Constitutional Law for a Changing America: Rights, Liberties, and Justice

Chronological Table of Cases......Page 16
Tables, Figures, and Boxes......Page 20
Preface......Page 39
The Supreme Court and the Amendment Process......Page 51
1. UNDERSTANDING THE U.S. SUPREME COURT......Page 69
Processing Supreme Court Cases......Page 71
Supreme Court Decision Making: Legalism......Page 99
Supreme Court Decision Making: Realism......Page 128
Conducting Research on the Supreme Court......Page 152
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 158
2. THE JUDICIARY: INSTITUTIONAL POWERS AND CONSTRAINTS......Page 171
Judicial Review......Page 173
Marbury v. Madison (1803)......Page 178
Constraints on Judicial Power......Page 203
Ex parte McCardle (1869)......Page 208
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 234
3. INCORPORATION OF THE BILL OF RIGHTS......Page 240
Must States Abide by the Bill of Rights? Initial Responses......Page 242
Barron v. Baltimore (1833)......Page 244
Incorporation through the Fourteenth Amendment: Early Interpretations......Page 254
Hurtado v. California (1884)......Page 261
A Standard Emerges......Page 272
Palko v. Connecticut (1937)......Page 279
Incorporation in the Aftermath of Palko......Page 291
Duncan v. Louisiana (1968)......Page 298
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 316
Approaching Civil Liberties......Page 319
4. RELIGION: EXERCISE AND ESTABLISHMENT......Page 328
Defining Religion......Page 331
Free Exercise of Religion......Page 338
Cantwell v. Connecticut (1940)......Page 347
Sherbert v. Verner (1963)......Page 369
Wisconsin v. Yoder (1972)......Page 381
Employment Division, Department of Human Resources of Oregon v. Smith (1990)......Page 411
City of Boerne v. Flores (1997)......Page 434
Religious Establishment......Page 456
Everson v. Board of Education (1947)......Page 467
School District of Abington Township v. Schempp; Murray v. Curlett (1963)......Page 485
Lemon v. Kurtzman; Earley v. DiCenso (1971)......Page 512
Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002)......Page 533
Edwards v. Aguillard (1987)......Page 564
Town of Greece v. Galloway (2014)......Page 591
Van Orden v. Perry (2005)......Page 615
Hosanna-Tabor Evangelical Lutheran Church and School v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (2012)......Page 637
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 656
5. FREEDOM OF SPEECH, ASSEMBLY, AND ASSOCIATION......Page 662
The Development of Legal Standards: The Emergence of Law in Times of Crisis......Page 664
Schenck v. United States (1919)......Page 672
Abrams v. United States (1919)......Page 688
Gitlow v. New York (1925)......Page 699
Dennis v. United States (1951)......Page 736
Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969)......Page 755
Contemporary Tests and Constitutional Guidelines......Page 775
Content and Contexts......Page 786
United States v. O’Brien (1968)......Page 792
Texas v. Johnson (1989)......Page 803
Chaplinsky v. New Hampshire (1942)......Page 829
Cohen v. California (1971)......Page 836
McCullen et al. v. Coakley, Attorney General of Massachusetts et al. (2014)......Page 849
Snyder v. Phelps (2011)......Page 871
United States v. Alvarez (2012)......Page 890
Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District (1969)......Page 908
Morse v. Frederick (2007)......Page 921
West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943)......Page 944
Rumsfeld v. Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights, Inc. (2006)......Page 956
Bates v. State Bar of Arizona (1977)......Page 978
Central Hudson Gas and Electric Corporation v. Public Service Commission of New York (1980)......Page 991
Boy Scouts of America v. Dale (2000)......Page 1006
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1022
6. FREEDOM OF THE PRESS......Page 1030
Prior Restraint......Page 1034
Near v. Minnesota (1931)......Page 1035
New York Times v. United States (1971)......Page 1049
Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier (1988)......Page 1074
Government Control of Press Content......Page 1091
News Gathering and Special Rights......Page 1107
Branzburg v. Hayes (1972)......Page 1112
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1129
7. THE BOUNDARIES OF FREE EXPRESSION: LIBEL, OBSCENITY, AND EMERGING AREAS OF GOVERNMENT REGULATION......Page 1132
Libel......Page 1134
New York Times v. Sullivan (1964)......Page 1138
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell (1988)......Page 1167
Obscenity......Page 1180
Roth v. United States (1957)......Page 1192
Miller v. California (1973)......Page 1213
New York v. Ferber (1982)......Page 1233
Cruelty and Violence......Page 1255
Brown v. Entertainment Merchants Association (2011)......Page 1259
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1279
8. THE FIRST AMENDMENT AND THE INTERNET......Page 1283
Shielding Children from Access to Sexually Explicit Material......Page 1286
Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union (1997)......Page 1291
Prohibiting Child Pornography......Page 1307
United States v. Williams (2008)......Page 1316
Emerging Issues......Page 1329
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1333
9. THE RIGHT TO KEEP AND BEAR ARMS......Page 1335
Initial Interpretations......Page 1338
The Second Amendment Revisited......Page 1344
District of Columbia v. Heller (2008)......Page 1346
Heller and the States......Page 1365
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1369
10. THE RIGHT TO PRIVACY......Page 1372
The Right to Privacy: Foundations......Page 1373
Griswold v. Connecticut (1965)......Page 1386
Reproductive Freedom and the Right to Privacy: Abortion......Page 1406
Roe v. Wade (1973)......Page 1419
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey (1992)......Page 1449
Private Activities and the Application of Griswold......Page 1494
Lawrence v. Texas (2003)......Page 1503
Same-Sex Marriage......Page 1526
Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)......Page 1531
Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990)......Page 1567
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1594
Trends in Court Decision Making......Page 1603
11. INVESTIGATIONS AND EVIDENCE......Page 1615
Searches and Seizures......Page 1616
Katz v. United States (1967)......Page 1624
United States v. Jones (2012)......Page 1639
Illinois v. Gates (1983)......Page 1658
Florida v. Jardines (2013)......Page 1677
Safford Unified School District #1 v. Redding (2009)......Page 1691
Terry v. Ohio (1968)......Page 1711
Enforcing the Fourth Amendment: The Exclusionary Rule......Page 1724
Mapp v. Ohio (1961)......Page 1729
United States v. Leon (1984)......Page 1751
Hudson v. Michigan (2006)......Page 1766
The Fifth Amendment and Self-Incrimination......Page 1780
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)......Page 1792
Miranda v. Arizona (1966)......Page 1808
Missouri v. Seibert (2004)......Page 1828
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 1843
12. ATTORNEYS, TRIALS, AND PUNISHMENTS......Page 1850
The Right to Counsel......Page 1851
Powell v. Alabama (1932)......Page 1859
Gideon v. Wainwright (1963)......Page 1874
The Pretrial Period and the Right to Bail......Page 1892
The Sixth Amendment and Fair Trials......Page 1896
Batson v. Kentucky (1986)......Page 1906
Sheppard v. Maxwell (1966)......Page 1926
Richmond Newspapers v. Virginia (1980)......Page 1943
Trial Proceedings......Page 1955
Final Trial Stage: An Overview of Sentencing......Page 1964
The Eighth Amendment......Page 1968
Gregg v. Georgia (1976)......Page 1983
Atkins v. Virginia (2002)......Page 2021
Posttrial Protections and the Double Jeopardy Clause......Page 2046
Postrelease Protections......Page 2054
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 2057
The Fifteenth Amendment......Page 2066
13. DISCRIMINATION......Page 2088
Race Discrimination and the Foundations of Equal Protection......Page 2090
Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)......Page 2093
Sweatt v. Painter (1950)......Page 2111
Brown v. Board of Education (I) (1954)......Page 2124
Brown v. Board of Education (II) (1955)......Page 2144
Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)......Page 2154
Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1; Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education (2007)......Page 2169
Modern-Day Treatment of Equal Protection Claims......Page 2195
Rational Basis Scrutiny......Page 2200
Cleburne v. Cleburne Living Center (1985)......Page 2204
Strict Scrutiny and Claims of Race Discrimination......Page 2214
Loving v. Virginia (1967)......Page 2219
Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)......Page 2246
Grutter v. Bollinger (2003)......Page 2266
Heightened Scrutiny and Claims of Gender Discrimination......Page 2292
Reed v. Reed (1971)......Page 2302
Craig v. Boren (1976)......Page 2314
United States v. Virginia (1996)......Page 2343
Discrimination Based on Sexual Orientation......Page 2361
Romer v. Evans (1996)......Page 2366
Discrimination Based on Economic Status......Page 2380
San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez (1973)......Page 2385
Discrimination against Aliens......Page 2402
Plyler v. Doe (1982)......Page 2405
State Action Requirement......Page 2420
Shelley v. Kraemer (1948)......Page 2424
Burton v. Wilmington Parking Authority (1961)......Page 2434
Moose Lodge No. 107 v. Irvis (1972)......Page 2443
Contemporary Developments in Discrimination Law......Page 2453
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 2456
14. VOTING AND REPRESENTATION......Page 2463
Elections and the Court......Page 2464
Bush v. Gore (2000)......Page 2466
Voting Rights......Page 2487
South Carolina v. Katzenbach (1966)......Page 2502
Shelby Country, Alabama v. Holder, Attorney General, et al. (2013)......Page 2515
Crawford v. Marion County Election Board (2008)......Page 2535
Regulation of Election Campaigns......Page 2552
Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission (2010)......Page 2559
McCutcheon, et al. v. Federal Election Commission (2014)......Page 2580
Political Representation......Page 2598
Reynolds v. Sims (1964)......Page 2610
Miller v. Johnson (1995)......Page 2627
ANNOTATED READINGS......Page 2646
Reference Material......Page 2650
Constitution of the United States......Page 2651
The Justices......Page 2707
Glossary......Page 2727
Online Case Archive Index......Page 2749
Case Index......Page 2758
Subject Index......Page 2791
About the Authors......Page 2854