Computer Networks

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
1. Introduction
1.1 Uses of Computer Networks
1.1.1 Access to Information
1.1.2 Person-to-Person Communication
1.1.3 Electronic Commerce
1.1.4 Entertainment
1.1.5 The Internet of Things
1.2 Types of Computer Networks
1.2.1 Broadband Access Networks
1.2.2 Mobile and Wireless Access Networks
1.2.3 Content Provider Networks
1.2.4 Transit Networks
1.2.5 Enterprise Networks
1.3 Network Technology, from Local to Global
1.3.1 Personal Area Networks
1.3.2 Local Area Networks
1.3.3 Home Networks
1.3.4 Metropolitan Area Networks
1.3.5 Wide Area Networks
1.3.6 Internetworks
1.4 Examples of Networks
1.4.1 The Internet
1.4.2 Mobile Networks
1.4.3 Wireless Networks (WiFi)
1.5 Network Protocols
1.5.1 Design Goals
1.5.2 Protocol Layering
1.5.3 Connections and Reliability
1.5.4 Service Primitives
1.5.5 The Relationship of Services to Protocols
1.6 Reference Models
1.6.1 The OSI Reference Model
1.6.2 The TCP/IP Reference Model
1.6.3 A Critique of the OSI Model and Protocols
1.6.4 A Critique of the TCP/IP Reference Model and Protocols
1.6.5 The Model Used in This Book
1.7 Standardization
1.7.1 Standardization and Open Source
1.7.2 Who’s Who in the Telecommunications World
1.7.3 Who’s Who in the International Standards World
1.7.4 Who’s Who in the Internet Standards World
1.8 Policy, Legal, and Social Issues
1.8.1 Online Speech
1.8.2 Net Neutrality
1.8.3 Security
1.8.4 Privacy
1.8.5 Disinformation
1.9 Metric Units
1.10 Outline of the Rest of the Book
1.11 Summary
2. The Physical Layer
2.1 Guided Transmission Media
2.1.1 Persistent Storage
2.1.2 Twisted Pairs
2.1.3 Coaxial Cable
2.1.4 Power Lines
2.1.5 Fiber Optics
2.2 Wireless Transmission
2.2.1 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
2.2.2 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum
2.2.3 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
2.2.4 Ultra-Wideband Communication
2.3 Using the Spectrum for Transmission
2.3.1 Radio Transmission
2.3.2 Microwave Transmission
2.3.3 Infrared Transmission
2.3.4 Light Transmission
2.4 From Waveforms to Bits
2.4.1 The Theoretical Basis for Data Communication
2.4.2 The Maximum Data Rate of a Channel
2.4.3 Digital Modulation
2.4.4 Multiplexing
2.5 The Public Switched Telephone Network
2.5.1 Structure of the Telephone System
2.5.2 The Local Loop: Telephone Modems, ADSL, and Fiber
2.5.3 Trunks and Multiplexing
2.5.4 Switching
2.6 Cellular Networks
2.6.1 Common Concepts: Cells, Handoff, Paging
2.6.2 First-Generation (1G) Technology: Analog Voice
2.6.3 Second-Generation (2G) Technology: Digital Voice
2.6.4 GSM: The Global System for Mobile Communications
2.6.5 Third-Generation (3G) Technology: Digital Voice and Data
2.6.6 Fourth-Generation (4G) Technology: Packet Switching
2.6.7 Fifth-Generation (5G) Technology
2.7 Cable Networks
2.7.1 A History of Cable Networks: Community Antenna Television
2.7.2 Broadband Internet Access Over Cable: HFC Networks
2.7.3 DOCSIS
2.7.4 Resource Sharing in DOCSIS Networks: Nodes and Minislots
2.8 Communication Satellites
2.8.1 Geostationary Satellites
2.8.2 Medium-Earth Orbit Satellites
2.8.3 Low-Earth Orbit Satellites
2.9 Comparing Different Access Networks
2.9.1 Terrestrial Access Networks: Cable, Fiber, and ADSL
2.9.2 Satellites Versus Terrestrial Networks
2.10 Policy at the Physical Layer
2.10.1 Spectrum Allocation
2.10.2 The Cellular Network
2.10.3 The Telephone Network
2.11 Summary
3. The Data Link Layer
3.1 Data Link Layer Design Issues
3.1.1 Services Provided to the Network Layer
3.1.2 Framing
3.1.3 Error Control
3.1.4 Flow Control
3.2 Error Detection and Correction
3.2.1 Error-Correcting Codes
3.2.2 Error-Detecting Codes
3.3 Elementary Data Link Protocols
3.3.1 Initial Simplifying Assumptions
3.3.2 Basic Transmission and Receipt
3.3.3 Simplex Link-Layer Protocols
3.4 Improving Efficiency
3.4.1 Goal: Bidirectional Transmission, Multiple Frames in Flight
3.4.2 Examples of Full-Duplex, Sliding Window Protocols
3.5 Data Link Protocols in Practice
3.5.1 Packet over SONET
3.5.2 ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop)
3.5.3 Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS)
3.6 Summary
4. The Medium Access Control Sublayer
4.1 The Channel Allocation Problem
4.1.1 Static Channel Allocation
4.1.2 Assumptions for Dynamic Channel Allocation
4.2 Multiple Access Protocols
4.2.1 ALOHA
4.2.2 Carrier Sense Multiple Access Protocols
4.2.3 Collision-Free Protocols
4.2.4 Limited-Contention Protocols
4.2.5 Wireless LAN Protocols
4.3 Ethernet
4.3.1 Classic Ethernet Physical Layer
4.3.2 Classic Ethernet MAC Sublayer Protocol
4.3.3 Ethernet Performance
4.3.4 Switched Ethernet
4.3.5 Fast Ethernet
4.3.6 Gigabit Ethernet
4.3.7 10-Gigabit Ethernet
4.3.8 40- and 100-Gigabit Ethernet
4.3.9 Retrospective on Ethernet
4.4 Wireless Lans
4.4.1 The 802.11 Architecture and Protocol Stack
4.4.2 The 802.11 Physical Layer
4.4.3 The 802.11 MAC Sublayer Protocol
4.4.4 The 802.11 Frame Structure
4.4.5 Services
4.5 Bluetooth
4.5.1 Bluetooth Architecture
4.5.2 Bluetooth Applications
4.5.3 The Bluetooth Protocol Stack
4.5.4 The Bluetooth Radio Layer
4.5.5 The Bluetooth Link Layers
4.5.6 The Bluetooth Frame Structure
4.5.7 Bluetooth 5
4.6 DOCSIS
4.6.1 Overview
4.6.2 Ranging
4.6.3 Channel Bandwidth Allocation
4.7 Data Link Layer Switching
4.7.1 Uses of Bridges
4.7.2 Learning Bridges
4.7.3 Spanning-Tree Bridges
4.7.4 Repeaters, Hubs, Bridges, Switches, Routers, and Gateways
4.7.5 Virtual LANs
4.8 Summary
5. The Network Layer
5.1 Network Layer Design Issues
5.1.1 Store-and-Forward Packet Switching
5.1.2 Services Provided to the Transport Layer
5.1.3 Implementation of Connectionless Service
5.1.4 Implementation of Connection-Oriented Service
5.1.5 Comparison of Virtual-Circuit and Datagram Networks
5.2 Routing Algorithms in a Single Network
5.2.1 The Optimality Principle
5.2.2 Shortest Path Algorithm
5.2.3 Flooding
5.2.4 Distance Vector Routing
5.2.5 Link State Routing
5.2.6 Hierarchical Routing within a Network
5.2.7 Broadcast Routing
5.2.8 Multicast Routing
5.2.9 Anycast Routing
5.3 Traffic Management at the Network Layer
5.3.1 The Need for Traffic Management: Congestion
5.3.2 Approaches to Traffic Management
5.4 Quality of Service and Application QoE
5.4.1 Application QoS Requirements
5.4.2 Overprovisioning
5.4.3 Packet Scheduling
5.4.4 Integrated Services
5.4.5 Differentiated Services
5.5 Internetworking
5.5.1 Internetworks: An Overview
5.5.2 How Networks Differ
5.5.3 Connecting Heterogeneous Networks
5.5.4 Connecting Endpoints Across Heterogeneous Networks
5.5.5 Internetwork Routing: Routing Across Multiple Networks
5.5.6 Supporting Different Packet Sizes: Packet Fragmentation
5.6 Software-Defined Networking
5.6.1 Overview
5.6.2 The SDN Control Plane: Logically Centralized Software Control
5.6.3 The SDN Data Plane: Programmable Hardware
5.6.4 Programmable Network Telemetry
5.7 The Network Layer in the Internet
5.7.1 The IP Version 4 Protocol
5.7.2 IP Addresses
5.7.3 IP Version 6
5.7.4 Internet Control Protocols
5.7.5 Label Switching and MPLS
5.7.6 OSPF—An Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
5.7.7 BGP—The Exterior Gateway Routing Protocol
5.7.8 Internet Multicasting
5.8 Policy at the Network Layer
5.8.1 Peering Disputes
5.8.2 Traffic Prioritization
5.9 Summary
6. The Transport Layer
6.1 The Transport Service
6.1.1 Services Provided to the Upper Layers
6.1.2 Transport Service Primitives
6.1.3 Berkeley Sockets
6.1.4 An Example of Socket Programming: An Internet File Server
6.2 Elements of Transport Protocols
6.2.1 Addressing
6.2.2 Connection Establishment
6.2.3 Connection Release
6.2.4 Error Control and Flow Control
6.2.5 Multiplexing
6.2.6 Crash Recovery
6.3 Congestion Control
6.3.1 Desirable Bandwidth Allocation
6.3.2 Regulating the Sending Rate
6.3.3 Wireless Issues
6.4 The Internet Transport Protocols: UDP
6.4.1 Introduction to UDP
6.4.2 Remote Procedure Call
6.4.3 Real-Time Transport Protocols
6.5 The Internet Transport Protocols: TCP
6.5.1 Introduction to TCP
6.5.2 The TCP Service Model
6.5.3 The TCP Protocol
6.5.4 The TCP Segment Header
6.5.5 TCP Connection Establishment
6.5.6 TCP Connection Release
6.5.7 TCP Connection Management Modeling
6.5.8 TCP Sliding Window
6.5.9 TCP Timer Management
6.5.10 TCP Congestion Control
6.5.11 TCP CUBIC
6.6 Transport Protocols and Congestion Control
6.6.1 QUIC: Quick UDP Internet Connections
6.6.2 BBR: Congestion Control Based on Bottleneck Bandwidth
6.6.3 The Future of TCP
6.7 Performance Issues
6.7.1 Performance Problems in Computer Networks
6.7.2 Network Performance Measurement
6.7.3 Measuring Access Network Throughput
6.7.4 Measuring Quality of Experience
6.7.5 Host Design for Fast Networks
6.7.6 Fast Segment Processing
6.7.7 Header Compression
6.7.8 Protocols for Long Fat Networks
6.8 Summary
7. The Application Layer
7.1 The Domain Name System (DNS)
7.1.1 History and Overview
7.1.2 The DNS Lookup Process
7.1.3 The DNS Name Space and Hierarchy
7.1.4 DNS Queries and Responses
7.1.5 Name Resolution
7.1.6 Hands on with DNS
7.1.7 DNS Privacy
7.1.8 Contention Over Names
7.2 Electronic Mail
7.2.1 Architecture and Services
7.2.2 The User Agent
7.2.3 Message Formats
7.2.4 Message Transfer
7.2.5 Final Delivery
7.3 The World Wide Web
7.3.1 Architectural Overview
7.3.2 Static Web Objects
7.3.3 Dynamic Web Pages and Web Applications
7.3.4 HTTP and HTTPS
7.3.5 Web Privacy
7.4 Streaming Audio and Video
7.4.1 Digital Audio
7.4.2 Digital Video
7.4.3 Streaming Stored Media
7.4.4 Real-Time Streaming
7.5 Content Delivery
7.5.1 Content and Internet Traffic
7.5.2 Server Farms and Web Proxies
7.5.3 Content Delivery Networks
7.5.4 Peer-to-Peer Networks
7.5.5 Evolution of the Internet
7.6 Summary
8. Network Security
8.1 Fundamentals of Network Security
8.1.1 Fundamental Security Principles
8.1.2 Fundamental Attack Principles
8.1.3 From Threats to Solutions
8.2 The Core Ingredients of an Attack
8.2.1 Reconnaissance
8.2.2 Sniffing and Snooping (with a Dash of Spoofing)
8.2.3 Spoofing (beyond ARP)
8.2.4 Disruption
8.3 Firewalls and Intrusion Detection Systems
8.3.1 Firewalls
8.3.2 Intrusion Detection and Prevention
8.4 Cryptography
8.4.1 Introduction to Cryptography
8.4.2 Two Fundamental Cryptographic Principles
8.4.3 Substitution Ciphers
8.4.4 Transposition Ciphers
8.4.5 One-Time Pads
8.5 Symmetric-Key Algorithms
8.5.1 The Data Encryption Standard
8.5.2 The Advanced Encryption Standard
8.5.3 Cipher Modes
8.6 Public-Key Algorithms
8.6.1 RSA
8.6.2 Other Public-Key Algorithms
8.7 Digital Signatures
8.7.1 Symmetric-Key Signatures
8.7.2 Public-Key Signatures
8.7.3 Message Digests
8.7.4 The Birthday Attack
8.8 Management of Public Keys
8.8.1 Certificates
8.8.2 X.509
8.8.3 Public Key Infrastructures
8.9 Authentication Protocols
8.9.1 Authentication Based on a Shared Secret Key
8.9.2 Establishing a Shared Key: The Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange
8.9.3 Authentication Using a Key Distribution Center
8.9.4 Authentication Using Kerberos
8.9.5 Authentication Using Public-Key Cryptography
8.10 Communication Security
8.10.1 IPsec
8.10.2 Virtual Private Networks
8.10.3 Wireless Security
8.11 Email Security
8.11.1 Pretty Good Privacy
8.11.2 S/MIME
8.12 Web Security
8.12.1 Threats
8.12.2 Secure Naming and DNSSEC
8.12.3 Transport Layer Security
8.12.4 Running Untrusted Code
8.13 Social Issues
8.13.1 Confidential and Anonymous Communication
8.13.2 Freedom of Speech
8.13.3 Copyright
8.14 Summary
9. Reading List and Bibliography
9.1 Suggestions for Further Reading
9.1.1 Introduction and General Works
9.1.2 The Physical Layer
9.1.3 The Data Link Layer
9.1.4 The Medium Access Control Sublayer
9.1.5 The Network Layer
9.1.6 The Transport Layer
9.1.7 The Application Layer
9.1.8 Network Security
9.2 Alphabetical Bibliography
Index
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About the authors