Contaminants of Emerging Concerns and Reigning Removal Technologies

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
About the book series
Editorial board
Table of Contents
About the editors
List of contributors
Preface
Acknowledgements
SECTION 1 Mitigation strategies for emerging contaminants
1 Occurrence, fate, and plasma treatment of emerging contaminants in groundwater
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Groundwater contamination and its effect
1.3 Sources of groundwater pollution
1.3.1 Point source
1.3.2 Diffused source
1.4 Fate and pathways of groundwater pollution
1.5 ECs treatment
1.5.1 ECs’ treatment using plasma energy
1.5.2 Large-scale groundwater treatment
1.6 Groundwater preservation
1.7 Conclusion and future perspective
References
2 Subsurface flow constructed wetlands as a post-treatment unit for emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Emerging contaminants in municipal wastewater
2.3 Wastewater treatment technologies
2.3.1 Activated sludge process
2.3.2 On-site wastewater treatment systems
2.3.3 Nature-based wastewater treatment systems
2.4 Subsurface flow constructed wetlands
2.4.1 The design
2.4.1.1 Horizontal flow beds
2.4.1.2 Vertical flow beds
2.4.1.3 Hybrid systems
2.4.2 Filter media
2.4.3 Plants
2.4.4 Microbial communities in SFCWs
2.4.5 Treatment efficiency for conventional water quality parameters
2.5 SFCWs as a post-treatment unit for ECs
2.6 Further research opportunities for SFCW design optimisation
2.7 Conclusions
References
3 Occurrence and fate of CECs transformation products
3.1 Overview of chemicals of emerging concern
3.1.1 Fate of emerging contaminants and formation of transformation products (TPs)
3.2 Pathways for the formation of TPs
3.2.1 Biotic transformation
3.2.2 Abiotic processes
3.3 Methods to identify TPs
3.4 TPs formed from different ECs
3.4.1 TPs formed from PPCPs
3.4.2 TPs formed from pesticide
3.4.3 TPs formed from industrial chemicals
3.5 The fate of TPs formed from ECs
3.6 Toxicity of TPs
3.7 Conclusion and future perspective
References
4 Advanced treatment technologies for removal of contaminants of emerging concern
4.1 Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concerns (CECs) in environment
4.2 Detection of CECs in environmental aqueous media
4.3 Removal of CECs: conventional wastewater treatment processes
4.4 Advanced treatment processes
4.4.1 Membrane filtration
4.4.1.1 Nanofiltration (NF)
4.4.1.2 Reverse osmosis (RO)
4.4.2 Adsorption
4.4.3 Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs)
4.4.3.1 Electrochemical oxidation (EO)
4.4.3.2 Ozonation
4.4.3.3 Oxidation using ozone/UV/hydrogen peroxide
4.4.3.4 Fenton and photo-Fenton processes
4.4.3.5 Photocatalysis
4.5 Recent developments in treatment technologies
4.5.1 Combined processes
4.5.2 Integration of membrane technology
4.5.3 Heterogenous photocatalysis
4.6 Comparison of different advanced treatment technologies
4.7 Conclusions and future perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
5 Advanced oxidation process for removal of emerging contaminant sin water and sustainable approaches
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 CECs: an overview
5.1.2 Treatment of CECs: conventional treatment systems vs. AOPs
5.1.3 Factors influencing the performance of AOPs
5.2 Catalyst-based AOPs
5.2.1 Photocatalysis (PC)
5.2.2 Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC)
5.2.3 Solar PC: toward sustainable remediation
5.3 Perspective and future scope
References
SECTION 2 Removal of geo- and anthropo-genic contaminants
6 Solid waste and landfill leachate: A transient source of emerging microbes and legacy contaminants for groundwater pollution
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Source, types, and different sector of solid waste
6.2.1 Municipal wastes
6.2.2 Industrial wastes
6.2.3 Hazardous wastes
6.3 Solid waste generation, composition, and characterization
6.4 Emerging and legacy contaminants in solid wastes
6.5 Potential environmental impacts
6.6 Solid waste treatment techniques
6.6.1 Landfall disposal
6.6.2 Sanitary landfill
6.7 Emerging and legacy contaminants in landfill leachates
6.8 Fate of landfill leachate
6.9 Process of decomposition
6.10 Environmental concerns to landfill disposal and leachate
6.11 Occurrence of pollutants in groundwater
6.12 Emerging contaminants in groundwater (organic, inorganic, and biological contaminants)
6.12.1 Sources and pathways
6.12.2 Organic and inorganic pollutants
6.12.3 Biological contaminants
6.12.4 Processes of remediation of organic and inorganic wastes
6.12.4.1 Composting
6.12.4.2 Aerobic digestion and anaerobic digestion
6.12.4.3 Biomethanation
6.12.4.4 Incineration
6.12.4.5 Pyrolysis and gasification
6.13 Treatment technologies for landfill leachate
6.14 Environmental monitoring, waste management practices, and challenges
6.15 Sustainable solid waste management
6.16 Conclusions
References
7 Synthesis of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles by modified co-precipitation technique and investigation of the ceramic characteristics upon thermal treatment for their potential applications for water treatment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Experimental
7.2.1 Materials
7.2.2 Synthesis of nano-hydroxyapatite
7.2.3 Characterizations
7.3 Results and discussions
7.4 Conclusions
Conflicts of interest
Acknowledgments
References
8 Nanostructured adsorbents for uranium removal from drinking water: A review
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Graphene oxide (GO) for uranium uptake in aqueous media
8.3 Strategies to improve the sorption efficiency of GO-based materials for U adsorption
8.3.1 Metal/metal oxide-incorporated GO composite materials
8.3.1.1 GO-iron/iron oxide composites
8.3.1.2 GO-zirconium composite
8.3.1.3 GO-manganese oxide composite
8.3.2 Composite adsorbents based on GO and natural/biological materials
8.3.2.1 GO-chitosan composites
8.3.2.2 GO-fungus composites
8.3.2.3 Composites based on GO and other natural materials
8.3.3 GO-based structural frameworks
8.3.3.1 GO-based metal organic frameworks (MOF)
8.3.3.2 GO-based Zeolitic imidazole frameworks (ZIF)
8.3.4 Multi-level surface functionalization of GO-based materials
8.3.4.1 Amidoximation of GO
8.3.4.2 Sulfonation of GO
8.3.4.3 Carboxylation of GO
8.3.4.4 Amidation of GO
8.3.4.5 Phosphorylation of GO
8.3.4.6 Hydroxylation of GO
8.3.4.7 Treatment of GO with chelating agent
8.3.4.8 Phosphatidyl-assisted fabrication of GO
8.4 Modeling the sorption of U(VI) on GO and GO composite adsorbents
8.4.1 Adsorption isotherms
8.4.2 Adsorption kinetics
8.5 Effect of solution components on uranium sorption
8.5.1 Solution pH
8.5.2 Presence of co-ions
8.5.3 Temperature
8.6 Mechanism of the U adsorption onto GO-based adsorbents
8.7 Regeneration and reusability of the saturated material
8.8 Conclusion and recommendations
Acknowledgments
References
9 Fluoride contamination and abatement measures: A geoenvironmental perspective
9.1 Introduction
9.1.1 Fluorides in natural environment
9.1.2 Mechanisms influencing fluoride attenuation into groundwater
9.1.3 Effects of fluoride on plants, animals and human beings
9.1.4 Global scenario
9.2 Defluoridation techniques
9.2.1 Relevance of the work
9.3 Geomaterials
9.3.1 Soils and clays
9.3.1.1 Potter clay
9.3.1.2 Bricks
9.3.2 Bentonite
9.3.3 Montmorillonite
9.3.4 Kaolinite
9.3.5 Limestone
9.3.6 Bauxite
9.3.7 Laterites
9.3.8 Hematite
9.3.9 Calcite
9.3.10 Siderite
9.3.11 Lignite
9.3.12 Hydroxyapatite
9.3.13 Other geomaterials
9.4 Remediation of fluoride contaminated soils
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 Physicochemical and biological methods for treatment of municipal solid waste incineration ash to reduce its potential adverse impacts on groundwater
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Physicochemical characteristics of IBA and IFA
10.3 Regulatory requirement for disposal/reuse of MSWI ash residues
10.4 Potential adverse impacts of MSWI ash (IBA and IFA) leachate on groundwater
10.5 Physicochemical methods for treatment of IBA and IFA
10.5.1 Physical treatment: screening and magnetic separation
10.5.2 Chemical treatment
10.5.2.1 Aging
10.5.2.2 Solidification/stabilization (S/S) method
10.5.2.3 Chemical extraction (chemical leaching)
10.5.3 Factors affecting chemical leaching process
10.5.3.1 Characteristics of MSWI ash
10.5.3.2 Liquid-to-solid ratio (L/S)
10.5.3.3 pH
10.5.3.4 Temperature
10.5.3.5 Weathering/aging
10.5.3.6 Presence of organic compounds
10.5.4 Thermal treatments of IBA and IFA
10.5.4.1 Vitrification
10.5.4.2 Melting
10.5.4.3 Sintering
10.6 Biological method (bacteria- and fungal-based bioleaching) for treatment of IBA and IFA
10.7 Metal mobilization and immobilization in biological treatment processes
10.7.1 Microbes-metal interactions: metal mobilization
10.7.1.1 Acidolysis
10.7.1.2 Redoxolysis
10.7.1.3 Complexolysis
10.7.1.4 Alkylation
10.7.2 Microbes-metal interactions: metal immobilization
10.7.2.1 Biosorption
10.7.2.2 Bioaccumulation
10.7.2.3 Redox reaction
10.7.2.4 Complex formation
10.8 Factors affecting microbial mobilization and immobilization of heavy metals
10.8.1 Nature of microorganisms
10.8.2 pH
10.8.3 Temperature
10.8.4 Aerobic and anaerobic condition
10.8.5 Heavy metal characteristics
10.9 Potential reutilization of IBA and IFA for civil engineering applications
10.10 Conclusions and future prospects
Acknowledgments
Conflict of interest
References
11 Concern for heavy metal ion water pollution: Their strategic detection and removal opportunities
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Sources of water pollution
11.1.2 Impact of industrial wastewater
11.1.3 Types of water pollutants
11.2 Heavy metal pollution
11.2.1 Types of heavy metal ions
11.2.1.1 Cadmium (Cd)
11.2.1.2 Arsenic (As)
11.2.1.3 Copper (Cu)
11.2.1.4 Nickel (Ni)
11.2.1.5 Chromium (Cr)
11.2.1.6 Zinc (Zn)
11.2.1.7 Lead (Pb)
11.2.1.8 Mercury (Hg)
11.2.2 Detection methods
11.2.3 Biosensors
11.2.4 Classification of biosensors
11.3 Heavy metal removal treatment technique using adsorption and photocatalytic reduction
11.3.1 Photocatalysis
11.3.2 Metal oxides usage in photocatalytic application
11.4 Future scope
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
Conflict of interest
References
SECTION 3 Environmental assessment pathways, and socio-ecosystem framework
12 Environmental fate assessments to understand surface water pollution from metaldehyde-based molluscicide
12.1 An overview of metaldehyde pollution in the UK
12.1.1 Contamination of surface water from metaldehyde
12.1.2 Metaldehyde degradation in soil
12.1.3 Objectives of the study
12.2 Biodegradation of metaldehyde in UK scenarios is overestimated by current risk assessment models
12.2.1 Materials and laboratory methods
12.2.2 Metaldehyde detection and quantification in soil extracts
12.2.3 Soil incubation set-up and operation
12.2.4 The effects of varied temperature and soil moisture content on metaldehyde degradation
12.3 Rapid leaching to lower soil horizons will increase the risk of metaldehyde pollution
12.3.1 Lysimeter design and operation
12.3.2 Discussion of experiment objectives
12.3.3 Results and discussion of metaldehyde leaching
12.3.4 Metaldehyde persistence in the soil profile
12.3.5 Comparison to model predictions
12.3.6 Final discussion and future research
12.4 Conclusions and recommendation drawn from the study
References
13 Elucidation of vulnerability of groundwater quality to agriculture and surface runoff: A comprehensive review under the backdrop of future scenario of climate change
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Groundwater pollution by agriculture and urban surface runoff
13.2.1 Irrigated agriculture: means of contamination in groundwater
13.2.2 Groundwater contamination by nitrate
13.2.3 Fluoride and cadmium contamination in groundwater: surface runoff in cities
13.3 Climate change and mobilization of contaminants in groundwater
13.3.1 Climate change and associated factors
13.3.2 Relationship of climate variability and vulnerability of groundwater quality
13.3.3 Metal mobilization in groundwater influenced by climatic factors
13.3.4 Aquifer contamination risk owing to urban expansion
13.4 Mass flow modeling of emerging contaminants in groundwater
13.5 Conclusion & future scope
References
14 Root causes of groundwater contamination for analyzing resource management and policy framework
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Challenges and hurdles in groundwater resource management
14.2.1 Unequal spatial and temporal distribution
14.2.2 Dependency on groundwater
14.2.3 Over-exploitation
14.2.4 Groundwater recharge
14.2.5 Groundwater contamination
14.2.5.1 Sources of groundwater contamination in the Indian context
14.3 Implementation and compliance
14.3.1 Command and control – a case of Bangalore, Karnataka
14.3.2 Main issues in Maharashtra
14.3.3 Tending to water exhaustion through electricity in Gujarat
14.4 Methodology for analyzing GWRM (ground water resource management)
14.4.1 National ground water resource management
14.4.2 Scope of the current program
14.4.3 Groundwater management at the grass-root level
14.4.3.1 Recommendation for mitigating the environmental and social risks
14.5 Capacity identification and assessment of the program
14.5.1 National-level assessment
14.5.1.1 Adequacy of administrative framework
14.5.1.2 Adequacy of regulatory and organizational environment
14.5.1.3 Performance in implementation and support in groundwater program
14.5.1.4 Institutional capacities to address environmental and social issues
14.5.2 State-level assessment
14.5.2.1 Adequacy of administration framework
14.5.2.2 Adequacy of the legislative system for environmental evaluation
14.5.2.3 Adequacy of an administrative system for social safeguards
14.5.2.4 Adequacy of regulatory and organizational environment
14.5.3 Assessment of the program
14.5.3.1 Benefits for potential environment
14.5.3.2 Potential environment impacts and risks
14.6 Gap identification in groundwater management
14.6.1 Legal gap in groundwater resource management
14.6.2 Policy-related issues pertaining to groundwater management
14.7 Counter- and retrospective measures
14.7.1 Promoting recharge
14.8 Conclusions
References
15 Pesticides and fertilizers contamination of groundwater: Health effects, treatment approaches, and legal aspects
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types of popular pesticides and fertilisers
15.2.1 Classification based on pesticide function and target pest organism
15.2.2 Classification based on mode of entry
15.2.3 Classification based on chemical composition of pesticides
15.3 Usage of pesticides and fertilisers
15.4 Pathway to groundwater contamination
15.4.1 Point sources
15.4.2 Non-point sources
15.4.3 Factors affecting the fate of pesticides in soil environment
15.5 Health effects
15.5.1 Acute effects
15.5.2 Chronic effects
15.5.2.1 Neurological impact
15.5.2.2 Intoxication
15.5.2.3 Other effects
15.6 Monitoring methodology and assessment
15.6.1 Sampling
15.6.2 Analytical methodology
15.6.2.1 Physicochemical separation methods
15.6.2.2 Detection methods
15.7 Permissible limit of groundwater quality for pesticides and fertiliser
15.8 Available treatment technology
15.8.1 Earthworm-assisted treatment
15.8.2 Removal of agrochemicals with nanoparticles
15.8.3 Removal of agrochemicals by aquatic plants
15.8.4 Fungal-assisted treatment
15.8.5 Enzymatic degradation
15.9 Possible management under legal framework
15.10 Suggested framework for the management of agrochemicals
15.11 Conclusions References
16 Nanomaterials and devices for the provision of safe drinking water in rural communities
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Chemical of concern for human health and water supply
16.2.1 Common approaches to water purification
16.2.2 Pathogens in drinking water
16.2.3 Chemical pollutants and toxic metals
16.3 Sensing in rural India
16.4 Recent advances in filtration with novel nanomaterials
16.5 Removal by photocatalysis and other degradation methods using nanomaterials
16.6 Conclusions
References
17 An emerging treatment technology: Exploring deep learning and computer vision approach in revealing biosynthesized nanoparticle size for optimization studies
Abbreviations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Literature review
17.3 Materials and methods
17.3.1 Convolution neural network model
17.3.1.1 Convolution operation
17.3.1.2 Activation layer
17.3.1.3 Pooling layer
17.3.1.4 Flattening layer
17.3.1.5 Fully connected layer
17.3.2 Model implementation
17.3.2.1 Model construction
17.3.2.2 Compiling the model
17.3.2.3 Model prediction
17.4 Results
17.4.1 Model evaluation
17.5 Discussion
17.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Index