Conceptual Physics

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
Conceptual Physics Photo Album
To the Student
To the Instructor
Acknowledgments
1 About Science
1.1 Scientific Measurements
How Eratosthenes Measured the Size of Earth
Size of the Moon
Distance to the Moon
Distance to the Sun
Size of the Sun
Mathematics—The Language of Science
1.2 Scientific Methods
The Scientific Attitude
1.3 Science, Art, and Religion
Pseudoscience
1.4 Science and Technology
Risk Assesment
1.5 Physics—The Basic Science
1.6 In Perspective
Part One Mechanics
2 Newton’s First Law of Motion–Inertia
2.1 Aristotle on Motion
Copernicus and the Moving Earth
Aristotle (384–322 bc)
2.2 Galileo’s Experiments
Leaning Tower
Inclined Planes
Galileo Galilei (1564–1642)
2.3 Newton’s First Law of Motion
Personal Essay
2.4 Net Force and Vectors
Force Vectors
2.5 The Equilibrium Rule
Practicing Physics
2.6 Support Force
2.7 Equilibrium of Moving Things
2.8 The Moving Earth
3 Linear Motion
3.1 Motion Is Relative
3.2 Speed
Instantaneous Speed
Average Speed
3.3 Velocity
Constant Velocity
Changing Velocity
3.4 Acceleration
Acceleration on Galileo’s Inclined Planes
3.5 Free Fall
How Fast
How Far
Hang Time
How Quickly “How Fast” Changes
3.6 Velocity Vectors
4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
4.1 Force Causes Acceleration
4.2 Friction
4.3 Mass and Weight
Mass Resists Acceleration
4.4 Newton’s Second Law of Motion
4.5 When Acceleration Is g—Free Fall
4.6 When Acceleration Is Less Than g—Nonfree Fall
5 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
5.1 Forces and Interactions
5.2 Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Defining Your System
5.3 Action and Reaction on Different Masses
Practicing Physics: Tug-of-War
5.4 Vectors and the Third Law
5.5 Summary of Newton’s Three Laws
6 Momentum
6.1 Momentum
6.2 Impulse
6.3 Impulse Changes Momentum
Case 1: Increasing Momentum
Case 2: Decreasing Momentum Overa Long Time
Case 3: Decreasing Momentum Overa Short Time
6.4 Bouncing
6.5 Conservation of Momentum
Conservation Laws
6.6 Collisions
6.7 More Complicated Collisions
7 Energy
7.1 Work
Power
Mechanical Energy
7.2 Potential Energy
7.3 Kinetic Energy
7.4 Work–Energy Theorem
7.5 Conservation of Energy
Energy and Technology
Circus Physics
Recycled Energy
7.6 Machines
7.7 Efficiency
7.8 Sources of Energy
Junk Science
8 Rotational Motion
8.1 Circular Motion
Whels on Railroad Trains
8.2 Rotational Inertia
8.3 Torque
8.4 Center of Mass and Center of Gravity
Locating the Center of Gravity
Stability
8.5 Centripetal Force
Practicing Physics:Water-Bucket Swing
8.6 Centrifugal Force
Centrifugal Force in a Rotating Reference Frame
Simulated Gravity
8.7 Angular Momentum
8.8 Conservation of Angular Momentum
9 Gravity
9.1 The Universal Law of Gravity
9.2 The Universal Gravitational Constant, G
9.3 Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law
9.4 Weight and Weightlessness
9.5 Ocean Tides
Tides in the Earth and Atmosphere
Tidal Bulges on the Moon
9.6 Gravitational Fields
Gravitational Field Inside a Planet
Einstein’s Theory of Gravitation
9.7 Black Holes
9.8 Universal Gravitation
10 Projectile and Satellite Motion
10.1 Projectile Motion
Projectiles Launched Horizontally
Projectiles Launched at an Angle
Practicing Physics: Hands-On Dangling Beads
Hang Time Revisited
10.2 Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites
10.3 Circular Satellite Orbits
10.4 Elliptical Orbits
World Monitoring by Satelite
10.5 Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Finding Your Way
10.6 Energy Conservation and Satellite Motion
10.7 Escape Speed
Part Two Properties of Matter
11 The Atomic Nature of Matter
11.1 The Atomic Hypothesis
Faling Alice
11.2 Characteristics of Atoms
11.3 Atomic Imagery
11.4 Atomic Structure
The Elements
11.5 The Periodic Table of the Elements
Relative Sizes of Atoms
11.6 Isotopes
11.7 Compounds and Mixtures
11.8 Molecules
11.9 Antimatter
Dark Matter
12 Solids
12.1 Crystal Structure
Crystal Power
12.2 Density
12.3 Elasticity
12.4 Tension and Compression
Practicing Physics: stick strength
12.5 Arches
Additive Manufacturing or 3-D Printing
12.6 Scaling
13 Liquids
13.1 Pressure
13.2 Pressure in a Liquid
13.3 Buoyancy
13.4 Archimedes’ Principle
13.5 What Makes an Object Sink or Float?
13.6 Flotation
Floating Mountains
13.7 Pascal’s Principle
13.8 Surface Tension
13.9 Capillarity
14 Gases
14.1 The Atmosphere
14.2 Atmospheric Pressure
The Barometer
14.3 Boyle’s Law
14.4 Buoyancy of Air
14.5 Bernoulli’s Principle
Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
Practicing Physics
14.6 Plasma
Plasma in the Everyday World
Plasma Power
Part Three Heat
15 Temperature, Heat,and Expansion
15.1 Temperature
15.2 Heat
Measuring Heat
15.3 Specific Heat Capacity
15.4 The High Specific Heat Capacity of Water
15.5 Thermal Expansion
Expansion of Water
Life at the Extremes
16 Heat Transfer
16.1 Conduction
16.2 Convection
Practicing Physics
16.3 Radiation
Emission of Radiant Energy
Absorption of Radiant Energy
Reflection of Radiant Energy
Cooling at Night by Radiation
16.4 Newton’s Law of Cooling
16.5 The Greenhouse Effect
16.6 Climate Change
16.7 Solar Power
Practicing Physics
16.8 Controlling Heat Transfer
17 Change of Phase
17.1 Phases of Matter
17.2 Evaporation
17.3 Condensation
Condensation in the Atmosphere
Fog and Clouds
17.4 Boiling
Geysers
Boiling Is a Cooling Process
Boiling and Freezing at the Same Time
17.5 Melting and Freezing
Regelation
17.6 Energy and Changes of Phase
Practicing Physics
18 Thermodynamics
18.1 Thermodynamics
18.2 Absolute Zero
Internal Energy
18.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
18.4 Adiabatic Processes
18.5 Meteorology and the First Law
18.6 Second Law of Thermodynamics
Heat Engines
Thermodynamics Dramatized!
18.7 Energy Tends to Disperse
18.8 Entropy
Part Four Sound
19 Vibrations and Waves
19.1 Good Vibrations
Vibration of a Pendulum
19.2 Wave Description
19.3 Wave Motion
Practicing Physics
Transverse Waves
Longitudinal Waves
19.4 Wave Speed
19.5 Wave Interference
Standing Waves
19.6 Doppler Effect
19.7 Bow Waves
19.8 Shock Waves
20 Sound
20.1 Nature of Sound
Origin of Sound
Media That Transmit Sound
20.2 Sound in Air
Loudspeaker
Speed of Sound in Air
Practicing Physics
Energy in Sound Waves
20.3 Reflection of Sound
20.4 Refraction of Sound
20.5 Forced Vibrations
Natural Frequency
20.6 Resonance
20.7 Interference
20.8 Beats
Radio Broadcasts
21 Musical Sounds
21.1 Noise and Music
21.2 Pitch
21.3 Sound Intensity and Loudness
21.4 Quality
21.5 Musical Instruments
21.6 Fourier Analysis
21.7 From Analog to Digital
Part Five Electricity and Magnetism
22 Electrostatics
22.1 Electricity
Electrical Forces
22.2 Electric Charges
22.3 Conservation of Charge
Electronics Technology and Sparks
22.4 Coulomb’s Law
22.5 Conductors and Insulators
Semiconductors
Superconductors
22.6 Charging
Charging by Friction and Contact
Charging by Induction
22.7 Charge Polarization
22.8 Electric Field
Microwave Oven
Electric Shielding
22.9 Electric Potential
Electric Energy Storage
Van de Graaff Generator
23 Electric Current
23.1 Flow of Charge and Electric Current
23.2 Voltage Sources
23.3 Electrical Resistance
23.4 Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s Law and Electric Shock
23.5 Direct Current and Alternating Current
Converting AC to DC
23.6 Speed and Source of Electrons in a Circuit
23.7 Electric Power
23.8 Lamps
23.9 Electric Circuits
Series Circuits
Fuel Cels
Parallel Circuits
Parallel Circuits and Overloading
Safety Fuses
24 Magnetism
24.1 Magnetism
24.2 Magnetic Poles
24.3 Magnetic Fields
24.4 Magnetic Domains
24.5 Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields
Practicing Physics
24.6 Electromagnets
Superconducting Electromagnets
24.7 Magnetic Forces
On Moving Charged Particles
On Current-Carrying Wires
Electric Meters
Electric Motors
24.8 Earth’s Magnetic Field
Cosmic Rays
24.9 Biomagnetism
MRI: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
25 Electromagnetic Induction
25.1 Electromagnetic Induction
25.2 Faraday’s Law
25.3 Generators and Alternating Current
25.4 Power Production
Turbogenerator Power
MHD Power
25.5 Transformers
25.6 Self-Induction
25.7 Power Transmission
25.8 Field Induction
Part Six Light
26 Properties of Light
26.1 Electromagnetic Waves
26.2 Electromagnetic Wave Velocity
26.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Fractal Antenas
26.4 Transparent Materials
26.5 Opaque Materials
Shadows
26.6 Seeing Light—The Eye
27 Color
27.1 Color in Our World
27.2 Selective Reflection
27.3 Selective Transmission
27.4 Mixing Colored Lights
Primary Colors
Complementary Colors
27.5 Mixing Colored Pigments
27.6 Why the Sky Is Blue
27.7 Why Sunsets Are Red
Practicing Physics
27.8 Why Clouds Are White
27.9 Why Water Is Greenish Blue
28 Reflection and Refraction
28.1 Reflection
Principle of Least Time
28.2 Law of Reflection
Plane Mirrors
Diffuse Reflection
28.3 Refraction
Index of Refraction
Mirage
28.4 Cause of Refraction
28.5 Dispersion and Rainbows
28.6 Total Internal Reflection
28.7 Lenses
Image Formation by a Lens
Practicing Physics
28.8 Lens Defects
29 Light Waves
29.1 Huygens’ Principle
29.2 Diffraction
29.3 Superposition and Interference
29.4 Thin-Film Interference
Single-Color Thin-Film Interference
Interference Colors
Practicing Physics
29.5 Polarization
Three-Dimensional Viewing
29.6 Holography
30 Light Emission
30.1 Light Emission
30.2 Excitation
30.3 Emission Spectra
30.4 Incandescence
30.5 Absorption Spectra
30.6 Fluorescence
30.7 Phosphorescence
30.8 Lamps
Incandescent Lamp
Fluorescent Lamp
Compact Fluorescent Lamp
Light-Emitting Diode
30.9 Lasers
31 Light Quanta
31.1 Birth of the Quantum Theory
31.2 Quantization and Planck’s Constant
31.3 Photoelectric Effect
31.4 Wave–Particle Duality
31.5 Double-Slit Experiment
31.6 Particles as Waves: Electron Diffraction
31.7 Uncertainty Principle
31.8 Complementarity
Predictability and Chaos
Part Seven Atomic and Nuclear Physics
32 The Atom and the Quantum
32.1 Discovery of the Atomic Nucleus
32.2 Discovery of the Electron
32.3 Atomic Spectra: Clues to Atomic Structure
32.4 Bohr Model of the Atom
32.5 Explanation of Quantized Energy Levels: Electron Waves
32.6 Quantum Mechanics
32.7 Correspondence Principle
Higs Boson
33 The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity
33.1 X -rays and Radioactivity
33.2 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Rays
33.3 Environmental Radiation
Units of Radiation
Doses of Radiation
Radioactive Tracers
33.4 The Atomic Nucleus and the Strong Force
33.5 Radioactive Half-Life
33.6 Radiation Detectors
33.7 Transmutation of Elements
Natural Transmutation
Artificial Transmutation
33.8 Radiometric Dating
Food Irradiation
34 Nuclear Fission and Fusion
34.1 Nuclear Fission
34.2 Nuclear Fission Reactors
Plutonium
34.3 The Breeder Reactor
34.4 Fission Power
34.5 Mass–Energy Equivalence
Physics at Airport Security
34.6 Nuclear Fusion
34.7 Controlling Fusion
Part Eight Relativity
35 Special Theory of Relativity
35.1 Motion Is Relative
Michelson–Morley Experiment
35.2 Postulates of the Special Theory of Relativity
35.3 Simultaneity
35.4 Spacetime and Time Dilation
Clockwatching on a Troley Car Ride
The Twin Trip
35.5 Addition of Velocities
Space Travel
Century Hoping
35.6 Length Contraction
35.7 Relativistic Momentum
35.8 Mass, Energy, and E 5 mc 2
35.9 The Correspondence Principle
36 General Theory of Relativity
36.1 Principle of Equivalence
36.2 Bending of Light by Gravity
36.3 Gravity and Time: Gravitational Red Shift
36.4 Gravity and Space: Motion of Mercury
36.5 Gravity, Space, anda New Geometry
36.6 Gravitational Waves
36.7 Newtonian and Einsteinian Gravitation
Epilogue
Appendix A On Measurement and Unit Conversions
Appendix B More About Motion
Appendix C Graphing
Appendix D Vector Applications
Appendix E Exponential Growth and Doubling Time
Odd-Numbered Answers
Glossary
Credits
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
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M
N
O
P
Q
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W
X
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