Compression in Video and Audio

Contents vii
Preface xi
Acknowledgements xii

@=12
1 Introduction to compression 1
| 1.1 Why compression is necessary 1
| 1.2 Some applications of compression 1
| 1.3 Lossless and perceptive coding 3
| 1.4 Compression principles 4
| 1.5 Drawbacks of compression 7
| 1.6 Audio compression 8
| 1.7 Sub-band coding 8
| 1.8 Transform coding 8
| 1.9 Predictive coding 8
| 1.10 Video compression 9
| 1.11 Intra-coded compression 9
| 1.12 Inter-coded compression 10
| 1.13 Introduction to motion compensation 11
| 1.14 Film-originated video compression 13
| 1.15 Some guidelines 15
| Reference 15

2 Fundamentals 16
| 2.1 What is an audio signal? 16
| 2.2 What is a video signal? 16
| 2.3 Types of video 17
| 2.4 What is a digital signal? 18
| 2.5 Introduction to conversion 21
| 2.6 Sarrlpling and aliasing 22
| 2.7 Reconstruction 27
| 2.8 Filter design 27
| 2.9 Sampling clock jitter 32
| 2.10 Choice of audio sampling rate 33
| 2.11 Video sampling structures 35
| 2.12 The phase-locked loop 37
| 2.13 Quantizing 38
| 2.14 Quantizing error 39
| 2.15 Dither 43
| 2.16 Binary codes for audio 45
| 2.17 Binary codes for component video 50
| 2.18 Introduction to digital processes 51
| 2.19 Logic elements 52
| 2.20 Storage elements 54
| 2.21 Binary adding 57
| 2.22 Gain control by multiplication 57
| References 59

3 Processing for compression 61
| 3.1 Filters 61
| 3.2 The quadrature mirror filter 67
| 3.3 Filtering for video noise reduction 72
| 3.4 Transforms 73
| 3.5 The Fourier transform 77
| 3.6 The discrete cosine transform (DCT) 86
| 3.7 The wavelet transform 89
| 3.8 Motion compensation 91
| 3.9 Motion estimation techniques 91
| 3.10 Compression and requantizing 98
| References 102

4 Audio compression 103
| 4.1 Psychoacoustics and masking 103
| 4.2 Codec level calibration 104
| 4.3 Quality measurement 105
| 4.4 The limits 106
| 4.5 Compression applications 107
| 4.6 Audio compression techniques 108
| 4.7 Non-uniform coding 109
| 4.8 Floating-point coding 110
| 4.9 Predictive coding 112
| 4.10 Sub-band coding 114
| 4.11 Transform coding 115
| 4.12 A simple sub-band coder 117
| 4.13 Data reduction formats 119
| 4.14 ISO Layer I - simplified MUSICAM 120
| 4.15 ISO Layer II - MUSICAM 120
| 4.16 ISO Layer III 121
| 4.17 apt-xl00 121
| 4.18 Dolby AC-2 122
| 4.19 PASC 122
| 4.20 The ATRAC coder 125
| References 126
|
5 Video compression 128
| 5.1 The eye 128
| 5.2 Colour vision 132
| 5.3 Colour difference signals 134
| 5.4 Motion and resolution 136
| 5.5 Applications of video compression 139
| 5.6 Intra-coded compression 141
| 5.7 JPEG compression 146
| 5.8 Compression in Digital Betacam 148
| 5.9 Inter-coded compression 149
| 5.10 Error propagation 152
| 5.11 CCIR Rec. 723 compression 155
| 5.12 Introduction to MPEG coding 157
| 5.13 MPEG-l coding 160
| 5.14 MPEG-2 coding 164
| 5.15 Coding artifacts 168
| References 168
Index 171