This fully updated third-edition of Contemporary Peacemaking is a state of the art overview of peacemaking in relation to contemporary civil wars. It examines best (and worst) practice in relation to peace processes and peace accords. The contributing authors are a mix of leading academics and practitioners with expert knowledge of a wide arrays of cases and techniques. The book provides a mix of theory and concept-building along with insights into ongoing cases of peace processes and post-accord peacebuilding. The chapters make clear that peacemaking is a dynamic field, with new practices in peacemaking techniques, changes to the international peace support architecture, and greater awareness of key issues such as gender and development after peace accords. The book is mindful of the intersection between top-down and bottom-up approaches to peace and how formal and institutionalized peace accords need to be lived and enacted by communities on the ground.
Author(s): Roger Mac Ginty, Anthony Wanis-St. John
Publisher: Palgrave Macmillan
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 650
City: Cham
Acknowledgements
Contents
Notes on Contributors
Abbreviations
List of Figures
List of Tables
1 Introduction
What Are Peace Processes and Peace Accords?
The Peacemaking Landscape
Level of Analysis
Structure of the Book
Part I Preparing for Peace
2 Understanding Ripeness: Making and Using Hurting Stalemates
Resistant Reactions
Implications
3 Cultivating Peace: A Practitioner’s View of Deadly Conflict and Negotiation
Introduction
A Critique of Ripeness
Ripeness Is a Rear-View Mirror
Ripeness Is in the Eye of the Beholder
Ripeness Sees Mediator Action as Cherry-Picking
Alternative Metaphors to Ripeness
Cultivation: The Building of Long-Term Authentic Relationships
Accompaniment: The Pace of Presence
Naïveté: The Art of the Possible
Epilogue
4 Conflict Analysis: A System’s Approach
History of Conflict Analysis
A System’s Approach to Conflict Analysis
Psychological Challenges to Conflict Analysis
Functions of Conflict Analysis
Conflict Analysis Tools and Framework
From Conflict Analysis to Peacebuilding Planning
Self-Assessment
Theories of Change
Robust Conflict-Sensitive Research
Insider–Outsider Conflict Analysis Teams
Current Problems in Conflict Analysis Research
Summary and Conclusion
Part II Cross Cutting Issues
5 The United Nations and Peacemaking
Introduction
The Evolution of UN Peacemaking
UN Peacemaking Today
Peace Operations
Political Missions
Evaluation
Conclusion
6 Women’s Participation in Peace Processes
Introduction
Stages of a Peace Process
Women’s Agency—Who Do ‘Women’ Represent?
How Can women’s Participation Be Strengthened?
Peace Agreement Bargaining and Women’s Inclusion
Women in Implementation and Peacebuilding
Conclusions and Future Research
7 Indigenous Approaches to Peacemaking
Indigenous Peacemaking and the Search for Overarching Principles
Expanding the Options
Returning to What Works: Rejuvenation of Local Peacemaking
The Human Potential for Peacemaking
Walking the Talk: Promoting Respect, Equality, and Partnership Among Planetary Citizens
8 Peacemaking Referendums: Advantages and Challenges for Peace Processes
Introduction
Peacemaking Referendums: Definition and Characterization
Advantages and Challenges for Peacemaking
Conclusion
Bibliography
9 Refugees, Peacemaking, and Durable Solutions to Displacement
Introduction
Asylum—Peaceful and Humanitarian
Durable Solutions and Peace
Peace Negotiations and Agreements
Peacebuilding Elections and Referenda
Observance of Refugee Rights
Skills Training and Education
Conclusions
10 Time, Sequencing and Peace Processes
Introduction
The Concept of Time
Sequencing
Deadlines
Exit Strategies
Concluding Discussion
Part III Negotiation and Mediation
11 Mediation and the Ending of Conflicts
Mediation: The Dominant Model
When Can Mediation Help?
Appropriate Mediators
Mediator Roles and Functions
Core Mediator Tasks in Conflict Resolution24
Pre-Negotiation
During Talks or Negotiations
Post-Agreement
Conclusion
12 Diffusion vs. Coherence: The Competitive Environment of Multiparty Mediation
Introduction
Multiparty Mediation: Varieties and Impact
Fragmented Parties and Shifting Coalitions
Impact of Conflict Party Fragmentation
Multiparty Mediators, Fragmented Conflict Parties, and the Mediation Process
Improving Conflict Party Coherence
Building Up Leadership
Managing Risk
Conclusion
13 Inclusivity in Peace Processes: Civil Society and Armed Groups
What Is ‘Inclusion’?
Civil Society
Liberia’s Comprehensive Peace Agreement, 2003
Comparison with Other Cases
Discussion and Caveats
Armed Groups
The Philippines, MNLF and MILF
Other Cases
Extremists
Practical Issues
Conclusion
Bibliography
14 Negotiating Peace in the Shadows
Discretion and Deceit
Back Channels to Peace
Why Secrecy?
Controlling Communication
Legitimacy and Intermediaries
Conclusion: Peace and Secrecy
Bibliography
Part IV Violence and Peace Processes
15 Violence and Peace Processes
Introduction
Forms of Violence: Actors, Targets and Motives
Managing Violence
The Conflict Resolution Approach
The Security Approach
The Rights-Based Approach
The Three Approaches Combined
Ways Forward
16 Peacemaking and Election Violence
Introduction
Election Violence Background
Elections, Violence, and Post-Conflict Challenges
Peacemaking and Election Violence Mitigation
Conclusion
References
17 Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration of Ex-Combatants
Introduction
Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration
Disarmament Inducements
Demobilisation with Cantonment
Reinsertion Assistance
Community-Based Reintegration
Key Considerations in DDR Implementation
Heterogeneity of Ex-Combatant Caseloads
Preferential Treatment of Ex-Combatants
Role of Local Actors
Conclusion
18 Security Sector Reform
Introduction
Outlining the Concept of SSR
Challenges of Implementation
Criticism of Existing SSR Theory and Practice
Incompatibility with the Local Context
Inappropriate Methods and Timing
Rhetorical Implementation
Hybrid SSR
Conclusion
References
Part V Peace Accords
19 Peace Processes and Their Agreements
Introduction
Defining Peace Agreements: Beyond ‘Handshake Moments’
Pre-Negotiation Agreements
Ceasefires
Framework/Substantive Agreements
Implementation/Renegotiation Agreements
Renewal Agreements
Peace Agreements and Complex Conflict Systems: Processes ‘Above’ and ‘Below’ the State
Above: Interstate Agreements for Intrastate Conflict
‘Below’: Local Peace Processes
Conclusion: Current Challenges
20 Power Sharing After Civil Wars: Matching Problems to Solutions
Old Debates: Models of Democracy in Deeply Divided Societies
The Dangers of Majoritarianism
The Consociation Formula
The Centripetalist Alternative
New Debates: Proliferating Points of Inclusion
Upstream Inclusivity in Peace Processes
Rethinking Presidentialism
Inclusivity and Electoral System Choice
Revisiting Ethnic Federalism
Strengthening Social Cohesion
Conclusion
21 Peace Accords and Human Rights
Introduction
No Justice, No Peace—Revisited
Human Rights Provisions in Peace Agreements
Issues and Institutions
Tensions Between Peace Agreements and Human Rights
Conclusion
Database
Funding Acknowledgement
22 The Post-conflict Constitution as a Peace Agreement
The Perspective of the Conflict Parties
Credible Commitment and Peace Durability
The Peace Maintenance Function of a Constitution
Definition and Temporal Spectrum of Peace Agreements
Conclusion
Appendix 1
Relationship Between CPAs in the Peace Accords Matrix and Post-conflict Constitutions
CPAs Associated with PCCs (79.4% of 34 CPAs)
CPAs Not Associated with PCCs (20.6% of 34 CPAs)
Appendix 2
Other CPAs That Require Constitutional Reform
References
Part VI Implementation and Reconstruction
23 Transitional Justice and Peacemaking/Peacebuilding
Introduction
The Emergence and Consolidation of Transitional Justice
Shifting Parameters for the Transitional Justice Paradigm
Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding
Transitional Justice in Peacemaking and Peacebuilding at the Local Level
Transitional Justice and Peacebuilding: Closing Remarks
24 Peace Education as a Peacemaking Tool in Conflict Zones
The Role of Education in Peacebuilding and Conflict Escalation
Theories of Change in Peace Education
Building Bridges Theory
Culture of Peace Theory
Shifts in Consciousness Theory
Transformations Resulting from Peace Education
Teacher Training and Programmatic Factors
Facilitating Transformations that Build Bridges
Facilitating Transformations to Build a Culture of Peace
Facilitating Shifts in Consciousness
Combining Theories of Change
Sustaining Transformations
Scaling Peace Education Impact to Support Peacemaking
Conclusion
25 Post-accord Crime and Violence
Introduction
The Context of Post-accord Violence
Types of Post-accord Violence
The Perpetrators of Post-accord Violence
The Causes of Post-accord Violence
The Implications of Post-accord Violence
Conclusion
Bibliography
26 Everyday Economic Experiences and Peace Processes
Introduction
The Theory of Economic Reconstruction
‘Market Liberalisation and Trade Integration Promote Peace’
‘Growth Leads to Development, Leads to Peace and Stability’
Experiences of Economic Reconstruction
A Disappointing Economic Experience of ‘Peace’
Losing Legitimacy
Conclusion
Part VII Conclusion
27 Conclusion: Peace Processes, Past, Present, and Future
Getting into Talks: Pre-negotiation
Managing the Process: Dealing with Negotiations and Violence
Peace Accords
Reconstruction and Conflict Transformation
Eleven Propositions
Index