Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids

Contents......Page 6
Dedication......Page 9
Preface......Page 10
Functions of Drilling Fluids......Page 12
Composition of Drilling Fluids......Page 13
Properties of Drilling Fluids......Page 17
Drilling Fluid Selection......Page 30
Mud Handling Equipment......Page 39
Optimization......Page 44
Removal of Cuttings......Page 49
Pressure Control by Mud Density......Page 52
Birth of the Mud Industry......Page 53
Rapid Growth of the Mud Industry......Page 55
Development of Mud Types or Systems......Page 61
Corrosion Control......Page 70
Different Types of Fluid for Different Drilling Functions......Page 73
Early Oil Company Developments......Page 74
Introduction of Commercial Oil Muds......Page 75
Oil-Base Emulsion (Invert Emulsion) Drilling Fluids......Page 76
Organophilic Clays and Ammonium Humates......Page 77
Annulus Packs......Page 78
Borehole Stabilization by Oil Muds......Page 79
Extreme Borehole Conditions......Page 80
Penetration Rate with Oil Mud......Page 81
Dry Gas Drilling......Page 82
Foam......Page 84
Aerated Mud......Page 85
Gel Foam or Stiff Foam......Page 86
Preformed Stable Foam......Page 87
Gas Drilling Benefits......Page 88
3. Equipment and Procedures for Evaluating Drilling Fluid Performance......Page 102
Sample Preparation......Page 103
Properties Measured......Page 106
Multifunctional Circulating Systems......Page 117
Aging at High Temperature......Page 119
Particle Size Determination......Page 121
Identification of Mineral Constituents......Page 125
Determination of Gas, Oil, and Solids Content......Page 126
Electrical Properties......Page 127
Materials for Regaining Lost Circulation......Page 131
Maintenance of Hole Stability......Page 132
Lubricity......Page 133
Factors Affecting Differential-Pressure Sticking of Drill Pipe......Page 135
Corrosions Tests......Page 136
Foams and Foaming Agents......Page 138
Chemical Analysis......Page 140
Evaluation of Drilling Fluid Materials......Page 143
Characteristics of Colloidal Systems......Page 151
Clay Mineralogy......Page 154
Origin and Occurrence of Clay Minerals......Page 165
Ion Exchange......Page 166
Clay Swelling Mechanisms......Page 168
The Electrostatic Double Layer......Page 173
Particle Association......Page 177
The Mechanism of Gelation......Page 183
Polymers......Page 187
5. The Rheology of Drilling Fluids......Page 195
Laminar Flow Regime......Page 196
Turbulent Flow Regime......Page 232
Influence of Temperature and Pressure on the Rheology of Drilling Fluids......Page 242
Application of Flow Equations to Conditions in the Drilling Well......Page 252
Rheological Properties Required for Optimum Performance......Page 265
The Importance of Hole Stability......Page 287
6. The Filtration Properties of Drilling Fluids......Page 293
Static Filtration......Page 294
The Filter Cake......Page 299
Dynamic Filtration......Page 313
Filtration in the Borehole......Page 319
Surface Tension......Page 332
Wettability......Page 335
Surface Free Energy......Page 336
Adhesion......Page 337
Surfactants......Page 338
Emulsions......Page 339
Oil-Wetting Agents......Page 343
Foams......Page 346
The Effect of Electrochemical Environment on Rock Failure......Page 350
Brief Review of the Geology and Geophysics of Sedimentary Basins......Page 357
Hydrostatic Pore Pressure Gradients......Page 358
Abnormal or Geopressured Gradients......Page 359
The Behavior of Rocks Under Stress......Page 361
The Subsurface Stress Field......Page 365
Stresses Around a Borehole......Page 367
The Influence of Hydraulic Pressure Gradient on Hole Stability......Page 375
Occurrence of Plastic Yielding in the Field......Page 377
Brittle-Plastic Yielding......Page 382
Coal Seams......Page 385
Adsorption and Desorption of Clays and Shales......Page 386
Hydration of the Borehole......Page 388
Control of Borehole Hydration......Page 392
Selection of Mud Type for Maintaining Borehole Stability......Page 400
Drill String Torque and Drag......Page 412
Differential Sticking of the Drill String......Page 416
Slow Drilling Rate......Page 426
Loss of Circulation......Page 445
High Temperatures......Page 465
Corrosion of Drill Pipe......Page 479
The Skin Effect......Page 502
Capillary Phenomena......Page 503
Permeability Impairment by Indigenous Clays......Page 509
Permeability Impairment by Particles from the Drilling Mud......Page 523
Prevention of Formation Damage......Page 530
Selection of Completion and Workover Fluids......Page 533
Tests for Potential Formation-Damage by Completion Fluids......Page 542
Functions and Requirements......Page 544
Aqueous Packer Fluids......Page 545
Oil-Base Packer Fluids and Casing Packs......Page 547
Drilling Fluids Industry Products......Page 553
Water......Page 554
Materials to Increase Density......Page 555
Clays......Page 564
Attapulgus Clay......Page 570
Asbestos......Page 573
Organic Polymers......Page 574
Thinners: Mud-Conditioning Agents......Page 591
Common Inorganic Chemicals......Page 603
Lost Circulation Materials......Page 606
Surfactants......Page 609
Bituminous Materials......Page 611
Environmental Aspects of Drilling Fluids......Page 612
Appendix A: Conversion Factors......Page 629
Appendix B: Abbreviations Used in References......Page 633
C......Page 646
D......Page 647
F......Page 648
H......Page 649
M......Page 650
P......Page 651
S......Page 652
T......Page 653
Z......Page 654