This edited book presents the first collection of case studies and research projects on the sustainable technology of constructed wetlands for wastewater management under hot and arid climates. It is the first such work that summarizes in a single reference the current international experiences and knowledge on the implementation of this nature-based solution under these diverse and often harsh climatic conditions. It covers the relevant gap in the fragmented and limited literature by providing integrated information and documentation on the feasibility of this green technology.
The book presents the treatment efficiency of constructed wetland facilities and the research output from 29 different countries across South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania, while it covers various applications such as domestic and municipal wastewater, various industrial effluents and municipal sludge. Many examples and case studies further demonstrate the potential of this technology to contribute to better address the issues of water scarcity and limited fresh water resources through circular management of treated effluents e.g. reuse in irrigation. It also discusses the various challenges and technical aspects that should be considered in such climates, along with the environmental, financial and social benefits of this technology.
This work is a useful handbook and guide for professional engineers, practitioners, academics, researchers, students, and water authorities who wish to get a better understanding and first-hand information on the potential of constructed wetlands for cost-effective and sustainable wastewater management in countries with hot and arid climates.
Author(s): Alexandros Stefanakis
Series: Wetlands: Ecology, Conservation and Management, 7
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 400
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Constructed Wetlands as a Green and Sustainable Technology for Domestic Wastewater Treatment Under the Arid Climate of Rural Areas in Morocco
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Current Status of Sanitation in Moroccan Rural Areas
1.3 Barriers for Wastewater Treatment in Moroccan Rural Areas
1.4 Sanitation Strategic Action Plans in Morocco
1.5 Application of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Rural Areas
1.5.1 Overview of Pilot-Scale CWs for Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Morocco
1.5.2 Full-Scale CWs for Domestic Wastewater in Moroccan Rural Areas
1.6 Future Considerations on the Application of CWs in Rural Areas under Arid Climate
1.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 2: Efficiency of Constructed Wetlands and Wastewater Stabilization Ponds for Wastewater Treatment in Northern Algerian Sahara
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Brézina Constructed Wetland
2.2.1 Design of Brézina Constructed Wetland
2.2.2 Efficiency of Brézina Constructed Wetland
2.3 Temacine Constructed Wetland
2.3.1 Design of Temacine Constructed Wetland
2.3.2 Efficiency of Temacine CW
2.4 Kef el Doukhan Wastewater Stabilization Pond
2.4.1 Design of Kef el Doukhan Wastewater Stabilization Pond
2.4.2 Efficiency of Kef el Doukhan Wastewater Treatment Pond
2.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: A Review of Constructed Wetlands Types and Plants Used for Wastewater Treatment in Egypt
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Water and Wastewater in Egypt
3.3 Constructed Wetlands (CWs)
3.3.1 Constructed Wetland Types
3.3.2 Plants Used in CWs in Egypt
3.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Two Decades of Experience on Nature-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment in Egypt, Palestine and Tunisia
4.1 Introduction
4.2 IRIDRA Experience on NBS in Hot and Dry Climates
4.2.1 Chorfech, Tunisia
4.2.2 Chorfech Primary School, Tunisia
4.2.3 Hajja and Sarra, Palestine
4.2.4 Palestinian Bedouin Villages
4.2.5 Sekem School, Egypt
4.3 Conclusions: Lessons Learnt
4.3.1 Design Recommendation
4.3.2 Implementation
4.3.3 Water Reuse
References
Chapter 5: Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Management in Egypt: An Overview of 30-Years Experiences in Small/Medium-Size Treatment Plants
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Plants in Constructed Wetlands
5.2 Domestic Wastewater in Egypt
5.2.1 Wastewater Production
5.2.2 Wastewater Reuse in Egypt
5.3 Constructed Wetlands in Egypt
5.3.1 Lake Manzala CW Project
5.3.2 Gravel Bed Hydroponic Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment in Ismailia
5.3.3 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Sinai via Gravel Bed Hydroponics Wetlands
5.3.4 Cilioprotists as Biological and Pollution Indicators of GBHW Efficiency
5.3.5 Hydroponic Rooftop Gardens in Informally Developed Areas in Egypt
5.3.6 Constructed Wetland in a Remote Area for Greywater Treatment
5.3.7 Greywater Treatment Using Different Designs of Gravel or Sand Bed Hydroponic Filters
5.3.8 Integration of UASB and Two Different CWs
5.3.9 Sewage Water Treatment by UASB Followed by CWs
5.3.10 Blackwater and Greywater Treatment in UASB Followed by CW
5.3.11 Investigation of the CW Inlet Area Shape
5.3.12 Agriculture Drainage Water Treatment in FWS CW Followed by Floating Aquatic Plant CW
5.3.13 Combination of Sedimentation Process and CWs
5.3.14 Combination of UASB and Hybrid CW for Sewage Treatment
5.3.15 Combination of Sedimentation Process and a Hybrid CWs for Blackwater Treatment
5.3.16 Enhancement of Degreasing/Settling Tank Followed by CW for Greywater Treatment
5.4 Role of CWs in Heavy Metals Removal
5.4.1 Gravel Bed Hydroponic Wetland
5.4.2 Fate of Heavy Metals in CWs for Greywater Treatment
5.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Constructed Wetland as an Efficient Technology for the Treatment of Urban/Industrial Wastewater in the Arid Regions: Morocco as a Model
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Current Status of Wastewater Treatment in Morocco
6.3 Comparative Approach for Wastewater Treatment
6.4 Constructed Wetlands for Domestic Wastewater Treatment under Different Operation Conditions in Morocco
6.5 A Pilot CW for Urban and Industrial Wastewater Treatment in an Arid Area of Morocco
6.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Horticulture Wastewater Treatment Under a Hot Climate in Ethiopia
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Materials and Methods
7.2.1 Wastewater Treatment Pilot
7.2.2 Experimental Duration and Sampling
7.2.3 Starting Up the Wastewater Treatment Process
7.3 Results
7.4 Discussion
7.4.1 Opportunities and Challenges
7.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Constructed Wetlands in a Community Setting in Mombasa, Kenya
8.1 Historical Context and Site Development
8.2 Materials and Methods
8.2.1 Geographical and Climatic Setting
8.2.2 Constructed Wetland Design and Operation
8.3 Results
8.3.1 Performance Results
8.3.2 Operation and Maintenance of the CW
8.3.3 Management and Regulation of the CW
8.3.3.1 Role of the Developer
8.3.3.2 Role of Authorities
8.3.4 Barriers
8.3.4.1 Operational Issues
8.3.4.2 Societal Issues
8.4 Discussion
8.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Performance of Constructed Wetlands in a Hot Tropical Climate: The Case of Tanzania
9.1 Suitability of Constructed Wetlands in Hot Tropical Climates
9.2 The Tanzanian Experience
9.2.1 Mass Transfer, Velocity-Based Design
9.2.2 Modified Design Equation for the Pathogen Removal in a HSSF CW
9.2.3 Choice of Macrophytes
9.2.4 Wetland Substrates and Soils
9.2.5 Coupling the CW with Other Treatment Systems
9.2.6 Volarisation of Treated Wastewater
9.2.7 Improvement of Wildlife Habitat
9.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 10: Constructed Wetlands Lessons from Three Middle East Countries : The Effect of Plants and Filter Media on CW Performance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Israel
10.2.1 Evaluation of CW-Effluent Chemical Quality
10.2.2 Evaluation of the Microbial Quality of CW-Effluent
10.3 Jordan
10.3.1 Jordanian CWs Effluent Quality
10.4 Palestine
10.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 11: Performance of Decentralized Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation in Jordan: Enhancing Nitrogen Removal
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Materials and Methods
11.2.1 Site Description
11.2.2 Experimental Setup
11.2.3 Recirculating VFCW
11.2.3.1 Operational Modification
11.2.4 Two-Stage VFCW System
11.2.4.1 Operational Modification
11.2.5 Sampling and Water Quality Analysis
11.2.6 Statistical Methods
11.3 Results and Discussion
11.3.1 Recirculating VFCW
11.3.2 Two-Stage VFCW
11.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Constructed Wetlands for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment in Oman: Experiences from Research and Case Studies
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland for Onsite Domestic Wastewater Treatment
12.3 Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
12.4 Aerated Constructed Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
12.5 Surface Flow Constructed Wetland for Oily Produced Water Treatment
12.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13: Constructed Wetlands for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment – Case Studies from Pakistan
13.1 Background
13.2 Domestic Wastewater Treatment
13.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
13.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 14: Constructed Wetland Case Studies for Municipal and Glass Industry Wastewater Treatment in Iran
14.1 Introduction
14.2 A Constructed Wetland Case Study for Glass Industry Wastewater Treatment
14.2.1 Design and Operation of the CW
14.2.2 Treatment Performance
14.3 A Constructed Wetland Case Study for Dormitory Wastewater Treatment
14.3.1 Design and Operation of the CW
14.3.2 Treatment Performance
14.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Research and Case Studies of Sludge Treatment Wetlands in Hot and Arid Climates: Experiences and Opportunities for Sustainable Sludge Management
15.1 Introduction to Sludge Management
15.1.1 Sludge Treatment Processes
15.2 Sludge Treatment Wetlands
15.3 Sludge Treatment Wetland Optimization Through Pilot Scale Experiments
15.3.1 Materials and Methods
15.3.2 First Experimental Results
15.4 STW Case Studies in Hot and Arid Climates (Middle East and Australia)
15.4.1 Bahrain
15.4.2 Jordan
15.4.3 United Arab Emirates
15.4.4 Qatar
15.4.5 Oman
15.4.6 Australia
15.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 16: Full-Scale Experiences of Arid and Semi-Arid Land-Based Decentralized Constructed Wetlands in India and China
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Constructed Wetland – A Decentralized Solution for Arid/Semi-Arid Regions
16.2.1 Treatment Configurations and Investigated Wastewaters
16.2.2 Emerging Macrophytes of India and China – An Overview
16.2.3 Functional Mechanisms Involved in Pollutant’s Removal
16.3 Performance Analysis of Point and Non-point Sources of Wastewater
16.3.1 Organics and Solids Removal
16.3.2 Nitrogen Removal
16.3.3 Phosphorus Removal
16.3.4 Heavy Metal Removal
16.4 Operational Parameters of Relevance for CWs
16.5 Climatic Factors Associated with Performance of CWs
16.6 Sustainability Aspects and Future Perspectives
16.7 Conclusions
References
Chapter 17: Performance Assessment of Constructed Wetland in a Semi-arid Region in India Employing SWOT Analysis
17.1 Introduction
17.1.1 Performance of CW in Arid and Semi-arid Regions
17.2 Methodology
17.3 Results and Performance Evaluation
17.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 18: Novel Media and Unit Configurations in Advanced Constructed Wetlands: Case Studies Under Hot Climate in Thailand
18.1 Introduction of Advanced Constructed Wetlands
18.2 Novel Media Modifications and Modified Unit Configurations
18.3 Natural Treatment Processes in Wetlands and Plant-Microbe Ecology
18.4 Treatment Performance of ACWs: Organic Matters, Emerging Pollutants and Nutrients
18.5 Application of Advanced Constructed Wetlands for Pollution Mitigation: Case Studies in Hot Climate Countries
18.5.1 Performance of Novel Constructed Wetlands for Treating Solar Septic Tank Effluent [38]
18.5.2 Integration of the Innovative On-site Wastewater Treatment and ACW System Without Plants for Treating Black Water [39]
18.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 19: Treatment Wetlands in Atacama Desert, Chile: Experiences and Lesson Learnt from Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
19.1 The Atacama Desert
19.2 Wastewater into Atacama Desert: Characteristics and Management
19.3 Experimental Development by CIDERH-UNAP
19.3.1 Experimental Treatment Wetlands on the Coastal of the Atacama Desert
19.3.2 Effluent Reuse: Aeroponic Cultivation Systems
19.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 20: Wastewater Gardens Systems in Yucatan, Mexico; Northwest Australia; Northern Algeria and Southern Iraq
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Case Studies
20.2.1 Biosphere 2, Southern Arizona, USA
20.2.2 Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
20.2.3 Kimberley Region, Northwest Australia
20.2.4 Northern Sahara, Region of Touggourt, Tamacine, Algeria
20.2.5 El Chibaish, Southern Iraq
20.3 Conclusions: Constructed Wetlands as Nature-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment and Intelligent and Resilient Resource Utilization for Environmental Integration
References
Chapter 21: Selected Constructed Wetlands Case Studies in Africa, Asian and Latin American Countries
21.1 Introduction
21.1.1 Constructed Wetland Designs
21.2 Case Studies of CWs in Africa
21.2.1 Egypt
21.2.2 South Africa
21.2.3 Tanzania
21.2.4 Uganda
21.2.5 Kenya
21.2.6 Algeria
21.3 Case Studies of CWs in Asia
21.3.1 Thailand
21.3.2 Nepal
21.3.3 Iran
21.3.4 Pakistan
21.4 Case Studies of CWs in Latin America
21.4.1 Brazil
21.4.2 Chile
21.4.3 Cuba
21.4.4 Equador
21.5 Conclusions
References
