Conceptual physical science

Cover
Front End Paper
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
The Conceptual Physical Science Photo Album
To the Student
To the Instructor
Acknowledgments
Instructional Package
Prologue: The Nature of Science
A Brief History of Advances in Science
Mathematics and Conceptual Physical Science
Scientific Methods
The Scientific Attitude
Science Has Limitations
Science, Art, and Religion
Technology—The Practical Use of Science
The Physical Sciences: Physics, Chemistry, Earth Science, and Astronomy
In Perspective
Part One: Physics
1. Patterns of Motion and Equilibrium
1.1. Aristotle on Motion
1.2. Galileo’s Concept of Inertia
1.3. Mass—A Measure of Inertia
1.4. Net Force
1.5. The Equilibrium Rule
1.6. Support Force
1.7. The Force of Friction
1.8. Speed and Velocity
1.9. Acceleration
2. Newton’s Laws of Motion
2.1. Newton’s First Law of Motion
2.2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
2.3. Forces and Interactions
2.4. Newton’s Third Law of Motion
2.5. Summary of Newton’s Three Laws
3. Momentum and Energy
3.1. Momentum and Impulse
3.2. Impulse Changes Momentum
3.3. Conservation of Momentum
3.4. Energy and Work
3.5. Work–Energy Theorem
3.6. Conservation of Energy
3.7. Machines
3.8. Efficiency
3.9. Sources of Energy
4. Gravity, Projectiles, and Satellites
4.1. The Universal Law of Gravity
4.2. Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law
4.3. Weight and Weightlessness
4.4. Universal Gravitation
4.5. Projectile Motion
4.6. Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites
4.7. Circular Satellite Orbits
4.8. Elliptical Orbits
4.9. Escape Speed
5. Fluid Mechanics
5.1. Density
5.2. Pressure
5.3. Buoyancy in a Liquid
5.4. Archimedes’ Principle
5.5. Pressure in a Gas
5.6. Atmospheric Pressure
5.7. Pascal’s Principle
5.8. Buoyancy in a Gas
5.9. Bernoulli’s Principle
6. Thermal Energy and Thermodynamics
6.1. Temperature
6.2. Absolute Zero
6.3. Heat
6.4. Quantity of Heat
6.5. The Laws of Thermodynamics
6.6. Entropy
6.7. Specific Heat Capacity
6.8. Thermal Expansion
6.9. Expansion of Water
7. Heat Transfer and Change of Phase
7.1. Conduction
7.2. Convection
7.3. Radiation
7.4. Newton’s Law of Cooling
7.5. Climate Change and the Greenhouse Effect
7.6. Heat Transfer and Change of Phase
7.7. Boiling
7.8. Melting and Freezing
7.9. Energy and Change of Phase
8. Static and Current Electricity
8.1. Electric Charge
8.2. Coulomb’s Law
8.3. Electric Field
8.4. Electric Potential
8.5. Voltage Sources
8.6. Electric Current
8.7. Electrical Resistance
8.8. Ohm’s Law
8.9. Electric Circuits
8.10. Electric Power
9. Magnetism and Electromagnetic Induction
9.1. Magnetic Poles
9.2. Magnetic Fields
9.3. Magnetic Domains
9.4. Electric Currents and Magnetic Fields
9.5. Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges
9.6. Electromagnetic Induction
9.7. Generators and Alternating Current
9.8. Power Production
9.9. The Transformer— Boosting or Lowering Voltage
9.10. Field Induction
10. Waves and Sound
10.1. Vibrations and Waves
10.2. Wave Motion
10.3. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
10.4. Sound Waves
10.5. Reflection and Refraction of Sound
10.6. Forced Vibrations and Resonance
10.7. Interference
10.8. Doppler Effect
10.9. Bow Waves and the Sonic Boom
10.10. Musical Sounds
11. Light
11.1. Electromagnetic Spectrum
11.2. Transparent and Opaque Materials
11.3. Reflection
11.4. Refraction
11.5. Color
11.6. Dispersion
11.7. Polarization
Part Two: Chemistry
12. Atoms and the Periodic Table
12.1. Atoms Are Ancient and Empty
12.2. The Elements
12.3. Protons and Neutrons
12.4. The Periodic Table
12.5. Physical and Conceptual Models
12.6. Identifying Atoms Using the Spectroscope
12.7. The Quantum Hypothesis
12.8. Electron Waves
12.9. The Shell Model
13. The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity
13.1. Radioactivity
13.2. The Strong Nuclear Force
13.3. Half-Life and Transmutation
13.4. Radiometric Dating
13.5. Nuclear Fission
13.6. Mass–Energy Equivalence
13.7. Nuclear Fusion
14. Elements of Chemistry
14.1. Chemistry: The Central Science
14.2. The Submicroscopic World
14.3. Physical and Chemical Properties
14.4. Determining Physical and Chemical Changes
14.5. Elements to Compounds
14.6. Naming Compounds
14.7. The Advent of Nanotechnology
15. How Atoms Bond and Molecules Attract
15.1. Electron-Dot Structures
15.2. The Formation of Ions
15.3. Ionic Bonds
15.4. Metallic Bonds
15.5. Covalent Bonds
15.6. Polar Covalent Bonds
15.7. Molecular Polarity
15.8. Molecular Attractions
16. Mixtures
16.1. Most Materials Are Mixtures
16.2. The Chemist’s Classification of Matter
16.3. Solutions
16.4. Solubility
16.5. Soaps, Detergents, and Hard Water
16.6. Purifying the Water We Drink
16.7. Wastewater Treatment
17. How Chemicals React
17.1. Chemical Equations
17.2. Counting Atoms and Molecules by Mass
17.3. Reaction Rates
17.4. Catalysts
17.5. Energy and Chemical Reactions
17.6. Chemical Reactions Are Driven by Entropy
18. Two Classes of Chemical Reactions
18.1. Acids Donate Protons; Bases Accept Them
18.2. Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases
18.3. Acidic, Basic, and Neutral Solutions
18.4. Acidic Rain and Basic Oceans
18.5. Losing and Gaining Electrons
18.6. Harnessing the Energy of Flowing Electrons
18.7. Electrolysis
18.8. Corrosion and Combustion
19. Organic Compounds
19.1. Hydrocarbons
19.2. Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
19.3. Functional Groups
19.4. Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
19.5. Amines and Alkaloids
19.6. Carbonyl Compounds
19.7. Polymers
Part Three: Earth Science
20. Rocks and Minerals
20.1. The Geosphere Is Made Up of Rocks and Minerals
20.2. Minerals
20.3. Mineral Properties
20.4. Classification of Rock-Forming Minerals
20.5. The Formation of Minerals
20.6. Rock Types
20.7. Igneous Rocks
20.8. Sedimentary Rocks
20.9. Metamorphic Rocks
20.10. The Rock Cycle
21. Plate Tectonics and Earth’s Interior
21.1. Seismic Waves
21.2. Earth’s Internal Layers
21.3. Continental Drift—An Idea Before Its Time
21.4. Acceptance of Continental Drift
21.5. The Theory of Plate Tectonics
21.6. Continental Evidence for Plate Tectonics
21.7. The Theory That Explains the Geosphere
22. Shaping Earth’s Surface
22.1. The Hydrologic Cycle
22.2. Groundwater
22.3. The Work of Groundwater
22.4. Surface Water and Drainage Systems
22.5. The Work of Surface Water
22.6. Glaciers and Glaciation
22.7. The Work of Glaciers
22.8. The Work of Air
23. Geologic Time—Reading the Rock Record
23.1. The Rock Record—Relative Dating
23.2. Radiometric Dating
23.3. Geologic Time
23.4. Precambrian Time (4500 to 543 Million Years Ago)
23.5. The Paleozoic Era (543 to 248 Million Years Ago)
23.6. The Mesozoic Era (248 to 65 Million Years Ago)
23.7. The Cenozoic Era (65 Million Years Ago to the Present)
23.8. Earth History in a Capsule
24. The Oceans, Atmosphere, and Climatic Effects
24.1. Earth’s Atmosphere and Oceans
24.2. Components of Earth’s Oceans
24.3. Ocean Waves, Tides, and Shorelines
24.4. Components of Earth’s Atmosphere
24.5. Solar Energy
24.6. Driving Forces of Air Motion
24.7. Global Circulation Patterns
25. Driving Forces of Weather
25.1. Atmospheric Moisture
25.2. Weather Variables
25.3. Cloud Development
25.4. Air Masses, Fronts, and Storms
25.5. Violent Weather
25.6. The Weather—The Number One Topic of Conversation
Part Four: Astronomy
26. The Solar System
26.1. The Solar System and Its Formation
26.2. The Sun
26.3. The Inner Planets
26.4. The Outer Planets
26.5. Earth’s Moon
26.6. Failed Planet Formation
27. Stars and Galaxies
27.1. Observing the Night Sky
27.2. The Brightness and Color of Stars
27.3. The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram
27.4. The Life Cycles of Stars
27.5. Black Holes
27.6. Galaxies
28. The Structure of Space and Time
28.1. Looking Back in Time
28.2. Cosmic Inflation
28.3. General Relativity
28.4. Special Relativity
28.5. Dark Matter
28.6. Dark Energy
28.7. The Fate of the Universe
Appendix A: Linear and Rotational Motion
Appendix B: Vectors
Appendix C: Exponential Growth and Doubling Time
Odd-Numbered Solutions
Glossary
Photo Credits
Index
Useful Data