Princeton University, 1999. 302 р.The degree of Master of Science in Engineering.
Abstract.
Table of contents.
List of tables.
List of figures.
1 Introduction.
Transportation Background.
Why Taiwan? .
Taiwan vehicle fleet.
Taiwan Energy.
Air pollution.
The internal combustion engine.
The four-stroke spark-ignition cycle.
The two-stroke spark-ignition cycle.
Advantages and disadvantages.
Pollutants.
Vehicle emissions standards and the reality.
Air pollution sources in Taiwan.
Cleaner combustion technology.
Exhaust gas recirculation.
Superchargers.
Fuel injection.
Catalysis of exhaust gases.
Replacement by four-stroke engines.
Relative costs and benefits of various technologies.
Assessing the damage.
Reduction estimate.
Externality damage estimate.
Government Policy Approaches.
Taiwan policy history: tighter emissions standards.
Later years: inspection and maintenance.
Future direction: zero-emission vehicles.
Research interest in fuel cell scooters.
Conclusion.
References for Chapter 1.
2 Electric Vehicles.
Drive Systems.
Electric drive systems: introduction.
Electric motor theory.
DC motors.
AC motors.
Hub motors.
Converters and controllers.
Choice.
Chemical batteries .
Theory.
Technology.
Existing scooter battery systems.
Technology predictions.
Lead-acid batteries.
NiMH and NiCd batteries.
Lithium variants.
Zinc-air regenerative batteries.
Summary.
Peaking power and batteries for hybrids.
Peaking battery modeling.
Charge and discharge.
Hybrid battery conclusion.
References for Chapter 2.
3 The hydrogen fuel cell power system.
Fuel Cell Science.
Fundamentals.
Thermodynamics.
Kinetics.
A note on efficiency.
Types of fuel cells.
Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell: well-developed, low density.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell: for mobile applications, the best.
Alkaline Fuel Cell: poisoned by carbon dioxide.
Solid Oxide and Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells: higher temperature.
Direct Methanol Fuel Cells: long-term promise.
Stack characteristics.
Fuel cell stack specifications.
Published results for automobile fuel cell stacks.
Detailed construction.
Detailed construction results.
Gas flow management.
Blowers.
Compressors.
Water management.
Heat.
Active cooling.
Passive cooling.
Boiling refrigerant.
Fuel for the fuel cell.
Reformed fuels.
Hydrocarbon reforming.
Methanol reforming example.
Ammonia.
Chemical hydride energy storage.
Direct hydrogen storage.
Safety.
Metal hydride energy storage.
Thermodynamics.
Kinetics.
Classification.
Metal hydride performance.
Compressed gas storage.
Cylinder performance.
Cylinder safety.
Liquid hydrogen storage.
Selection.
References for Chapter 3.
4 Modeling and design.
Performance requirements.
Vehicle modeling.
Physical model.
Modeling parameter selection.
Relative importance of various factors.
Validation.
Driving Cycle.
TMDC.
Modification of TMDC.
Torque vs. rpm requirements.
Modeling results.
Battery powered scooter.
Fuel Cell System Design and Integration.
Design tradeoffs.
Maximum power and the polarization curve.
Power density.
Number of cells.
Flow rate parameters.
Gas subsystem.
Water subsystem.
Cooling subsystem.
Cooling from storage system.
Active cooling.
Heat generation under the TMDC.
Selection.
Overall parasitics.
Integrated Model.
System performance.
Size and weight of power system.
Evaluation.
Pressurized fuel cell option.
Hybrid option designs.
Types of hybrids.
Fuel cell sizing.
Peaking battery and operation policy.
Simulation results.
Hybrid power system designs.
Design for 3.2 kW fuel cell.
Design for 1.1 kW fuel cell.
Hybrid zinc-air scooters.
Hybrid results.
Near-term possibilities.
References for Chapter 4.
5 Implementation and Conclusions.
Scooter cost.
Base cost by subtraction.
Cost of hydrogen storage system.
Fuel cell system cost based on parts predictions.
The short term.
Wells-to-wheels efficiency.
Fuel cost and infrastructure.
Zinc-air battery fuel costs.
Hydrogen costs and infrastructure.
Combustion scooter gasoline costs.
Fuel cost summary.
Final conclusions.
Background.
Modeling results.
Design.
Costs and infrastructure.
Parting words.
References for Chapter 5.
Appendices.
A. Electric scooters.
B. Detailed stack cost/size analysis.
C. Radiator performance curves.
D. Conversion factors.
E. Acronyms and abbreviations.
F. MATLAB simulation.
G. A prototype scooter.
