Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics

Title
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1: The Limitations of Conventional Radiography and Adjunct Imaging Techniques
Introduction
Limitations of conventional radiographic imaging
Superimposition of three-dimensional anatomy
Geometric distortion
Anatomical noise
Follow-up radiographs
Advanced radiographic techniques for endodontic diagnosis
Magnetic resonance imaging
Ultrasound
Tuned aperture computed tomography
Computed tomography
Cone beam computed tomography
Conclusions
Acknowledgement
References
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics
Introduction
The electromagnetic wave
Individual photons or continuous waves?
X-ray production
Bremsstrahlung
Characteristic radiation
Heat
Spectrum profile
Filtering
Altering the mA or kV
Summary
Interaction with matter
Absorbed X-rays
Scattered X-rays
Transmitted X-rays
Further reading
Chapter 3: Cone Beam Computed Tomography
The differences and similarities between multidetector computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography
Multidetector computed tomography
CBCT
Detector types
Image intensifier
Indirect digital flat panels
Direct digital flat panels
Comparing the three detector types
Detective quantum efficiency
Image reconstruction methods
Filtered back projection
Problems with filtered back projection and iteration
Image quality
Contrast resolution
Spatial resolution
Testing contrast and spatial resolution
Noise
Unsharpness
Ideal machine characteristics
Further reading
Chapter 4: Using CBCT: Dose, Risks and Artefacts
Introduction
Dose and risk
Ionising biological tissue
Stochastic risk
Measuring dose
UK background dose
Age and risk
Estimating risk
Dose-reducing measures
Justification
Ensure patient is set up correctly
Raise kV and reduce mA
Dose-reduction feature
Larger voxels
Low mA
Correct filtering
mA modulation
Physical collimation
180-degree views
Pulsed beam
Average dose for CBCT scanners
Artefacts in CBCT
Extinction artefacts
Beam-hardening artefacts
Partial volume effect
Aliasing artefacts
Ring artefacts
Motion artefacts
Noise
Summary of artefacts
Viewing and storing images
PACS
DICOM
Viewing monitor
Lighting conditions
Storage of images
Training requirements
CBCT-specific regulations
Assessment of images
Further reading
Chapter 5: Dentoalveolar Anatomy
Introduction
The anatomy of the maxilla and palatine bone
The anatomy of the nose and nasal cavity
The anatomy of the maxillary sinus
The anatomy of the alveolar bone
The anatomy of the maxillary teeth
The anatomy of the mandible
The anatomy of the mandibular canal
The anatomy of the mental foramen
The mandibular alveolar bone
Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Assessment of Root Canal Anatomy
Introduction
Complex anatomy
Incisor and canine teeth
Premolar teeth
Molar teeth
Anomalous tooth forms
Dens invaginatus
Taurodontism
Fused teeth
Pulp chamber parameters
Root length and curvature
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Apical Periodontitis
Introduction
Limitations of conventional periapical radiography
Detection of apical periodontitis
Assessment of the outcome of endodontic treatment
Radiographic appearance of apical periodontitis
Conventional radiography
Cone beam computed tomography
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8: Non-surgical and Surgical Re-treatment
Introduction
Non-surgical endodontic re-treatment
Presence of a periapical lesion
Quality of existing root canal treatment
Missed root canals and anatomical features
Surgical endodontic re-treatment
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Traumatic Dental Injuries
Introduction
Radiographic assessment of TDI
Background
Radiographic assessment of specific TDI
Radiographic follow-up of TDI
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10: Root Resorption
Introduction
External root resorption
Internal root resorption
External root resorption
External surface resorption
External inflammatory resorption
External replacement resorption
External cervical resorption
Internal root resorption
Conclusion
References
Chapter 11: Vertical Root Fractures
Introduction
Conventional radiography
Cone beam computed tomography
Ex vivo studies
In vivo studies
Conclusion
References
Index