Conceptual Boundary Layer Meteorology: The Air Near Here

Front Cover
Conceptual Boundary Layer Meteorology: The Air Near Here
Copyright
Contents
Contributors
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1: Working in the in-between: Defining the boundary layer
1.1. What is this book?
1.2. Defining the boundary layer
1.2.1. The acronym game
1.3. The influencers
1.3.1. Radiation
1.3.1.1. Radiation laws
1.3.2. Energy transfer
1.3.3. The surface
1.3.4. The subsurface
1.3.5. Mass exchanges
1.3.5.1. Water - The necessity for life
1.3.5.2. Carbon - The building block of life
1.3.6. The wind
1.3.7. Hydrostatic equilibrium
1.4. Some other concepts and definitions
1.5. Beyond the air
1.6. Moving forward
1.6.1. A word about the math
1.7. Summary and review
References
Chapter 2: Always in flux: The nature of turbulence
2.1. Introduction
2.2. What is turbulence?
2.2.1. Defining turbulence mathematically
2.2.2. Turbulence scales
2.2.3. Types of turbulence
2.3. What is a flux?
2.3.1. Momentum flux
2.3.2. Heat and mass flux
2.3.3. How does the surface influence the flux?
2.4. Energy production
2.4.1. Richardson number
2.4.2. Stability
2.5. Turbulent kinetic energy
2.6. The turbulence closure problem
2.7. Key concepts - The takeaway
References
Chapter 3: Here, there, and everywhere: Spatial patterns and scales
3.1. What is scale
3.1.1. Range of scales in the atmospheric boundary layer
3.1.2. Understanding a spectrum of scale
3.1.3. Why scale matters
3.2. Scale invariance
3.2.1. Similarity theory
3.2.1.1. Similarity in the neutral surface layer
3.2.1.2. Non-neutral surface layers
3.3. Scale-dependence
3.3.1. Blending length formulations
3.3.2. Representing scale dependence in the atmosphere
References
Chapter 4: The known unknowns: Measurement techniques
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Transport in the surface layer
4.3. Experiment design
4.3.1. Why? Defining the objectives
4.3.2. How? Designing the setup
4.3.2.1. Setup design in relation to ecosystem specificity
4.3.2.2. Setup design in relation to the investigated tracer
4.3.2.3. Determination of the temporal scale
4.3.2.4. Choice of the spatial scale
4.3.2.5. Choice of the flux measurement technique
4.3.2.6. Supporting measurements
4.4. Eddy covariance
4.4.1. Measurement system
4.4.1.1. 3D anemometer
4.4.1.2. Tracer measurement
Gas analyzer types
Concentrations vs fractions
Specificities of open-path IRGAs
Closed-path IRGAs
Other gas analyzers
4.4.1.3. Setup
Site selection
Tower requirements
Relative positioning of SAT and analyzer
4.4.2. Data treatment
4.4.2.1. Flux computation
Conversion of concentrations into dry molar fractions
Fluctuation computation by removing the mean
Coordinate rotation
Synchronization of velocity and time series
Density and dilution corrections
Frequency corrections
4.4.2.2. Quality control
Raw data analysis
Quality control on fluxes
Night flux problems
Measurement representativeness
Causes of uncertainty
4.4.3. Disjunct eddy covariance
4.5. Indirect measurements of turbulent fluxes
4.5.1. Flux-gradient method
4.5.2. Relaxed eddy accumulation
4.5.3. Mass balance methods
4.6. Meteorological measurements
4.6.1. Radiation
4.6.2. Temperature
4.6.3. Humidity
4.6.4. Precipitation
4.7. Summary
References
Chapter 5: Whats next: Boundary layer prediction methods
5.1. Introduction: Why do we need models?
5.2. How do we model the boundary layer?
5.2.1. Modeling basics
5.2.2. Prognostic models
5.2.3. Diagnostic models
5.3. Boundary layer modeling paradigms
5.3.1. Its all about turbulence
5.3.2. How do we parameterize turbulence?
5.3.3. Horizontal grid refinement
5.4. Mesoscale models
5.4.1. Planetary boundary layer schemes
5.4.2. Simulating a frontal passage
5.5. Microscale models
5.5.1. Subgrid-scale turbulence schemes
5.5.2. Putting it all together: Multiscale modeling
5.6. Summary and future outlook
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 6: Whos afraid of the dark: The not so stable stable boundary layer
6.1. Introduction
6.1.1. What do we mean by ``stable stratification´´?
6.2. The idealized stable boundary layer
6.2.1. The surface-based temperature inversion
6.2.2. Mechanically generated turbulence
6.2.3. Clear-air radiative cooling
6.2.4. The low-level jet
6.2.5. The residual layer
6.3. The observed stable boundary layer
6.3.1. How it starts. The afternoon-to-evening transition
6.3.1.1. Turbulence
6.3.1.2. Heat flux
6.3.1.3. Mesoscale variability of surface temperature
6.3.1.4. Profiler measurements
6.3.1.5. AET research
6.3.2. SBL depth
6.3.2.1. Estimating the SBL depth
6.3.3. Radiation and turbulence in the SBL structure
6.4. SBL classification
6.4.1. SBL vertical structure
6.4.2. The very stable SBL
6.5. Nocturnal LLJ
6.5.1. LLJ observations
6.5.2. LLJ analysis
6.6. Non-stationary turbulence
6.6.1. Intermittency classification
6.6.2. Bursting and wave-turbulence interactions
6.6.2.1. Bursting
6.6.2.2. Wave-turbulence interactions
6.7. Summary
6.8. Back to the beginning
References
Further reading
Chapter 7: We cant move mountains: Flow in complex environments
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Windward wet and leeward dry
7.3. Forces and slope flows
7.4. Governing equations of slope flows
7.4.1. Maximum speed of katabatic flows
7.4.2. Super-stable layer
7.5. Mountain wind patterns
7.6. Recirculation
7.7. Summary
References
Further reading
Chapter 8: If a tree falls: The role of vegetative environments in boundary layer fluxes
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Canopy aerodynamics
8.2.1. Surface roughness parameters
8.2.2. Friction velocity
8.2.3. The big-leaf representation of the canopy
8.2.4. Canopy-air approaches
8.2.5. Canopy-air vertical profile
8.2.6. Canopy resistance
8.3. Canopy energy budget
8.3.1. Forest large eddy simulations
8.3.2. Canopy gas fluxes
8.3.3. Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: But we build buildings: Urban boundary layer
9.1. The structure of the urban boundary layer
9.2. Aerodynamic structure of the urban boundary layer
9.3. Surface energy balance
9.3.1. Shortwave radiation
9.3.2. Longwave radiation
9.3.3. Net radiation
9.3.4. Anthropogenic heat flux
9.3.5. Storage heat flux
9.3.6. Turbulent heat fluxes
9.3.7. Advection of turbulent fluxes
9.4. Urban heat island
References
Further reading
Chapter 10: Coming and going: Transport and tracking
10.1. Introduction
10.2. History of atmospheric transport studies
10.3. Understanding the source
10.4. The role of atmospheric stability
10.5. Modeling transport
10.5.1. Meteorological modeling
10.5.2. Gaussian models
10.5.3. Eulerian models
10.5.4. Lagrangian models
10.6. Plume depletion processes
10.6.1. Dry deposition
10.6.2. Chemical transformations or particle modification
10.6.3. Wet deposition processes
10.7. Summary
References
Chapter 11: Work it! Turning knowledge into power
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. You have the power
11.1.2. Get on the grid
11.1.3. Find the wind
11.2. Anatomy of a turbine
11.3. Down on the farm
11.3.1. Turbine-atmosphere interactions
11.3.2. One turbine
11.3.3. Full wind farm
11.4. The wind turbine atmospheric boundary layer
References
Further reading
Chapter 12: The times they are a changing: How boundary layer processes cause feedbacks and rectifiers that affect climat ...
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Climate change in the Anthropocene
12.3. Marine clouds and climate change
12.3.1. Clouds in the equatorial MABL and the shifting nature of atmospheric albedo
12.3.2. Clouds in the Arctic MABL and the dynamic state of sea ice albedo
12.4. Rectifier effects and their influence on ABL processes
12.4.1. Rectification of ocean-atmosphere coupling in the equatorial regions
12.4.2. Rectification, inverse modeling, and the global carbon budget
12.5. Concluding statement
References
Index
Back Cover