Computing Essentials 2012, Complete 22nd Edition

Cover......Page 1
Copyright......Page 6
Contents......Page 11
1 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, THE INTERNET, AND YOU......Page 33
Introduction......Page 35
Information Systems......Page 36
People......Page 37
Application Software......Page 40
Types of Computers......Page 42
Microcomputer Hardware......Page 43
Data......Page 46
Connectivity, the Wireless Revolution, the Internet, and Cloud Computing......Page 47
Careers in IT......Page 48
A Look to the Future: Using and Understanding Information Technology Means Being Computer Competent......Page 49
Visual Summary......Page 50
Key Terms......Page 53
Applying Technology......Page 56
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 57
Writing About Technology......Page 58
2 THE INTERNET, THE WEB, AND ELECTRONIC COMMERCE......Page 59
The Internet and the Web......Page 61
Access......Page 62
Making IT work for you: iPods and Video from the Internet......Page 63
Browsers......Page 64
E-Mail......Page 66
Instant Messaging......Page 67
Social Networking......Page 68
Blogs, Microblogs, and Wikis......Page 69
Making IT work for you: Twitter......Page 71
Search Engines......Page 73
Specialized Search Engines......Page 74
Content Evaluation......Page 75
Business-to-Consumer E-Commerce......Page 76
Consumer-to-Consumer E-Commerce......Page 77
Security......Page 78
Cloud Computing......Page 79
Plug-ins......Page 80
File Transfer Utilities......Page 81
Internet Security Suites......Page 82
Careers in IT: Webmaster......Page 83
A Look to the Future: Web-Accessible Refrigerators Will Automatically Restock Themselves......Page 84
Visual Summary......Page 85
Key Terms......Page 89
Applying Technology......Page 92
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 93
Writing About Technology......Page 94
3 BASIC APPLICATION SOFTWARE......Page 95
Common Features......Page 97
Making IT work for you: Speech Recognition......Page 99
Features......Page 101
Case......Page 102
Features......Page 104
Case......Page 106
Database Management Systems......Page 109
Case......Page 110
Case......Page 113
Case......Page 115
Sharing between Programs......Page 116
Careers in IT: Computer Trainer......Page 119
Making IT work for you: Google Docs......Page 117
A Look to the Future: Agents Will Help Write Papers, Pay Bills, and Shop on the Internet......Page 120
Visual Summary......Page 121
Key Terms......Page 124
Applying Technology......Page 127
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 128
Writing About Technology......Page 129
4 SPECIALIZED APPLICATION SOFTWARE......Page 131
Specialized Applications......Page 133
Illustration Programs......Page 134
Image Galleries......Page 135
Audio and Video......Page 136
Making IT work for you: Digital Video Editing......Page 137
Multimedia Authoring Programs......Page 139
Web Site Design......Page 140
Artificial Intelligence......Page 141
Knowledge-Based (Expert) Systems......Page 143
Robotics......Page 144
App Stores......Page 145
Careers in IT: Desktop Publisher......Page 146
A Look to the Future: Robots Can Look, Act, and Think Like Us......Page 147
Visual Summary......Page 148
Key Terms......Page 151
Applying Technology......Page 154
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 155
Writing About Technology......Page 156
5 SYSTEM SOFTWARE......Page 157
System Software......Page 159
Functions......Page 160
Features......Page 161
Categories......Page 162
Windows......Page 163
Mac OS......Page 164
Virtualization......Page 165
Mobile Phone Operating Systems......Page 166
Windows Utilities......Page 167
Device Drivers......Page 171
Making IT work for you: Virus Protection and Internet Security......Page 173
Careers in IT: Computer Support Specialist......Page 175
A Look to the Future: Self-Healing Computers Could Mean an End to Computer Crashes and Performance Problems......Page 176
Visual Summary......Page 177
Key Terms......Page 180
Applying Technology......Page 183
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 184
Writing About Technology......Page 185
6 THE SYSTEM UNIT......Page 187
Categories......Page 189
Components......Page 191
Character Encoding......Page 192
System Board......Page 193
Microprocessor Chips......Page 195
Specialty Processors......Page 196
ROM......Page 197
Expansion Slots and Cards......Page 198
Expansion Buses......Page 200
Making IT work for you: TV Tuner Cards and Video Clips......Page 201
Standard Ports......Page 203
Legacy Ports......Page 204
Power Supply......Page 205
Careers in IT: Computer Technician......Page 206
A Look to the Future: As You Walk out the Door, Don’t Forget Your Computer......Page 207
Visual Summary......Page 208
Key Terms......Page 211
Applying Technology......Page 214
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 215
Writing About Technology......Page 216
7 INPUT AND OUTPUT......Page 217
Keyboard Entry......Page 219
Features......Page 220
Mice......Page 221
Stylus......Page 223
Optical Scanners......Page 224
Card Readers......Page 225
Character and Mark Recognition Devices......Page 226
Image Capturing Devices......Page 227
Voice Recognition Systems......Page 228
Making IT work for you: WebCams and Instant Messaging......Page 229
Features......Page 231
Cathode-Ray Tubes......Page 232
Other Monitors......Page 233
Making IT work for you: Amazon Kindle......Page 234
Ink-Jet Printers......Page 235
Other Printers......Page 236
Audio-Output Devices......Page 237
Multifunctional Devices......Page 238
Careers in IT: Technical Writers......Page 239
A Look to the Future: Crashing through the Foreign Language Barrier......Page 241
Visual Summary......Page 242
Key Terms......Page 245
Applying Technology......Page 248
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 249
Writing About Technology......Page 250
8 SECONDARY STORAGE......Page 251
Storage......Page 253
Hard Disks......Page 254
External Hard Drives......Page 255
Performance Enhancements......Page 256
Compact Disc......Page 257
Blu-ray Disc......Page 258
Making IT work for you: Flash Camcorders, YouTube, and MySpace......Page 259
Flash Memory......Page 261
Cloud Storage......Page 262
Making IT work for you: Cloud Storage......Page 263
Enterprise Storage System......Page 265
Storage Area Network......Page 266
Careers in IT: Software Engineer......Page 267
A Look to the Future: Your Entire Life Recorded on a Single Disk......Page 268
Visual Summary......Page 269
Key Terms......Page 272
Applying Technology......Page 275
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 276
Writing About Technology......Page 277
9 COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS......Page 279
Connectivity......Page 281
Communication Systems......Page 282
Physical Connections......Page 283
Wireless Connections......Page 284
Modems......Page 286
Connection Service......Page 287
Bandwidth......Page 288
Networks......Page 289
Terms......Page 290
Local Area Networks......Page 291
Personal Area Network......Page 292
Topologies......Page 293
Making IT work for you: Home Networking......Page 295
Strategies......Page 297
Network Security......Page 301
Careers in IT: Network Administrator......Page 303
A Look to the Future: Telepresence Lets You Be There without Actually Being There......Page 304
Visual Summary......Page 305
Key Terms......Page 308
Applying Technology......Page 311
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 312
Writing About Technology......Page 313
10 PRIVACY, SECURITY, AND ETHICS......Page 315
People......Page 317
Large Databases......Page 318
The Internet and the Web......Page 320
Major Laws on Privacy......Page 324
Making IT work for you: Spyware Removal......Page 325
Computer Criminals......Page 327
Computer Crime......Page 328
Other Hazards......Page 331
Measures to Protect Computer Security......Page 332
Copyright and Digital Rights Management......Page 335
Plagiarism......Page 336
Careers in IT: Cryptographer......Page 337
A Look to the Future: A Webcam on Every Corner......Page 338
Visual Summary......Page 339
Key Terms......Page 342
Applying Technology......Page 345
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 346
Writing About Technology......Page 347
11 INFORMATION SYSTEMS......Page 349
Functions......Page 351
Management Levels......Page 352
Information Flow......Page 354
Computer-Based Information Systems......Page 355
Transaction Processing Systems......Page 356
Management Information Systems......Page 358
Decision Support Systems......Page 359
Executive Support Systems......Page 360
Other Information Systems......Page 362
Careers in IT: Information Systems Manager......Page 364
A Look to the Future: Oftentimes, More Information Is Too Much Information......Page 365
Using IT at DVD Direct—a case study: Information Systems at DVD Direct......Page 366
Visual Summary......Page 367
Key Terms......Page 369
Applying Technology......Page 372
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 373
Writing About Technology......Page 374
12 DATABASES......Page 375
Data......Page 377
Data Organization......Page 378
Batch versus Real-Time Processing......Page 379
Need for Databases......Page 381
Database Management......Page 382
Hierarchical Database......Page 384
Relational Database......Page 385
Multidimensional Database......Page 386
Object-Oriented Database......Page 387
Distributed......Page 388
Commercial......Page 389
Security......Page 390
Careers in IT: Database Administrator......Page 391
A Look to the Future: Every Book Ever Written . . . at Your Fingertips......Page 392
Using IT at DVD Direct—a case study: Databases at DVD Direct......Page 393
Visual Summary......Page 394
Key Terms......Page 398
Applying Technology......Page 401
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 402
Writing About Technology......Page 403
13 SYSTEMS ANALYSIS AND DESIGN......Page 405
Systems Analysis and Design......Page 407
Phase 1: Preliminary Investigation......Page 408
Defining the Problem......Page 409
Preparing a Short Report......Page 410
Gathering Data......Page 411
Analyzing the Data......Page 412
Documenting Systems Analysis......Page 414
Selecting the Best System......Page 416
Acquiring Software......Page 417
Types of Conversion......Page 418
Phase 6: Systems Maintenance......Page 420
Prototyping......Page 421
Careers in IT: Systems Analyst......Page 422
A Look to the Future: The Challenge of Keeping Pace......Page 423
Using IT at DVD Direct—a case study: Systems Analysis and Design at DVD Direct......Page 424
Visual Summary......Page 425
Key Terms......Page 429
Applying Technology......Page 432
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 433
Writing About Technology......Page 434
14 PROGRAMMING AND LANGUAGES......Page 435
What Is Programming?......Page 437
Program Objectives......Page 438
Processing Requirements......Page 439
Top-Down Program Design......Page 440
Flowcharts......Page 441
Logic Structures......Page 442
Step 3: Program Code......Page 445
Coding......Page 446
Step 4: Program Test......Page 448
Testing Process......Page 449
Step 5: Program Documentation......Page 450
Changing Needs......Page 451
Object-Oriented Software Development......Page 453
Assembly Languages: The Second Generation......Page 454
Task-Oriented Languages: The Fourth Generation......Page 455
Problem and Constraint Languages: The Fifth Generation......Page 456
Careers in IT: Programmer......Page 457
A Look to the Future: Using a Wish List to Create a Program......Page 458
Using IT at DVD Direct—a case study: Programming at DVD Direct......Page 459
Visual Summary......Page 460
Key Terms......Page 464
Applying Technology......Page 467
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 468
Writing About Technology......Page 469
15 YOUR FUTURE AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY......Page 471
Changing Times......Page 473
New Enterprises......Page 474
New Customer and Supplier Relationships......Page 475
Proactivity......Page 476
Stay Current......Page 477
Develop Specialties......Page 478
Making IT work for you: Locating Job Opportunities Online......Page 479
Look for Innovative Opportunities......Page 481
Careers in IT......Page 482
A Look to the Future: Maintaining Computer Competency and Becoming Proactive......Page 483
Visual Summary......Page 484
Key Terms......Page 487
Applying Technology......Page 490
Expanding Your Knowledge......Page 491
Writing About Technology......Page 492
The Evolution of the Computer Age......Page 493
The Buyer’s Guide: How to Buy Your Own Microcomputer System......Page 503
The Upgrader’s Guide: How to Upgrade Your Microcomputer System......Page 508
Glossary......Page 512
Credits......Page 536
Index......Page 539