Sensitivity Analysis
Small-Business Flexibility Analysis
Overview of the Regulatory Flexibility Act
Need for and Objective of the Rulemaking
Summary of Significant Public Comments
Definition and Description of Small Entities
Type and Numbers of Small Entities Affected
Reporting, Recordkeeping, and Compliance Requirements
Steps Taken to Minimize the Impact on Small Entities .
Projected Economic Effects of the Rulemaking
Regulatory Alternatives
Identification of Alternative Program Options
Cost per Engine
Emission Reduction
Cost Effectiveness
Summary and Analysis of Alternative Program Options
Appendix 11A: Emission Factors for the Less Stringent Alternative
Appendix 11B: Emission Factors for the More Stringent Alternative
