Composites in Biomedical Applications

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: The Hip Joint and Total Hip Replacement
Contents
1.1. Introduction
1.2. Implant Fixation Methods
1.3. Total Hip Replacement Failure
1.3.1. Osteolysis
1.3.2. Primary Stability
1.3.3. Stress Shielding
1.3.4. Cement Failure
1.3.5. Debonding
1.3.6. Implant Fracture
1.4. Material and Geometry of Artificial Hip Joint Constituents
1.4.1. Femoral Head and Acetabular Cup
1.4.2. Femoral Prosthesis (STEM)
1.4.3. Femoral Prosthesis Geometry
1.4.4. Femoral Prosthesis Materials
1.5. Surface Finishing
1.6. Materials Utilized in Artificial Hip Joint Components
1.6.1. Metals
1.6.2. Polymers
1.6.3. Ceramics
1.6.4. Composites
1.7. Numerical Methods in Hip Joint Biomechanics and Implant Study
1.8. Load Transfer in the Proximal Femur
1.9. Bone
1.10. Conclusion
References
Chapter 2: A Review of Biocomposites in Biomedical Application
Contents
2.1. Introduction
2.2. Value of Fuels and Lignocellulose as Raw Material
2.2.1. Plant-based Natural Fibers
2.2.2. Cellulose-based Natural Fibers
2.2.3. Biocomposites
2.3. Biomaterials in Biomedicine
2.3.1. Biomaterial Classifications
2.3.2. Application of Natural Fiber Biocomposite in Biomedicine
2.4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Biocomposites in Advanced Biomedical and Electronic Systems Applications
Contents
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Biopolymer Processing and its Development
3.2.1. Extrusion
3.2.2. Injection Molding
3.3. Electronics Applications of Biocomposites
3.3.1. Biocomposite Materials in the Field of LEDs
3.3.2. Biosensors and Actuators
3.3.3. Supercapacitors
3.3.4. Photodiodes and Photovoltaic Solar Cells
3.3.5. Other Electrical Applications of Biopolymers
3.4. Biopolymers in Medical Applications
3.4.1. Biopolymer Uses in Bone Tissue Engineering (BTE)
3.4.2. Scaffolds Including Calcium Phosphate (CaP)
3.4.3. Structure and Organization of Protein Biopolymers
3.4.4. Polymeric Biomaterials in Ophthalmology
3.4.5. Polymeric Biomaterials for Cardiovascular Disease Therapy
3.5. Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: Resin-Based Composites in Dentistry—A Review
Contents
4.1. Introduction: Resin-Based Composites (RBC)
4.1.1. Matrix in Resin-Based Composite
4.1.2. Fillers in Resin-Based Composite
4.1.3. Additives in Resin-Based Composite
4.2. Polymerization of Resin-Based Composites
4.2.1. Kinetics of Photopolymerization Reaction
4.2.2. Oxygen Inhibited Layer
4.2.3. Post-Polymerization Reaction
4.3. Photoinitiators
4.3.1. Camphorquinone (CQ)
4.3.2. Recent Photoinitiators
4.3.2.1. Acyl Phosphine Oxide (APO)
4.3.2.2. Phenyl Propanedione (PPD)
4.3.2.3. Germanium-Based Photoinitiator
4.4. Bulk-Fill Resin-Based Composites
4.4.1. Techniques for Resin-Based Composite Application
4.4.1.1. Incremental Technique
4.4.1.2. Bulk-Fill Technique
4.4.2. Bulk-Fill Resin-Based Composites
4.4.3. Properties of Bulk-Fill Composites
4.4.3.1. Polymerization Shrinkage and Stress
4.4.3.2. Cuspal Flexure
4.4.3.3. Marginal Adaptability
4.5. Light Curing Units
4.5.1. Quartz-Tungsten-Halogen Light (QTH)
4.5.2. Plasma-Arc Light (PAC)
4.5.3. Argon-Ion Laser (AL)
4.5.4. Light-Emitting Diode (LED)
4.5.5. Development in Light-Emitting Diode
4.5.5.1. First-Generation LED
4.5.5.2. Second-Generation LED
4.5.5.3. Third-Generation LED
4.6. Effectiveness of Cure of Resin-Based Composites
4.6.1. Vibrational Spectroscopy
4.6.2. ISO 4049 Method
4.6.3. Surface Hardness (SH)
4.7. The Influence of Curing Light Distance on the Effectiveness of Cure of Resin-Based Composites
4.8. Summary
References
Chapter 5: Classifications and Applications of Biocomposite Materials in Various Biomedical Fields
Contents
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Biomaterials
5.2.1. Biomaterials: Evolution
5.2.2. Classes of Biomaterials
5.2.3. Metals and Alloys
5.2.4. Bioceramics
5.2.5. Biopolymers
5.3. Biocomposites
5.3.1. Types of Biocomposites
5.3.2. Properties of Biocomposites
5.3.3. Applications of Biocomposites
5.4. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 6: Conceptual Design of Composite Crutches
Contents
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Methodology
6.2.1. Market Investigation
6.2.2. Product Design Specification (PDS)
6.2.3. Conceptual Design
6.2.4. Detailed Design
6.3. Results and Discussions
6.3.1. Market Investigation
6.3.2. Product Design Specification (PDS)
6.3.3. Conceptual Design
6.3.3.1. Concept Generation
6.3.3.2. Design Evaluation
6.4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Conceptual Design of Kenaf Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Chair with Input from Anthropometric Data
Contents
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Methods
7.3. Results and Discussion
7.3.1. Anthropometric Data Analysis
7.3.1.1. Anthropometric Data Evaluation of Malaysian Adults
7.3.1.2. Anthropometric Data Comparison between Students with Chair Dimensions
7.3.2. Mismatches between Chair
7.3.3. Detail Design of Biocomposite Chair with Inputs from AD
7.4. Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: A Review on Nanocellulose Composites in Biomedical Application
Contents
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Biocompatibility and Toxicology of Nanocellulose Composites
8.3. Biomedical Application of Nanocellulose Composites
8.3.1. Pharmaceutical
8.3.2. Wound Dressings and Skin Substitutes
8.3.3. Cardiovascular Medical Devices
8.3.4. Orthopedics
8.3.5. Dental
8.3.6. Ophthalmologic Application
8.4. Conclusion
References
Chapter 9: Medical Rubber Glove Waste As Potential Filler Materials in Polymer Composites
Contents
9.1. Introduction
9.1.1. General Overview of Rubber Gloves
9.1.2. Rubber Glove Types
9.1.3. Medical Rubber Glove Manufacturing
9.1.4. Medical Rubber Glove Properties
9.2. Incorporation of Waste Rubber Products in the Composites Industry
9.3. Incorporation of Waste Medical Rubber Gloves in the Composite Industry
9.4. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 10: Fabrication and Properties of Polylactic Acid/Hydroxyapatite Biocomposites for Human Bone Substitute Materials
Contents
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Fabrication Techniques of PLA/HAP Biocomposite
10.3. Properties of PLA/HAP Biocomposite
10.4. Thermal Properties
10.5. Mechanical Properties
10.6. Melt Flow Properties
10.7. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 11: Hydrogel-Based Composites in Perfusion Cell Culture/Test Device: Drug Delivery through Diffusion
Contents
11.1. Introduction
11.1.1. Background
11.1.2. Perfusion Cell Culture/Test Device
11.2. Theoretical Basis
11.2.1. Kinetic Theories of Diffusion in Composite Membrane
11.2.2. Basic Fluid Dynamics in Perfusion Channels
11.3. Materials and Experimental Approaches
11.3.1. Preparation of Hydrogel-Based Composite Membrane
11.3.2. Purification Treatment of Hydrogel-Based Composite
11.3.3. Experimental Approaches for Tests
11.4. Experimental Results
11.4.1. Glucose Release Rate
11.4.2. Capacity of Absorption
11.5. Drug Delivery through Diffusion
11.5.1. Glucose from Culture Chamber to Drug Delivery Reservoir
11.5.2. Testing Drug from Delivery Reservoir to Culture Chamber
11.6. Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Chapter 12: Nanocomposites for Human Body Tissue Repair
Contents
12.1. Introduction
12.1.1. The Composite Approach
12.1.2. Classification of Biomedical Composites
12.2. Matrix, Reinforcement, and Interface in Biomedical Composites
12.2.1. Matrix Materials
12.2.2. Reinforcements
12.2.3. Interface
12.3. Design and Fabrication of Nanocomposites
12.3.1. Design of Nanocomposites
12.3.2. Fabrication Techniques
12.4. Characterization, Performance, and Applications of Nanocomposites
12.4.1. Characterization of Biomedical Nanocomposites
12.4.2. Physical and Mechanical Properties of Biomedical Nanocomposites
12.4.2.1. Tensile Testing
12.4.2.2. Compression Testing
12.4.2.3. Flexural Testing
12.4.2.4. Microhardness Testing
12.4.2.5. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis
12.4.3. Biological Evaluation of Biomedical Nanocomposites
12.4.3.1. Cell Viability
12.4.3.2. Cell Adhesion and Cell Morphology
12.4.3.3. Cell Differentiation
12.4.3.4. In Vivo Animal Study
12.4.4. Medical Applications of Nanocomposites
12.5. Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 13: Advances in Marine Skeletal Nanocomposites for Bone Repair
Contents
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Natural Bone Structure
13.3. Nanomaterials and Nanostructures
13.4. Marine Skeletal Nanostructures
13.5. Bioceramic-Polymer Nanocomposites
13.5.1. Advanced Scaffold Fabrication Techniques
13.6. Marine Nanocomposites
13.7. Conclusion
References
Chapter 14: Magnesium Metal Matrix Composites for Biomedical Applications
Contents
14.1. Introduction
14.2. Magnesium Composite Materials and Applications
14.2.1. Magnesium Composite Materials
14.2.2. Applications
14.2.3. Types of Reinforcements
14.2.3.1. Alumina (Al2O3)
14.2.3.2. Zirconia (ZrO2)
14.2.3.3. Carbon
14.2.3.4. Calcium Phosphate Ceramics (CPC)
14.2.3.5. Other Reinforcements
14.3. Manufacturing Methods
14.3.1. Solid State
14.3.2. Liquid State
14.3.2.1. Electroplating
14.3.2.2. Stir Casting
14.3.2.3. Squeeze Casting
14.3.3. Vapor State
14.4. Characterization of Magnesium Composites
14.4.1. Microstructure Evolution
14.4.2. Mechanical Properties
14.4.3. Biological Properties
14.5. Biological Corrosion
14.5.1. Corrosion Mechanisms
14.5.2. Types of Biological Corrosion
14.5.2.1. Galvanic Corrosion
14.5.2.2. Granular Corrosion
14.5.2.3. Pitting Corrosion
14.5.2.4. Crevice Corrosion
14.5.2.5. Fretting Corrosion
14.5.2.6. Erosion Corrosion
14.5.2.7. Stress Corrosion
14.5.2.8. Corrosion Fatigue
14.6. Conclusion
References
Index