Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases

Comprehensive Review of Infectious Diseases
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
List of Contributors
Introduction to the Board Exam
Abbreviations
1 -
Bacteriology
Definitions
Gram Stain
Method
Classification of Bacteria
Blood Cultures
Collection
Volume
Interpretation
Specimens for Bacteriology Culture
Routine Cultures
Anaerobic Cultures
Anaerobic Transport
Stool Cultures
Pathogen Associations
Arthropod-Borne Pathogens (Table 1.7)
Biothreat (BT) Agents (Table 1.8)
Important Pathogens in Bite Wounds (Human or Animal)
Important Bacterial Pathogens in Culture-Negative Endocarditis
Important Pathogens in Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Important Pathogens in Otitis Media
Emerging Pathogens (Table 1.9)
Zoonotic Pathogens (Table 1.10)
Gastrointestinal Infections
Foodborne Illness: Bacterial Associations (Table 1.11)
Stool Pathogens
Identification Methods
Biochemical-Based Methods (Tables 1.4, 1.5, 1.6)
Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS)
16S rDNA Sequencing of Bacterial Isolates
Broad-Range PCR/16S Sequencing of Direct Specimens
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST) – Methods
Kirby Bauer Disk Diffusion (Fig. 1.4)
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Testing
Broth Microdilution
Automated Susceptibility Testing (Fig. 1.5)
Gradient Diffusion (Etest, Liofilchem) (Fig. 1.6)
Agar Dilution (Anaerobes Only) (Fig. 1.7)
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing – Interpretation
Susceptible (S)
Susceptible-Dose Dependent (SDD)
Intermediate (I)
Resistant (R)
Nonsusceptible (NS)
Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns – Intrinsic Resistance (Table 1.12)
SPICE Organisms
Colistin-Resistant Bacteria
Vancomycin-Resistant Bacteria
Acquired Resistance Mechanisms
Gram-Positive Bacteria
Potential Treatment Options for Resistant Bacteria
MRSA
VRE
Carbapenemase-Producing Organisms
Antimicrobials with Poor CSF Penetration
Antimicrobials with Anaerobic Coverage
Aerobic Actinomycetes (not to be confused with Actinomyces)
Bacteria That Do Not Grow on Routine Culture Media (Table 1.14)
Acid-Fast Bacilli (AFB)/Mycobacteria (see Chapters 32 and 33)
Diagnostic Methods – MTBC
PPD/Mantoux Tuberculin Skin Test (TST)
Interferon-Gamma Release Assays (IGRA)
Cepheid Xpert MTB/RIF PCR
Diagnostic Methods – All Mycobacterium spp
Smear Microscopy
Culture
Culture Identification Methods
DNA Probes
MALDI-TOF MS
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
Sequencing
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (AST)
Agar Proportion
Broth Method
Molecular Detection of Drug Resistance (MDDR) Assay (CDC)
Drug-Resistant M. tuberculosis
Pathology Stains (Table 1.16)
2 - Mycology
Classification of Medically Important Fungi
Definitions
Yeast and Yeast-Like Organisms (Table 2.1)
Differences among Candida spp
Thermally Dimorphic Molds (Table 2.2)
Zygomycetes Molds
Hyaline Hyphomycetes (Table 2.3)
Dematiaceous Molds (Table 2.4)
Amphotericin-Resistant Fungi
Diagnostic Methods
Direct Microscopic Examination
Blood Cultures
Tissue Cultures
Temperature
Time to Positivity
Stains (Fig. 2.8)
Lactophenol Cotton Blue
Calcofluor White Stain (Fig. 2.9)
Direct Fluorescent Antibody Stain (Fig. 2.10)
Giemsa Stain (Fig. 2.11)
Gomori Methenamine Silver Stain (GMS) (Figs. 2.12 and 2.13)
Periodic Acid–Schiff Stain (Fig. 2.14)
Mucicarmine Stain (Fig. 2.15)
Fontana–Masson Silver Stain (Fig. 2.16)
India Ink (Fig. 2.17)
Serologies, Antigen, and Molecular Testing
T2Candida Assay
Methods
Interpretation
Use
(1,3)-Beta-D-Glucan
Method
Interpretation
Caution
Use
Galactomannan Antigen Detection
Methods
Interpretation
Use
Caution
Cryptococcal Antigen (CrAg)
Methods
Use and Interpretation
Caution
Histoplasma Antigen
Methods
Use and Interpretation
Caution
Histoplasma Antibodies
Methods
Use and Interpretation
Caution
Blastomyces Antibodies
Methods
Use and Interpretation
Caution
Coccidioides Antibodies
Methods
Interpretation and Use
Caution
Coccidioidal Antigen
3 - Virology
Definitions
Useful Information About Viruses
Respiratory Viruses (Table 3.2)
Adenovirus
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Influenza Virus
Human Metapneumovirus (MPV)
Coronavirus
Enterovirus
Rhinovirus
Human Parainfluenza Virus (PIV)
Viral Gastroenteritis (Table 3.4)
Astrovirus
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Arboviruses (Table 3.5)
Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses
Herpesviruses (Table 3.6)
Herpes Simplex Viruses 1 and 2
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV)
Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Diagnostic Testing
Drug Resistance
Human Herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6)
Human Herpesvirus 7(HHV-7)
Kaposi Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (Human Herpesvirus 8)
Hepatitis Viruses (Table 3.8)
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV)
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Hepatitis D Virus (HDV)
Hepatitis E Virus (HEV)
Retroviruses (Table 3.11)
Human T-Cell Lymphotropic Virus
Other Viral Agents of Clinical Significance (Table 3.12)
Mumps
Rubella
Rabies
4 - Parasitology
Overview of Parasitology
PROTOZOA (TABLES 4.1–4.3)
Intestinal and Urogenital Amebae, Flagellates, and Ciliates
Overview
Epidemiology
Identification
Molecular Testing of Intestinal and Urogenital Protozoa
Amebae
Diagnosis
Entamoeba histolytica
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Identification
Blastocystis spp. (Formerly B. hominis)
Epidemiology
Identification
Flagellates
Giardia lamblia (G. duodenalis, G. intestinalis)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Identification
Dientamoeba fragilis
Epidemiology
Identification
Trichomonas vaginalis
Identification
Ciliates
Balantidium coli
Identification
Intestinal Coccidia and Microsporidia
Coccidia
Cryptosporidium spp
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Identification
Cyclospora spp
C. cayetanensis
Epidemiology
Identification
Cystoisospora belli
Epidemiology
Identification
Sarcocystis spp
Epidemiology
Identification
Microsporidia
Epidemiology
Identification (Fig. 4.12)
Free-Living Amebae (Table 4.8)
Naegleria fowleri
Life Cycle
Epidemiology
Identification
Acanthamoeba spp
Life Cycle (see Fig. 4.13)
Epidemiology
Identification
Balamuthia mandrillaris
Epidemiology
Identification
Blood and Tissue Protozoa
Malaria
Key concepts
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Virulence factors
Prevention and Control
Diagnosis
Babesiosis
Epidemiology
Life Cycle (see Fig. 4.25)
Identification
Toxoplasmosis
Epidemiology
Life Cycle (Fig. 4.27)
Identification
Leishmaniasis
Classification
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Identification
Trypanosomiasis
African Trypanosomiasis (Sleeping Sickness)
Epidemiology
Transmission
Life Cycle
Identification
American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease)
Epidemiology
Transmission
Life Cycle
Identification
HELMINTHS
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Intestinal Nematodes
Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) or Nematodes
Ascaris lumbricoides (Roundworm)
Hookworms
Trichuris trichiura (Whipworm)
Strongyloides stercoralis
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm/Threadworm) (Fig. 4.41)
Capillaria philippinensis (Capillariasis)
Tissue Nematodes
Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Visceral Larva Migrans (VLM)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Neural Larva Migrans
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Trichinosis
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Angiostrongyliasis
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Anisakiasis
Gnathostoma spp
Dracunculiasis
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Blood and Tissue Nematodes (Filarial Infections)
Lymphatic Filariasis
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Loiasis
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Mansonellosis
Trematodes
Liver/Lung Trematodes
Liver Flukes
Epidemiology
Life Cycles
Fascioliasis (Sheep Liver Fluke)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Lung Fluke
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Intestinal Trematodes
Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Echinostoma/Heterophyes/Metagonimus
Blood Trematodes
Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Cestodes (Tapeworms)
Taenia saginata (Beef Tapeworm)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Taenia solium (Pork Tapeworm)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle: Cysticercosis
Life Cycle: T. solium taeniasis
Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf Tapeworm)
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Diphyllobothrium latum (Fish Tapeworm)
Sparganosis
Echinococcus granulosus
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Echinococcus multilocularis
Epidemiology
Life Cycle
Identification of Intestinal Pathogens
Specimens and Methods for Diagnosis
Stool and Gastrointestinal Tract Samples
Sputum/Bronchoalveolar Lavage
Urine
Blood
CSF
Tissue
Skin snips
Fluid from Hydatid Cysts
Skin Lesions of Suspected Leishmania
Bone Marrow and Splenic Aspirates for Suspected Leishmania
Molecular Tests
Serology and Antigen Tests
Macroscopic Examination
5 -
Antibacterials
ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS
Cell Wall-Active Agents
Beta-Lactams
Mechanism of Action
Safety
Penicillins
Natural Penicillins
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM)
Safety
Antistaphylococcal Penicillins
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Aminopenicillins
Agents
Spectrum
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Penicillin/Beta-lactamase Inhibitor Combinations
Agents
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Cephalosporins
First-Generation Cephalosporins
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Second-Generation Cephalosporins
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Third-Generation Cephalosporins
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Fourth-Generation Cephalosporins
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Anti-MRSA Cephalosporins
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Cephalosporin/Beta-lactamase Inhibitor Combinations
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Carbapenems
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Carbapenem/Beta-lactamase Inhibitor Combinations
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Monobactams
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Glycopeptides
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring
Safety
Lipoglycopeptides
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Cyclic Lipopeptides
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Polymyxins
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Fosfomycin
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors
Aminoglycosides
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Oxazolidinones
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Macrolides, Lincosamides, Streptogramins (MLS)
Macrolides
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Fidaxomicin
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Lincosamides
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Streptogramins
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Nitrofurans
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Chloramphenicol
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Anchor 1553
Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors
Fluoroquinolones
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Nitroimidazoles
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Antimetabolites
Folate Antagonists
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
SUMMARY TABLES
6 - ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENTS
Introduction
Goals of Therapy
TB Treatment Phases
ANTIMYCOBACTERIAL AGENTS
Aminoglycosides
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Bedaquiline
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Capreomycin
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing
Safety
Carbapenems
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Cefoxitin
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Clofazimine
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Cycloserine
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Dapsone
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing
Safety
Delamanid
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing
Safety
Ethambutol
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Ethionamide
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing
Safety
Fluoroquinolones
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Folate Antagonists
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Isoniazid
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Linezolid
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing
Safety
Macrolides
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Para-aminosalicylic Acid (PAS)
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing
Safety
Pyrazinamide
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Rifamycins
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Tetracyclines and Glycylcyclines
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
7 - Antifungal Agents
Antifungal Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Principles
Pharmacokinetics (PK)
ANTIFUNGAL CLASSES
Allylamines
Mechanism of Action
Terbinafine
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Polyenes
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Amphotericin B
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Nystatin
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Nucleoside Analogs
Mechanism of Action
Flucytosine
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Azoles (Imidazoles and Triazoles)
Imidazoles
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
PK/PD
Dosing/TDM
Safety
Triazoles
Agents
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
Dosing
TDM
Safety
Echinocandins
Agents
Mechanism of Action
Spectrum
Clinical Uses
PK/PD
Dosing/TDM
Safety
8 - Antivirals
Antiviral Drugs Against the Herpesviruses (Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella-Zoster Virus, and Cytomegalovirus)
Acyclic Guanosine Analogs
Aciclovir and Valaciclovir
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Famciclovir
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Safety
Ganciclovir and Valganciclovir
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Acyclic Nucleoside Phosphonate Analogs
Cidofovir and Brincidofovir
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Pyrophosphate Analogs
Foscarnet
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Safety
CMV Terminase Complex Inhibitor
Letermovir
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Antiviral Drugs Against Influenza A and B and Other Respiratory Viruses
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Oseltamivir
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Peramivir
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Zanamivir
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Matrix 2 Inhibitors
Amantadine
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Rimantadine
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Polymerase Inhibitors
Ribavirin
Spectrum
Mechanisms of Action
Mechanism of resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Antiviral Drugs Against Hepatitis Viruses
Antivirals for Hepatitis B
Interferons
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Adefovira1397256787
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Entecavira1397256787
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Safety
Telbivudine
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Tenofovira
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanisms of Resistance
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Antivirals for Hepatitis C
Interferons (in combination with ribavirin)
Direct Acting Antiviral Agents for HCV (DAAs)
Protease Inhibitors ( “… previr”)
Mechanism of Action
Safety
Other Key Concepts
Nucleos(t)ide Polymerase Inhibitors (NPIs) (“… buvir”)
Mechanism of Action
Safety
Nonnucleoside Polymerase Inhibitors (NNPIs) (“… buvir”)
Mechanism of Action
Safety
NS5A inhibitors (“…asvir”)
Mechanism of Action
Other Antivirals
Imiquimod
Spectrum
Safety
Mechanism of Action
9 - ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS
ANTIPARASITIC AGENTS
Antimalarial Drugs
Artemisinin Derivatives
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
4-Aminoquinolones
Chloroquine
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Mefloquine
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Quinine/Quinidine
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
8-Aminoquinolones
Primaquine
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Atovaquone
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Dihydrofolate Reductase Inhibitors
Proguanil
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Pyrimethamine
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Agents for Leishmania and Trypanosomiasis
Antimonials
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Miltefosine
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Paromomycin
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Benznidazole
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Eflornithine
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Melarsoprol
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Nifurtimox
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Suramin
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Agents for Other Protozoa
Nitazoxanide
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Antihelminth Agents
Benzimidazoles
Albendazole
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Mebendazole
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Triclabendazole
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Other Agents
Ivermectin
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Diethylcarbamazine (DEC)
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Pyrantel Pamoate
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Praziquantel
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Niclosamide
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
Bithionol
Spectrum
Mechanism of Action
Mechanism of Resistance
Safety
10 - Fevers and Sepsis
FEVERS
Definitions
Epidemiology
Clinical Approach to Fever
Treatment
Antipyretics
Direct Cooling
Clinical Approach to a Fever of Unknown Origin (FUO)
Treatment
SEPSIS
Definitions
Epidemiology
Clinical Approach to Sepsis
Treatment
Antiinfective Treatment
Antimicrobial Therapy
Undifferentiated Sepsis
Pulmonary Focus
Urinary Tract Focus
Intraabdominal Focus
Skin and Soft Tissue Infections
Risk Factors for Multidrug Resistant Organisms (MDROs)
Source Control
Continued Therapy
11 - Head and Neck Infections
OPHTHALMIC INFECTIONS
Definitions
Anatomy
Conjunctivitis
Definition
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Clinical Presentation
Chlamydia
Trachoma
Adult Inclusion Conjunctivitis
Neisseria
Other Treatment
Keratitis
Epidemiology
Microbiology (Table 11.2)
Clinical Presentation
Viral Keratitis
HSV 1 and HSV 2
Varicella
Vaccinia and Adenovirus
Bacterial Keratitis
Fungal Keratitis
Amebic Keratitis
Uveitis
Anterior Uveitis
Intermediate Uveitis
Posterior Uveitis
Viral Uveitis
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Acute Retinal Necrosis (ARN) (Fig. 11.8)
Progressive Outer Retinal Necrosis (PORN) (Fig. 11.9)
Bacterial Uveitis
Syphilis
Bartonella
Lyme Disease
Tuberculosis
Parasitic Uveitis
Toxoplasma (Fig. 11.10)
Toxocara
Endophthalmitis
Definition
Epidemiology/Microbiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
INFECTIONS OF THE HEAD AND NECK
Otitis and Mastoiditis
Definitions
Epidemiology
Clinical Features and Treatment (Table 11.5)
Parotitis
Definition
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Peritonsillar Abscess
Definition
Microbiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Ludwig’s Angina
Definition
Epidemiology/Microbiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis/Treatment
Vincent’s Angina
Definition
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis/Treatment
Lemierre Syndrome
Definition
Epidemiology/Microbiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis/Treatment
Septic Cavernous Sinus Thrombosis
Definition
Microbiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cervicofacial Actinomycosis
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
DEEP NECK SPACE INFECTIONS
Definition
Epidemiology/Microbiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis/Treatment
Osteomyelitis of the Jaw
Definition
Epidemiology/Microbiology
Clinical Features
Treatment
12 - Central Nervous System Infections
MENINGITIS
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Meningococcal Meningitis
Pneumococcal Meningitis
Listeria Meningitis
Gram-Negative Bacilli Meningitis
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Management
Antibiotics
Empirical Treatment
Pathogen-Specific Treatment
Adjunctive Steroids
Chemoprophylaxis for Confirmed or Probable Meningococcal Meningitis
Rationale
Outcomes
Acute Viral Meningitis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Management
Chronic Meningitis
Tuberculous Meningitis (TBM) (see Chapter 32)
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Other Causes of Chronic Meningitis
Neurosurgical Infections
Healthcare-Associated Meningitis
CSF Shunt Infections
Mechanisms of Shunt Infection
Clinical Features
External Ventricular Drain (EVD) Infection
Investigations
Management
OTHER CNS INFECTIONS
Encephalitis
Definition
Epidemiology
Investigations
Neuroimaging
Management
Key Facts of HSV-1 Encephalitis
Other Causes of Encephalitis
Brain Abscess
Definition
Etiology of Cerebral Abscesses (Fig. 12.8)
Predisposing Factors (Table 12.11)
Microbiology
Clinical Features (Table 12.12)
Investigation
Imaging
Management
Outcomes
Subdural Empyema
Epidural Abscesses
Spinal Epidural Abscess
Intracranial Epidural Abscess
Toxin-Mediated Infection
Tetanus and Botulism
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs)
Human Prion Diseases
Clinical Features
Prevention
13 -Respiratory Infections
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Pharyngitis
Treatment
Pertinent Pharyngitis Syndromes
Lemierre’s Syndrome
Diphtheria
Streptococcal Scarlet Fever
Arcanobacterium Haemolyticum
Infectious Mononucleosis
Epiglottitis
Acute Epiglottitis
Chronic Epiglottitis
Sinusitis
Acute Sinusitis
Chronic Sinusitis
Clinical Manifestations of Sinusitis
Diagnosis
Therapy
Complications
Bronchitis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Therapy
Acute Exacerbations of Chronic Bronchitis
Pertussis
Otitis Media
Sequelae of Otitis Media
Pathogenesis
Microbiology
Bacteria
Viruses
Diagnosis
Therapy
COMMUNITY RESPIRATORY VIRUSES
Influenza
Notable Influenza Strains
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Parainfluenza Virus (PIV)
Adenovirus (AdV)
Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV)
Coronavirus
LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS
Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)
Severe CAP
Nonsevere CAP
Atypical Pneumonias
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae
Chlamydophila Pneumoniae (see Chapter 31)
Legionella
Radiographic Findings
Nosocomial Pneumonia
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia/Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
Radiography
Diagnosis
Treatment
MRSA Coverage
Pseudomonal Coverage
Chronic Pneumonia
Radiography
Pulmonary Nocardiosis
Pulmonary Actinomycosis
Melioidosis
Rhodococcus
Mycobacterial Pneumonia
Pulmonary Tuberculosis (see Chapter 32)
Children
Adults
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Radiography
Treatment for Active Pulmonary TB
Reasons for Extending Length of Therapy
Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (see Chapter 33)
Diagnosis
Radiographic Presentations
Treatment
MAC
. kansasii
. abscessus
. fortuitum
Pleural Infections
Diagnosis
Chronic Empyemas
Noninfectious Etiologies of Pleural Effusions
Lung Abscess
Aspiration Pneumonia
14 - Bacteremia and Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections
Definitions
Epidemiology
Gram-Positive BSI
Gram-Negative BSI
Clinical Presentation and Initial Assessment
Treatment
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI)
Pathogenesis (see Fig. 14.1)
Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Catheter Removal
Prevention
15 - Cardiac and Cardiac Device Infections
INFECTIONS INVOLVING CARDIAC STRUCTURES
Endocarditis
Definitions
Epidemiology and Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Pericarditis
Definitions
Epidemiology and Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Myocarditis
Definitions
Epidemiology and Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Rheumatic Fever
Definitions
Epidemiology and Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
CARDIAC DEVICE-RELATED INFECTION
Cardiac Implanted Electronic Device (CIED)-Related Infections
Definitions
Epidemiology and Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Mechanical Circulatory Support Device-Related Infections
Definitions
Epidemiology and Etiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
INFECTION INVOLVING THE MEDIASTINUM
Mediastinitis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
16 - Gastrointestinal Infections
GASTROENTERITIS
Definitions
Risk Factors for Gastroenteritis
Foodborne
Exposure-Related
Host-Related
Clinical Presentation (see also Table 16.2)
Red Flag Symptoms of Gastroenteritis Requiring Urgent Investigation
Indications for Antibiotic Use
VIRAL GASTROENTERITIS
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Investigations and Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
Specific Causes of Viral Gastroenteritis
Norovirus
Epidemiology
Transmission
Outbreaks
Clinical Manifestations
Investigations and Diagnosis
Management
Infection Prevention and Control
Adenovirus
Rotavirus
Sapovirus
BACTERIAL GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS
Specific Causes of Bacterial Gastroenteritis
Escherichia coli
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC, also called Shiga toxin-producing E. coli or STEC)
Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC)
Enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC or EAggEc)
Campylobacter
Definition
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations and Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
Definition
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical Features
Investigations and Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
Antibiotic Treatment
Asymptomatic Carriage
Chronic Carriage
Food Handlers and Healthcare Workers
Enteric Fever or Typhoid
Epidemiology
Clinical Features of Enteric Fever
Diagnosis
Treatment
Antibiotic Treatment for Enteric Fever
Definition
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical Features (Fig. 16.4)
Investigations and Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
Definition
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical Features
Investigations and Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
Definition
Epidemiology
Vibrio cholerae
Transmission
Clinical Features
Treatment and Management
Vibrio vulnificas
Fresh Water Pathogens
Clostridioides (formerly Clostridium) difficile
Clinical Manifestations (Fig. 16.5)
Investigations and Diagnosis
Management
PARASITIC CAUSES OF DIARRHEA
TOXIN-MEDIATED GASTROENTERITIS
Definition
Specific Causes of Toxin-Mediated Disease
Definition
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Management
Epidemiology
Transmission
Clinical Features
Diagnosis/Investigation and Treatment
Definition
Transmission
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Management
Scombroid
Definition
Transmission
Clinical Features
Treatment and Management
Ciguatera Poisoning
Transmission
Clinical Features
Investigations and Diagnosis
Treatment and Management
17 -
Peritonitis, Intraabdominal Abscess, Hepatobiliary Infections, Splenic Infections
Definitions
Peritonitis
Primary Peritonitis
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Secondary Peritonitis
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Tertiary Peritonitis
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
PD-Peritonitis
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation of Peritonitis
Diagnosis
Management
Primary Peritonitis
Secondary and Tertiary Peritonitis
Prevention
Primary Peritonitis
Secondary and Tertiary Peritonitis
PD-Peritonitis
Prognosis
Primary Peritonitis
Secondary and Tertiary Peritonitis
PD-Peritonitis
Inraabdominal Abscesses
Intraperitoneal Abscess
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Management (see Table 17.2)
Prognosis
Pancreatic Abscess
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Management (see Table 17.2)
Prognosis
Pyogenic Liver Abscess
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Management (see Table 17.2)
Prognosis
Amebic Liver Abscess
Microbiology/Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Management (see Table 17.2)
Prognosis
Hydatid Liver Abscess
Retroperitoneal and Psoas Abscesses
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis and Management (see Table 17.2)
Prognosis
Splenic Abscess
Hepatobiliary Infection
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Microbiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Pancreatitis
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Management
Prognosis
Splenic Infection
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis (see Table 17.4)
Management
Prognosis
18 - Obstetric and Gynecologic Infections
Lower Genital Tract Infections
Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Trichomonas Vaginalis (TV)
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Female Pelvic Infections
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Intrauterine Device (IUD)-Associated Infections
Definitions
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Postabortion Sepsis
Epidemiology
Complications
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Postpartum Endometritis
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Chorioamnionitis
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Features
Complications
Investigations
Management
Urinary Tract Infections (UTI) during Pregnancy
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Complications
Clinical Features
Investigations
Management
Other Infections Complicating Pregnancy
19 - Genitourinary Tract Infection
Definitions and Terminology
Urinary Tract Infection: Pathogenesis
Mode of Infection
Virulence Factors
Host Defense
Epidemiology and Natural History
IDSA Recommendations: Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
Microbiology (Table 19.2)
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Supportive Management
Antimicrobial Management
Choice of Agent
Duration
IDSA Recommendations for Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infection and Catheter-Associated Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
Reduce Risk of CA-UTI
Duration of Treatment
Relapsing Infection
Recurrent Infection
Urinary Tract Infection in Pregnancy
Management
Lower Tract Infection
Upper Tract Infection
Renal Abscess
Perinephric Abscess
Intrarenal Abscess
Uncommon Diagnoses
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis (XGP)
Size of Abscess and Resolution
Imaging
Epididymitis, Orchitis, Prostatic Infection
Epididymitis
Management
Orchitis
Prostatitis
Acute Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Bacterial Prostatitis
Chronic Prostatitis/Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome
Asymptomatic Inflammatory Prostatitis
Granulomatous Prostatitis
Differential
Prostatic Abscess
20 - Infections of Pregnancy
Complications of Infection in Pregnancy: Overview
Key principles
Coxiella burnetii
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Listeriosis
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Features
Treatment
Streptococcus agalactiae
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Features
Risk Factors for GBS Neonatal Disease
Intrapartum Prophylaxis
Syphilis
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management
Prevention
Toxoplasmosis
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Features
Treatment and Prevention
Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas Disease)
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Measles
Effect on Pregnancy
Management and Prevention
Parvovirus B19
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Management and Prevention
Rubella
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Management and Prevention
Zika
Prevention
Clinical Features
Diagnosis and Management
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Prevention
Clinical Features
Treatment
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
Prevention
Clinical Features
Fetal Consequences of Primary VZV Infection
Management
Postexposure Prophylaxis
Treatment
Monitoring
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Management
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Other Infections in Pregnancy with Adverse Maternal Outcome
21 - Sexually Transmitted Infections
Definitions
Approach to the Sexual History
INFLAMMATORY INFECTIONS
Chlamydia trachomatis
Microbiology
Epidemiology of Genital Tract Serovars
Clinical Manifestations of Genital Tract Serovars
Diagnosis of Genital Tract Serovars
Screening
Treatment of Genital Tract Serovars
Epidemiology of LGV Serovars
Clinical Manifestations of LGV Serovars
Diagnosis of LGV Serovars
Treatment of LGV Serovars
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Mycoplasma genitalium
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Trichomonas vaginalis
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis: Vaginitis and Urethritis
Screening
Treatment
Bacterial Vaginosis
Other Causes of Vaginitis
GENITAL ULCERS
Treponema pallidum
Microbiology
Clinical Manifestations
Stages of Disease
Primary Syphilis (Figs. 21.5A and B)
Secondary Syphilis (Figs. 21.6A and 21.B)
Latent Syphilis
Tertiary Syphilis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 (and Type 1)
Virology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Initial Infection
Symptomatic Recurrence (Fig. 21.8)
Asymptomatic Reactivation (Shedding)
Diagnosis
Screening
Treatment
Haemophilus ducreyi (Chancroid)
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis and Treatment
Donovanosis (granuloma inguinale)
Lipschutz Ulcer
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
Virology
Epidemiology
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prevention
OTHER PATHOGENS WHICH MAY BE SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
Enteric Pathogens
22 - Hepatitis Viruses
Clinical Presentation of Hepatitis
Acute Infection
Chronic Infection
Summary of the Hepatitis Viruses
Hepatitis A (HAV)
Epidemiology
Acute Infection (Fig. 22.1)
Prevention
Hepatitis B (HBV)
Epidemiology
Acute Infection (Fig. 22.2A)
Chronic Infection (Fig. 22.2B)
Diagnostics
Treatment
Prognosis
Prevention
Hepatitis C (HCV) (Fig. 22.3)
Epidemiology
Acute Infection
Chronic Infection
Treatment (Fig. 22.4)
Prevention
Hepatitis D
Clinical Course (Fig. 22.5)
Prevention
Hepatitis E (Fig. 22.6)
Acute Infection
Chronic Infection
Prevention
Other Infection-related Hepatic Conditions
Hepatitis G and Transfusion-Transmitted Virus (TTV)
HIV and Viral Hepatitis Co-infections
Other Infectious Causes of Hepatic Parenchymal Disease
Other Infection-related Causes of Hepatic Parenchymal Disease
Likely Mimics for Viral Hepatitis
23 - Viral Exanthems and Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
Introduction
Parvovirus B19
Exanthems Caused by Human Parvovirus B19
Erythema Infectiosum (Fifth Disease)
Clinical Features
Investigations
Papular-Purpuric “Glove-and-Socks” Syndrome (PPGSS)
Other Manifestations of Parvovirus Infection
Aplastic Crisis in Patients with Hemolytic Anemia
Chronic Parvovirus Infection in the Immunosuppressed
Intrauterine Infection
Asymptomatic Infection
Treatment and Prevention
Enterovirus
Exanthems Caused by Enteroviruses
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD)
Epidemiology and Transmission
Clinical Features
Atypical HFMD
Treatment and Prevention
Measles
Epidemiology and transmission
Complications
Other Manifestations of Measles Infection
Atypical Measles
Modified Measles
Measles in Certain Groups
Treatment and Prevention
Rubella
The Rubella Exanthem
Complications
Congenital Rubella Syndrome
Treatment and Prevention
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
Varicella
The Varicella Exanthem
Breakthrough Varicella
Complications
Varicella and Pregnancy
Treatment and Prevention
Postexposure Prophylaxis
Herpes Zoster (HZ)
The Herpes Zoster Exanthem
Treatment and Prevention
Human Herpes Virus 6 and 7
Exanthem Subitum
Other Viral Exanthems
Smallpox
Primary Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Epstein–Barr Virus
Cytomegalovirus
Cutaneous Manifestations of CMV Infection
Viral Hemorrhagic Fever (VHF)
Clinical Features
Prevention
Dengue
Clinical Features
Chikungunya
Clinical Features
Zika
Clinical Features
Prevention and Management
Mumps
Clinical Features
Laboratory Diagnosis
Prevention and Treatment
Polio
Clinical Features
Prevention
24 - Disease Due to Spirochetes, Excluding Syphilis
Spirochetes
Endemic Treponematoses
Epidemiology
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Yaws (Frambesia, Pian, Buda, Bouba)
Endemic Syphilis (Bejel, Njovera, Siti, Dichuchwa)
Pinta (Mal del Pinto, Carate, Enfermedad Azul)
Diagnosis of Endemic Treponematoses
Treatment
Leptospirosis
Epidemiology and Transmission
Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Treatment
Relapsing Fevers
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Tickborne Relapsing Fever
Louseborne Relapsing Fever
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Diagnosis
Management
Lyme Borreliosis (Lyme Disease)
Epidemiology
United States
Vector
Clinical Presentation
Early Lyme Disease
Erythema Migrans
Borrelial Lymphocytoma
Cardiac Disease
Clinical Presentation: Early Neurologic Lyme Disease
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Clinical Presentation: Ocular Lyme Disease
Clinical Presentation: Late Lyme Disease
Investigations
Erythema Migrans
Extracutaneous Lyme Disease
Serology
Treatment Options
Prevention
Prophylaxis
Post Lyme Disease Syndrome
25 - Skin and Soft Tissue Infections and Toxin-Mediated Diseases
General Principles
MAJOR SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
Impetigo
Folliculitis
Furuncles and Carbuncles
Erysipelas
Cellulitis
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection
Pyomyositis
Clostridial Myonecrosis
SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS ENCOUNTERED IN UNIQUE CLINICAL SITUATIONS (TABLE 25.2)
Infections Associated with Aquatic Exposures
Aeromonas species
Vibrio vulnificus
Mycobacterium marinum
Animal Bite Infections
Dog and Cat Bites
Human Bites
Wild Animal Bites
Infections After Traumatic Injury
Infections Associated With Burn Injury
Surgical Site Infections
OTHER ORGANISM-SPECIFIC SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
Cutaneous Anthrax
Erysipelothrix Infection
Herpes Zoster
Dermatophytosis
Sporotrichosis
DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSES FOR ORGANISM-SPECIFIC SSTI BASED ON SKIN LESION CHARACTERISTICS (TABLE 25.3)
Toxin-Mediated Diseases
Toxic Shock Syndrome (TSS)
Streptococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome (STSS)
Staphylococcal Scalded Skin Syndrome
26 - Bone and Joint Infections
Diabetic Foot Infections and Associated Osteomyelitis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis (see Fig. 26.1)
Treatment
Septic Arthritis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Treatment
Vertebral Osteomyelitis
Epidemiology
Diagnosis
Causative Organisms
Treatment
Prosthetic Joint Infections (PJI)
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
27 - Infections Caused by Yeasts and Yeast-Like Fungi
Cryptococcosis
Microbiology
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Cryptococcal Meningitis (CM)
Lung
Skin
Other
Diagnosis
Management
Other Considerations in Management
Pneumocystis
Microbiology
Epidemiology of Infection and Disease
Clinical Features of PCP
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Candidiasis
Mucosal Candidiasis
Cutaneous Candidiasis Syndromes
Oropharyngeal Candidiasis (OPC)
Esophageal Candidiasis
Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC) (See Chapter 18)
Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis
Otomycosis
Invasive Candidiasis
Candidemia
Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis (Hepatosplenic Candidiasis)
Urinary Tract Candidiasis
Other Yeasts
Trichosporon spp
Rhodotorula
Malassezia spp
Blastoschizomyces capitatus
Saccharomyces spp
28 - The Dimorphic Mycoses
Definitions
Histoplasma capsulatum, H. duboisii
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Acute Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
Chronic Pulmonary Histoplasmosis
Disseminated Histoplasmosis
Fibrosing Mediastinitis
Diagnosis of Histoplasmosis
Treatment of Histoplasmosis
Indications for Antifungal Therapy (adapted from IDSA Guidelines, 2007)
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Acute Pulmonary Blastomycosis
Chronic Pulmonary Blastomycosis
Disseminated Blastomycosis
Diagnosis of Blastomycosis
Treatment of Blastomycosis
Coccidioides immitis, C. posadasii
Acute Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis
Chronic Pulmonary Coccidioidomycosis
Disseminated Coccidioidomycosis
Diagnosis of Coccidioidomycosis
Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, P. lutzii
Acute/Subacute Paracoccidioidomycosis
Chronic Paracoccidioidomycosis
Diagnosis of Paracoccidioidomycosis
Treatment of Paracoccidioidomycosis
Talaromyces (Penicillium) marneffei
Epidemiology
Clinical Features of Talaromycosis
Diagnosis of Talaromycosis
Treatment of Talaromycosis
Sporothrix spp
Epidemiology
Clinical Features of Sporotrichosis
Diagnosis
Treatment
Emmonsia spp
29 - Monomorphic Mold Infections
Microbiology
Aspergillus
Penicillium
Zygomycetes
Scedosporium
Dematiaceous Fungi
Dermatophytes
Invasive Pulmonary Mycoses
Clinical Syndromes
Pathogenesis
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Chronic Pulmonary Aspergillosis
Clinical Syndromes
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis
Ocular Disease
Invasive Fungal Sinusitis
Allergic Fungal Rhinosinusitis
Central Nervous System Infection
Clinical Syndromes
Clinical presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Dermatophytosis
Clinical Syndromes
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Other Cutaneous Mold Infection
Clinical Syndromes
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
30 - Arthropod-Borne Diseases
MAJOR ARTHROPOD-BORNE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES
Lyme Disease
Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis (HGA)
Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (HME)
Babesiosis
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
Rickettsialpox
Spotted Fever Associated with R. parkeri
STARI (Southern Tick-Associated Rash Illness)
Tick Paralysis
Tickborne Relapsing Fever
Trench Fever
Typhus Fevers
Scrub Typhus
Epidemic Typhus
Murine/Endemic Typhus
MAJOR ARTHROPOD-BORNE DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES TRANSMITTED BY MOSQUITOES (TABLE 30.4)
Mosquito-Borne Illnesses
Dengue Fever
Chikungunya Fever
Zika Virus Disease
Yellow Fever
Malaria (see also Chapter 34)
ARTHROPOD-BORNE ILLNESSES ACQUIRED ABROAD
Visceral and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Chagas Disease
African Sleeping Sickness
Oroya Fever
African Tick Bite Fever
Other Travel-Related Vectorborne Spotted Fevers
31 - Infections Associated with Animal Exposure
Leptospirosis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Bartonellosis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Brucellosis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Q Fever
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Tularemia
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment
Other Important Infections
Anthrax
Treatment
Plague
Rat-Bite Fever
Hantavirus
Monkeypox and Cowpox
Orf
Herpes B Virus
Psittacosis
Rabies
Other Animal-Associated Infections
32 - Tuberculosis
Etiology
Epidemiology
Natural History
TB Infection
Treatment of TB Infection
TB Disease: Clinical Syndromes
Pulmonary TB
Primary TB
Reactivation TB
TB pleuritis
Endobronchial TB
Miliary TB
Extrapulmonary TB
TB Lymphadenitis
Central Nervous System TB
TB Endophthalmitis
Bone and Joint TB
TB Pericarditis
BCG disease
TB Diagnosis
Treatment
People with HIV
MDR-TB
33 - Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections
Introduction
Microbiology and Classification
Epidemiology
Risk Factors for NTM Disease
Routes of Transmission
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Pulmonary Disease
CLINICALLY IMPORTANT NONTUBERCULOUS MYCOBACTERIA
M. avium Complex (MAC)
MAC Lung Disease
MAC Disseminated Disease
MAC Lymphadenitis
MAC Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
M. chimaera
M. kansasii
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Pulmonary Disease
Disseminated Disease
Treatment
M. abscessus (RGM)
Microbiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Pulmonary Disease
M. chelonae (RGM)
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
M. fortuitum group (RGM)
Clinical Presentation
Treatment
M. leprae
Microbiology and Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Immune-Mediated Reactions
Diagnosis
Treatment
Other Clinically Relevant Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Species
34 - Protozoa
Introduction
BLOOD AND TISSUE PROTOZOA
Malaria
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prophylaxis
Treatment
American Trypanosomiasis: Chagas Disease
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
African Trypanosomiasis: Sleeping Sickness
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Babesiosis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Leishmaniasis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Toxoplasmosis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
INTESTINAL PROTOZOA
Neobalantidiasis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cryptosporidiosis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cyclosporiasis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Cystoisosporiasis (formerly Isosporiasis)
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Therapy
Amebiasis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Giardiasis
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
A Few More Notable Intestinal Organisms
Blastocystis species (previously B. hominis)
Dientamoeba fragilis
Microsporidia
Intestinal Pathogens: Summary
FREE-LIVING AMEBA
Naegleria
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Balamuthia
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
GAE
Cutaneous Lesions
Treatment
Acanthamoeba
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Diagnosis
GAE
Keratitis
Other
Treatment
GAE
Keratitis
Other
Sappinia
Microbiology and Pathogenesis
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
35 - Helminths
SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS
Ascaris Lumbricoides (Roundworm)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Trichuris Trichiura (Whipworm)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworm)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Other Nematode Roundworms
Strongyloides Stercoralis
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Enterobius vermicularis (Pinworm)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Management
TISSUE NEMATODES
Trichinella spp
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
Management
Dracunculiasis: Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea Worm)
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Control and Prevention
Lymphatic Filariasis: Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Control
Loiasis: Loa loa (African Eye Worm)
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Onchocerciasis: Onchocerca volvulus (River Blindness)
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Control
Other Important Tissue Nematodes
Angiostrongylus
Baylisascaris
Anisakis
Toxocara
SCHISTOSOMES AND OTHER FLUKES (TREMATODE FLATWORMS)
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
Acute Schistosomiasis
Chronic Infection
Pathology Directly Related to Schistosome Species
. mansoni and S. japonicum
. haematobium
Diagnosis
Treatment
Control and Prevention
Foodborne Trematodes (Fluke Infections)
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Treatment
Clonorchis sinensis (and Opisthorchis spp.): Chinese Liver Fluke
Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations
Management
Paragonimiasis (Lung Fluke)
Pathogenesis
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Fasciolopsiasis (Intestinal Trematode); Fasciolopsis Buski
CESTODES
Taeniasis and Diphyllobothriasis (Tapeworms)
Clinical Manifestations
Management
Cysticercosis: T. solium
Clinical Manifestations Neurocysticercosis
Diagnosis Neurocysticercosis
Management
Prevention
Echinococcosis
Clinical Manifestations
. granulosus
Management
KEY FEATURES: SUMMARY (SEE TABLE 35.1)
36 - Natural History of HIV
Epidemiology
History
Global HIV Statistics
Pathogenesis
Virology
Replication Cycle
The Course and Immune Response to HIV Infection
Transmission
Acute/Early HIV Infection
Time Course
Clinical Presentation
Long Term Nonprogressor HIV Infection
Diagnostics
When to Test
Diagnostic Testing
Prevention
37 - Noninfectious Complications of HIV
Neurologic Complications
Dermatologic Manifestations
Endocrinopathy
Hematologic Manifestations
Kidney Complications
Cardiovascular Complications
Pulmonary Complications
Gastrointestinal Manifestations
Malignancies
Summary of Common HIV-Associated Conditions
38 - Antiretroviral Therapy
Antiretroviral Agents
Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)
Recommended Agents
Tenofovir
Lamivudine (3TC)/Emtricitabine (FTC)
Alternative Agents
Abacavir (ABC)
Zidovudine (AZT)
Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs)
Recommended Agents
Alternative Agents
Efavirenz (EFV)
Rilpivirine (RPV)
Doravirine (DOR)
Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs)
Recommended Agents
Raltegravir (RAL)
Dolutegravir (DTG)
Bictegravir (BIC)
Alternative Agents
Elvitegravir (ETG)
Protease Inhibitors (PIs)
Recommended Agents
Darunavir (DRV)
Alternative Agents
Atazanavir (ATV)
Entry Inhibitors (Not Routinely Used)
Chemokine Receptor Antagonists
Maraviroc (MVC)
Fusion Inhibitors
Infrequently Used Antiretroviral Agents
What, When, and Why of Antiretroviral Therapy
When to Start ART?
What ART to Start? (Table 38.3)
Why Do Regimens Fail?
When to Change
Antiretroviral Resistance
Resistance Assays
Drug–Drug Interactions
Special Considerations
Preexposure Prophylaxis (PrEP)
Postexposure Prophylaxis (PEP)
Nonoccupational Exposure
Occupational Exposure
Acute HIV Infection
ART in Pregnancy
HIV–TB Co-infection
HIV–HBV Co-infection
HIV–HCV Co-infection (Table 38.7)
HIV-2 Infection
39 - Opportunistic Infections in HIV
Definitions
Epidemiology
Diagnostic Approach
Treatment
Prevention
OVERVIEW OF KEY OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTIONS
Fungal Infections
Pneumocystis Pneumonia (PCP) (see Chapter 27)
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Cryptococcosis (see Chapter 27)
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Candidiasis (see Chapter 27)
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Coccidioidomycosis (see Chapter 27)
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Histoplasmosis
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Talaromycosis (formerly Penicilliosis)
Bacterial Infections
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB)
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Mycobacterium avium Complex (MAC)
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Syphilis
Bartonellosis
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Bacterial Enteric Infections
Rhodococcus equi
Protozoal Infections
Toxoplasmosis
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Cryptosporidiosis
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Microsporidiosis
Cystoisosporiasis
Cyclosporiasis
Other Protozoal Infections
Viral Infections
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV)
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (PML)
Overview and Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Treatment and Prophylaxis
Parvovirus B19
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
HIV-Associated Malignancies
Kaposi Sarcoma (KS)
Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma (NHL)
Primary CNS Lymphoma (PCNSL)
Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome (IRIS)
40 -
Infections in Patients with Cancer and Immunosuppressive Therapy
Febrile Neutropenia (FN)
Definition
Risk for Developing FN
Complications Due to FN
Infection Risk
Causes of FN
Work-up
Antimicrobial Prophylaxis
Empiric Treatment
Modifications to Initial Therapy
Indications to Expand Initial Empiric Therapy
Bloodstream Infections
Neutropenic Colitis
Pneumonia
Etiologies
Invasive Mold Infections (see Chapter 29)
Unique Infection Risks in Patients With Hematologic Malignancies
Infections Associated With Other Chemotherapy Agents
Infections Associated With Immunosuppressants
Lymphocyte Depleting Agents
Steroids
Cytokine Blocking
Interleukin Receptor Antagonists
T-Cell Costimulation Blockade: Abatacept, Belatacept
Adhesion Blocking: Natalizumab, Vedolizumab
Complement Inhibitor: Eculizumab
41 - Infections in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients
Introduction
Risk Assessment for Infectious Disease
Donor and Recipient Screening
Frequently Utilized Serologic Tests for Screening of the Donor and Recipient
Recommendations for Results of Screening Serologies
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Cytomegalovirus (CMV)
Epstein–Barr Virus
Toxoplasma gondii
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
Syphilis
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
Strongyloides stercoralis
Coccidioides immitis
Unusual Donor Infections and Typical Presentations
Vaccinations
Timely Diagnosis and Management of Infectious Complications
Timeline of Infections after Transplantation
Less than 4 Weeks Posttransplant
Between 1 and 6 Months Posttransplant
Greater than 6 Months Posttransplant
Specific Infections or Clinical Syndromes
Bacterial Infections
Viral Infections
Cytomegalovirus
Epstein–Barr Virus and Posttransplant Lympho­prolife­rative Disorder (PTLD)
BK Polyomavirus (BKV) and Nephropathy (BKVN)
Adenovirus
Invasive Fungal Infections (IFI)
Toxoplasmosis (see Chapter 34)
Strongyloidiasis
Clinical Syndromes
Fever with Unclear Focus
Meningitis/Encephalitis
Focal Brain Abscess or Space-Occupying Lesions
Pneumonia
Enteritis/Colitis
Hepatitis
Skin and Soft Tissue
Other Important Points
Infectious Disease Mimics in SOT (See Chapter 48)
Drug Interactions
Side Effects of Immunosuppressive Medications
42 - Infections in Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients
Definitions
Epidemiology
Underlying Disease Process
Conditioning Regimen
Donor Source/Type of Transplant
Presence of GVHD
Pretransplant Exposure History
Time Period after Transplantation
High-risk patient characteristics
Low-risk patient characteristics
Prophylaxis
Infections Encountered After HCT
Preengraftment: Time of Transplantation (Day 0) through Day 30
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Early Postengraftment: Days 31 to 100
Bacteria
Viruses
Cytomegalovirus
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Epstein–Barr Virus
HHV-6, HHV-7, HHV-8
BK Virus
Parvovirus B19
Fungi
Late Postengraftment: >100 Days Until Normal Immunity (c. 18–36 Months After HCT)
Bacteria
Encapsulated bacteria
Intracellular Bacteria
Filamentous bacteria
Viruses
Adenovirus
Fungi
Pneumocystis jirovecii (see Chapter 27)
Non-Aspergillus mold infections (see Chapter 29)
Dimorphic fungi (see Chapter 28)
Non-Candidal yeasts
Parasites
Infections: Summary
Clinical Presentation
Approach to HCT Recipients With Pneumonia
Diagnosis
Treatment
Approach to HCT Recipients With Diarrhea
Differential Diagnosis (Table 42.5)
Fungal
Noninfectious
Diagnosis
Treatment
Approach to HCT Recipients With CNS Disease
Differential Diagnosis
Infectious
Noninfectious
Treatment
Approach to the HCT Recipient With Skin Lesions
Differential Diagnosis
Bacterial (during period of neutropenia)
Fungal
Viral
Parasites
Noninfectious
Approach to the HCT Recipient With Transaminitis
Differential Diagnosis
Viral
Fungal
Noninfectious
Treatment
43 - Primary Immunodeficiency Disorders
Definition
Presentation
T Cell Defects
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Wiskott–Aldrich Syndrome (WAS)
CD40 Ligand Deficiency
GATA2 Deficiency
Familial Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
B Cell Defects
IgA Deficiency
X-Linked Agammaglobulinemia
Common Variable Immune Deficiency (CVID)
Phagocytic Defects
Complement Defects
Folate Metabolism Defects
Hereditary Folate Malabsorption
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Dehydrogenase (MTHFD1) Deficiency
Hyper IgE (Job’s) Syndrome
Additional Note
Assessment
History and Physical Findings to Suggest Defects
Treatment
Conventional Therapy
Definitive Treatments
44 - Infection Control and Prevention
Definitions
Outbreak Investigation
Infection Prevention Programs
Standard Precautions
Transmission-Based Precautions
Airborne Precautions
Droplet Precautions
Contact Precautions
Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections (CAUTI)
Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections (CLABSI)
Surgical Site Infections
Clostridioides difficile infection
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (CJD)
Surveillance for HAIs
Employee Health
Antimicrobial Stewardship
45 - Adult Immunization
Definitions
VACCINES USED IN ADULTS
Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) Immunization against Tuberculosis
Haemophilus influenzae Type b (Hib) Immunization
Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Immunization
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Immunization
Herpes Zoster Immunization
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) Immunization
Influenza Immunization
Tetanus, Diphtheria, Acellular Pertussis, and Inactivated Polio Immunization
Tetanus
Diphtheria
Pertussis
Polio
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Immunization
Meningococcal Immunization
Pneumococcal Immunization
Immunization Recommendations Summary
46 - General Principles of Travel Medicine
Pretravel Consultation
Risk Assessment
Office Interventions
Vaccinations
Specific Vaccine Issues
Yellow Fever
Malaria Prophylaxis
Travelers’ Diarrhea
Patient’s Pretravel Education – Targeted to Itinerary Areas
Travelers With Special Health Needs
Travelers With Diabetes
Traveling in Pregnancy
Traveling While Immunosuppressed
Posttravel Evaluation
Fever Within 10 Days of Return
Fever Between 10 and 21 Days
Fever After 21 Days
Returning Travelers Presenting With Diarrhea
Returning Travelers Presenting With Dermatologic Conditions
Eosinophilia in the Returning Traveler
47 - Bioterrorism
Background
Syndromic Awareness
Categorization of Biological Agents
Category A Organisms
Anthrax
Epidemiology
Anthrax as a Bioweapon
Clinical Features
Inhalational
Cutaneous
Immediate Management
Diagnosis
Treatment
Public Health Management and Postexposure Prophylaxis
Botulinum Toxin
Epidemiology
Botulinum Toxin as a Bioweapon
Clinical Features
Immediate Management
Diagnosis
Treatment
Public Health Management and Postexposure Prophylaxis
Pneumonic Plague
Epidemiology
Plague as a Bioweapon
Clinical Features
Bubonic Plague
Immediate Management/Isolation Precautions
Diagnosis
Treatment
Public Health Management and Postexposure Prophylaxis
Smallpox
Epidemiology
Smallpox as a Bioweapon
Clinical Features
Immediate Management/Isolation Precautions
Diagnosis
Treatment
Public Health Management and Postexposure Prophylaxis
Tularemia
Tularemia as a Bioweapon
Treatment
Public Health Management and Postexposure Prophylaxis
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers
VHFs as a Bioweapon
Category B Organisms
Coxiella burnetii (Q fever)
Coxiella as a Bioweapon
Glanders
Epidemiology
Clinical Features
Immediate Management/Isolation Precautions
Diagnosis
Treatment
Postexposure Prophylaxis
Psittacosis
Chlamydophila psittaci as a Bioweapon
Treatment
Epidemic (Louse-Borne) Typhus
Epidemic Typhus as a Bioweapon
Clinical Features
Treatment
48 - Syndromes that Mimic Infectious Diseases
Introduction
Fever as Principal Feature
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and Other Autoimmune Diseases
Vasculitis
Giant Cell Arteritis (Large Vessel Vasculitis)
Kawasaki Syndrome (Medium Vessel Vasculitis)
Other Vasculitides
Takayasu arteritis (large vessel vasculitis)
Polyarteritis nodosa (medium vessel vasculitis)
Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)
Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA)
Behçet syndrome
IgA vasculitis (formerly Henoch–Schonlein purpura)
Relapsing polychondritis
Neoplastic Disorders
Lymphoma
Renal Cell Carcinoma
Leukemias
Atrial Myxoma
Autoinflammatory Diseases
Hereditary Periodic Fever Syndromes
FMF
TNF-Receptor-Associated Periodic Syndrome (TRAPS)
Mevalonate Kinase Deficiency (Hyper IgD Syndrome, HIDS)
Cryopyrin-Associated Periodic Syndrome (CAPS)
Periodic Fever with Aphthous Stomatitis, Pharyngitis, and Adenitis (PFAPA Syndrome)
Fever and Rash
Adult Onset Still’s Disease
Schnitzler’s Syndrome
Sweet’s Syndrome (Acute Febrile Neutrophilic Dermatosis)
Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS)
Acute Generalized Exanthematous Pustulosis (AGEP)
Acute Pustular Psoriasis of von Zumbusch
Loxoscelism
Weber–Christian Disease
Serum Sickness Syndrome
Fever, Muscular Rigidity, Mental Status Change
Serotonin Syndrome
Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome
Malignant Hyperthermia
Anticholinergic Poisoning
Fever and Cytopenia
Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH)
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Pneumonia Mimics
Organizing Pneumonia
Acute Interstitial Pneumonia (Hamman–Rich Syndrome)
Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis
Daptomycin-Induced Eosinophilic Pneumonia
Lymphadenopathy
Sarcoidosis
Kikuchi’s Disease
Gastrointestinal Syndromes
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
Cellulitis Mimics
Wells Disease (Eosinophilic Cellulitis)
Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Erythromelalgia
Osteomyelitis Mimics
Chronic Recurrent Multifocal Osteomyelitis (CRMO)
Synovitis, Acne, Pustulosis, Hyperostosis, Osteitis (SAPHO) Syndrome
Other ID Mimics
Anti-NMDA Receptor Encephalitis
Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome
IgG4-Related Diseases
49 - High Yield Biostatistics
Introduction
Definitions
Common Study Designs in Infectious Diseases
Cross-Sectional
Ecological
Case–Control
Cohort
Randomized Controlled Trial
Types of Statistical Tests for Independent Samples
Types of Statistical Tests
Parametric Tests for Continuous Variables (see Table 49.2)
Logistic Regression
Cox Proportional Hazards
How to Approach Creation of a Multivariable Model
Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests
Measures Used to Evaluate Diagnostic Tests
Predictive Values Calculated Based on Bayes’ Theorem
Likelihood Ratios (LR) and Diagnostic Tests
Receiver-Operator Curve (ROC) and Diagnostic Tests
Meta-Analysis
50 - Commonly Encountered Skin Manifestations in Infectious Disease
BACTERIAL SKIN DISEASES
Impetigo
Ecthyma
Folliculitis
Furuncle/Carbuncle
Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infections
Cutaneous Anthrax (Woolsorter’s Disease) (see Chapter 31)
Corynebacterium spp
Erythema Marginatum (see Chapter 15)
Erythema Migrans (see Chapter 24)
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (RMSF) (see Chapter 30)
Treponema pallidum (see Chapter 21)
Primary Syphilis
Secondary Syphilis
Mycobacterial Skin Diseases
Buruli Ulcer
Leprosy (also called Hansen’s Disease)
Mycobacterium marinum
Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria
FUNGAL SKIN DISEASES
Candida Intertrigo
Oral Candidiasis (see Chapter 11)
Erosio Interdigitalis Blastomycetica
Dermatophyte Infections (see Chapter 29)
Chromoblastomycosis
Dimorphic Mycoses (see Chapter 28)
Coccidioidomycosis
Cutaneous Blastomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Mucocutaneous Paracoccidioidomycosis
Talaromyces marneffei (previously known as Penicillium marneffei)
Sporotrichosis
VIRAL SKIN DISEASES
Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) (see Chapters 23 and 45)
Chickenpox (Primary Varicella Infection)
Herpes Zoster (Varicella Reactivation)
Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV)
Herpes Gladiatorum
Herpes Whitlow
Anogenital HSV
Eczema Herpeticum or Kaposi’s Varicelliform Eruption
Disseminated HSV
Recurrent Erythema Multiforme
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
Common Warts (Verruca vulgaris)
Genital Warts (Condylomata acuminata) (Figs. 50.27 and 50.28)
Other Notable Patterns of HPV-Related Disease
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease (HFMD) (see Chapter 23)
Associated with HIV/AIDS (see Chapters 37 and 39)
Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) (see Chapter 39)
Bacillary Angiomatosis (BA) (see Chapters 31 and 39)
Eosinophilic Folliculitis (EF) aka Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis
Some Quick Additional HIV and Skin Associations
PARASITIC SKIN DISEASES
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Helminthiasis
Cutaneous Larva Migrans
Larva Currens
Gnathostomiasis
INFESTATIONS
Scabies
Bedbug (Cimex lectularius) Bites (Fig. 50.37)
Cutaneous Myiasis
SUMMARY OF CUTANEOUS MANIFESTATIONS OF INFECTION
51 - ID Memory Aids
A–Z of Zoonoses
Food Associations
Environmental Exposures
‘I say…, you say…’
Disease Associations
Clinical Clues
Hematology Hints
Micro Triggers
Pathology Prompts
Radiological Reminders
Where in the World?
Miscellaneous Mishmash
Key Antimicrobials-Associated Adverse Events
Acronyms
6 -
Self-Assessment
Sample Questions
6 -
Self-Assessment
Quiz 1
Quiz 2
Quiz 3
Quiz 4
Quiz 5
Quiz 6
Quiz 7
Quiz 8
Quiz 9
7 -
Self-Assessment Answers
Sample Answers
7 -
Self-Assessment Answers
Answers 1
Answers 2
Answers 3
Answers 4
Answers 5
Answers 6
Answers 7
Answers 8
Answers 9