Complications of Urologic Surgery: Prevention and Management

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Complications of Urologic Surgery: Prevention and Management, 4th Edition, by Samir S. Taneja, MD, is a urology resource that presents current management strategies-with an emphasis on prevention-for the most effective patient care. Recognized leaders in the field address both office-based complications as well as common and uncommon surgical complications arising from open and minimally invasive urologic surgery, to equip you to handle a wide range of situations. Best of all, this resource includes a companion website featuring the complete text of the book, along with case studies, multiple choice questions, and more, for convenient reference and review.. Emphasizes prevention over quick fixes for more effective handling of urologic complications and better patient outcomes. . Covers both acute and long-term care of patients with urologic complications to equip you to manage more cases. . Features the work of recognized leaders in urology for guidance you can trust.. Provides online access through expertconsult.com where you'll find the complete text of the book, case studies that place prevention and management in the context of daily practice, multiple-choice questions that test your knowledge of the material, and references linked to Medline. . Offers up-to-date management approaches of urologic complications to help you stay on top of issues and controversies as you incorporate new surgical techniques into your practice. . Presents a new section on minimally invasive complications that address the challenges arising from laparoscopic and robotic techniques. . Includes a discreet medical complications section that enables you to stay up to date with this rapidly changing area of urology and understand the risks and benefits of the newest hormone and chemotherapeutic regimens. . Uses Key Points at the top of each chapter to help you find information quickly and study for the boards more efficiently. . Features a new, four-color format and illustrations that highlight important points within the text.Your purchase entitles you to access the web site until the next edition is published, or until the current edition is no longer offered for sale by Elsevier, whichever occurs first. Elsevier reserves the right to offer a suitable replacement product (such as a downloadable or CD-ROM-based electronic version) should access to the web site be discontinued.

Author(s): Samir S. Taneja
Edition: 4
Year: 2009

Language: English
Pages: 705

Copyright page......Page 2
Dedication......Page 3
PREFACE......Page 4
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS......Page 5
IMPACT OF HOST FACTORS AND COMORBID CONDITIONS......Page 12
OBESITY......Page 13
Prostate Cancer......Page 14
Bladder Cancer......Page 15
MALNUTRITION......Page 16
INFECTION AND UROSEPSIS......Page 17
QUANTIFYING COMORBIDITY......Page 18
REFERENCES......Page 20
PREOPERATIVE PULMONARY ASSESSMENT AND POSTOPERATIVE PULMONARY REHABILITATION......Page 21
ATELECTASIS AND RESPIRATORY INFECTION......Page 22
PULMONARY EMBOLISM......Page 23
PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF OPEN AND LAPAROSCOPIC UROLOGIC SURGERY......Page 24
PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS OF PERCUTANEOUS NEPHROLITHOTOMY......Page 25
PATIENTS WITH PRIOR BLEOMYCIN CHEMOTHERAPY......Page 26
REFERENCES......Page 27
Clinical Risk Factors......Page 28
Exercise Capacity......Page 29
Overall Risk Assessment......Page 30
Resting Electrocardiogram......Page 31
PREOPERATIVE AND PERIOPERATIVE MEDICAL THERAPY......Page 32
Noninvasive Testing......Page 33
Recommendations Regarding Preoperative Aspirin and Clopidogrel Use......Page 34
Severe Regurgitant Lesions (Aortic Insufficiency and Mitral Insufficiency)......Page 35
Nonsustained Ventricular Tachycardia......Page 36
REFERENCES......Page 37
PREOPERATIVE EVALUATION......Page 38
Red Blood Cells......Page 39
Platelets......Page 40
Rare Inherited Factor Deficiencies......Page 41
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation......Page 42
Vitamin K–related Disorders......Page 43
ANTICOAGULATED PATIENT......Page 44
MANAGEMENT OF INTRAOPERATIVE BLEEDING......Page 45
Physiology......Page 46
Management......Page 47
Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism......Page 48
Management......Page 49
REFERENCES......Page 51
Management of Comorbidities and Complications......Page 52
Fluid and Electrolyte Considerations......Page 53
Mechanism......Page 54
Risk Factors......Page 55
Management......Page 56
Pathophysiology of Obstructive Nephropathy......Page 57
Evaluation and Management......Page 58
Gastrointestinal Transport of Water and Electrolytes......Page 59
Jejunum......Page 60
Altered Sensorium......Page 61
REFERENCES......Page 62
Preanesthetic Evaluation......Page 63
Risk of Anticoagulation......Page 64
Patient-Specific Risk Stratification......Page 65
Difficult Airway......Page 66
Pneumothorax......Page 67
Malignant Hyperthermia......Page 68
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting......Page 69
Regional Anesthesia......Page 70
Postdural Puncture Headache......Page 71
Inadvertent Intravascular Injection......Page 72
Spinal Hematoma......Page 73
Combined Intravenous and Intramuscular Ephedrine for Cardiovascular Stability......Page 74
Perineal Approach......Page 75
Indications of Penile Block (Adults Only)......Page 76
INTRAOPERATIVE PENILE ERECTION......Page 77
Narcotics......Page 78
The Sleep Apnea Patient......Page 79
Hemodynamics......Page 80
Early Symptoms......Page 81
Myth and Reality......Page 82
Mechanical Effects of Carbon Dioxide Insufflation......Page 83
Splanchnic Blood Flow......Page 84
Choice of Airway......Page 85
Pneumopericardium, Pneumomediastinum, and Pneumothorax......Page 86
Advantage of Low Pressure and Normobaric Gasless Laparoscopy......Page 87
REFERENCES......Page 88
Infertility......Page 89
Hematuria......Page 90
Antidepressants......Page 91
Priapism......Page 92
Medications for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia......Page 93
Erectile Dysfunction Medications......Page 94
Overactive Bladder Medications......Page 95
REFERENCES......Page 97
Overview of Complications......Page 98
Local Toxicity......Page 99
Granulomatous Complications......Page 100
Continuing Therapy and Maintenance......Page 101
Intravesical Chemotherapy......Page 102
Mitomycin C......Page 103
Doxorubicin and Epirubicin......Page 104
REFERENCES......Page 105
Estrogens......Page 106
Luteinizing Hormone–releasing Hormone Agonists......Page 107
Nonsteroidal Antiandrogens......Page 108
Steroidal Antiandrogens......Page 109
MANAGEMENT OF HORMONAL THERAPY–RELATED TOXICITY......Page 110
Sexual Function......Page 111
Hot Flashes......Page 112
Gynecomastia and Mastodynia......Page 113
Osteoporosis......Page 114
Anemia and Fatigue......Page 116
Cardiovascular Complications......Page 117
Cognitive and Emotional Changes......Page 118
REFERENCES......Page 119
Nausea and Vomiting......Page 120
Myelosuppression......Page 121
Secondary Malignant Diseases......Page 122
Bleomycin......Page 123
Doxorubicin......Page 124
Sorafenib......Page 125
REFERENCES......Page 126
RADIOBIOLOGY......Page 127
Gastrointestinal Toxicity......Page 128
Cardiac Toxicity......Page 129
Secondary Cancers......Page 130
Limiting Radiation Therapy......Page 131
PELVIC RADIATION THERAPY......Page 132
Acute Toxicity......Page 133
Radiation Cystitis......Page 135
Urethral Stricture and Bladder Neck Contracture......Page 136
Management of Urethral Strictures......Page 137
Urinary Fistulas......Page 138
Erectile Dysfunction......Page 139
Cancer Risk......Page 140
REFERENCES......Page 141
Percutaneous Nephrostomy for Obstruction......Page 142
Colon Perforation......Page 143
Dislodged Catheter......Page 144
Antegrade Ureteral Stent Placement......Page 145
Fluid and Abscess Drainage......Page 147
Percutaneous Image-Guided Tumor Ablation of Renal Cell Carcinoma......Page 149
Renal Artery Angioplasty......Page 150
REFERENCES......Page 152
STEINSTRASSE......Page 153
CARDIAC ARRYHTHMIAS......Page 154
INJURIES OF THE LIVER, SPLEEN, AND PANCREAS......Page 155
URINARY FISTULAS......Page 156
RENAL INSUFFICIENCY......Page 157
REFERENCES......Page 158
COMPLICATIONS OF RENAL TISSUE ABLATION......Page 159
PATIENT SELECTION......Page 160
Percutaneous Cryoablation......Page 161
Follow-up......Page 162
Clinical Complications......Page 163
Pain or Paraesthesia at the Probe Insertion Site......Page 164
REFERENCES......Page 165
Obstructive Voiding Symptoms......Page 166
Irritative Voiding Symptoms......Page 168
Urethral Stricture......Page 169
Rectal Complications......Page 170
Urinary Fistula......Page 171
SEED MIGRATION AND OTHER COMPLICATIONS......Page 172
REFERENCES......Page 173
MECHANISM OF TISSUE ABLATION BY CRYOTHERAPY......Page 174
Salvage Treatment......Page 175
Cryotherapy Procedure......Page 176
COMPLICATIONS......Page 177
Impotence......Page 178
Pelvic and Rectal Pain......Page 179
Fistula......Page 180
CONCLUSION......Page 181
REFERENCES......Page 182
Therapeutic Modalities and Thermal Effects on the Prostate......Page 183
Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy......Page 184
Prostatron......Page 185
CoreTherm......Page 186
Morbidities......Page 187
Morbidities......Page 188
Morbidities......Page 189
Laser Prostatectomy......Page 190
Clinical Experience......Page 191
Morbidities......Page 192
REFERENCES......Page 194
What Is a Laser?......Page 195
Laser Beam Characteristics......Page 196
Laser-tissue Interaction......Page 197
Potassium-titanyl-phosphate Laser......Page 198
Laser Lithotripsy......Page 199
Laser Treatment of Transitional Cell Carcinoma......Page 200
Laser Incision of Urethral and Ureteral Strictures......Page 202
LASER SAFETY......Page 203
Eye Protection......Page 204
REFERENCES......Page 205
ASSESSING QUALITY OF CARE IN UROLOGIC SURGERY......Page 206
Structural Component of Quality Defined......Page 207
MEASURING QUALITY OF CARE......Page 208
QUALITY OF CARE ASSESSMENT IN SURGERY......Page 210
Prostate Cancer......Page 212
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia......Page 214
CONCLUSION......Page 215
REFERENCES......Page 216
Prevention and Management......Page 217
Definition......Page 218
Risk Stratification......Page 219
Preoperative and Intraoperative Techniques......Page 220
Diagnosis and Management......Page 221
Suture Selection and Technique......Page 222
Layered Versus Mass Closure......Page 223
Upper Extremity Nerve Injuries......Page 224
Injuries to the Femoral Nerve......Page 225
Injuries Resulting From Lithotomy Position......Page 226
REFERENCES......Page 228
VASCULAR INSTRUMENTATION......Page 229
Control of Hemorrhage......Page 230
VASCULAR SUBSTITUTES......Page 232
Aortic Injury......Page 233
Lumbar Artery......Page 234
Renal Vein/Interior Vena Cava Thrombus Extraction......Page 235
Hypogastric (Internal Iliac) Venous Hemorrhage......Page 239
Renal Vein Hemorrhage......Page 240
REFERENCES......Page 241
ILEUS......Page 242
BOWEL OBSTRUCTION......Page 243
Reoperation......Page 245
ENTEROCUTANEOUS FISTULA......Page 246
INTRA-ABDOMINAL ABSCESS......Page 248
VOLVULUS......Page 249
STAPLING COMPLICATIONS......Page 250
VESICOENTERIC FISTULA......Page 251
REFERENCES......Page 252
Presentation......Page 253
Prevention......Page 254
Management......Page 255
Etiology......Page 256
Prevention......Page 257
Management......Page 258
Etiology......Page 260
Presentation......Page 261
Prevention......Page 262
Management......Page 263
Presentation......Page 264
Management......Page 265
REFERENCES......Page 266
COMPLICATIONS OF TRANSURETHRAL RESECTION OF THE PROSTATE......Page 267
SURGICAL INSTRUMENTATION......Page 268
IRRIGATING SOLUTION......Page 269
Infection......Page 270
Patient Positioning......Page 271
Technique for Benign Adenomatous Hypertrophy......Page 272
Technique for Carcinoma of the Prostate......Page 273
Technique for Prostatic Abscess......Page 274
Meatal Stenosis......Page 275
Perineal Urethrostomy......Page 276
Bleeding......Page 277
Undermining of the Trigone......Page 278
Extravasation of Fluid......Page 279
Urinary Obstruction and Retention......Page 280
REFERENCES......Page 282
IRRIGATING SOLUTIONS......Page 283
Infection......Page 284
Diffuse Carcinoma In Situ......Page 285
Tumor in Bladder Diverticula......Page 286
Postoperative Bleeding......Page 287
Bladder Perforation......Page 288
Infection......Page 289
REFERENCES......Page 290
PATIENT SELECTION......Page 291
TECHNIQUE OF UPPER URINARY TRACT ENDOSCOPY......Page 292
Mucosal Tear of Ureter......Page 296
Ureteral Intussusception......Page 297
Ureteral Avulsion......Page 299
Urinary Tract Infection, Bacteremia, and Sepsis......Page 300
Periureteral Fluid Collection (Irrigation Fluid, Urinoma, or Hematoma, Sterile or Infected)......Page 301
Stricture Formation......Page 302
Retained Stents......Page 303
REFERENCES......Page 304
Intraoperative Hemorrhage......Page 305
Postoperative Hemorrhage......Page 306
Perforation and Extravasation......Page 307
Retained Foreign Bodies......Page 309
Tumor Seeding......Page 310
Injury Resulting From Energy Sources......Page 311
Lung and Pleura......Page 312
Small Intestine......Page 313
Infection and Sepsis......Page 314
Positioning-related Injuries......Page 315
CONCLUSION......Page 316
REFERENCES......Page 317
ANESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS......Page 318
POSITIONING AND NEUROMUSCULAR INJURIES......Page 319
ACCESS INJURIES......Page 320
VASCULAR INJURIES......Page 321
ABDOMINAL ORGAN INJURIES......Page 323
ELECTROSURGICAL COMPLICATIONS......Page 324
MECHANICAL MALFUNCTION......Page 325
CONCLUSION......Page 326
REFERENCES......Page 327
Rhabdomyolysis......Page 328
Vessel and Viscus Injury......Page 329
Transperitoneal Laparoscopy: Needle and Trocar Injuries......Page 330
Bowel Injury......Page 331
Left Side......Page 332
Port Site Bowel Complications......Page 333
Donor Nephrectomy......Page 334
Renal Cyst Decortication......Page 335
Partial Nephrectomy......Page 336
REFERENCES......Page 338
Patient Selection......Page 339
Transperitoneal Approach......Page 340
Positioning the Robot Working-Element......Page 342
INTRAOPERATIVE SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS......Page 343
Visceral (Bladder and Bowel) Injury......Page 344
Port Hernias and Wound Dehiscence......Page 345
Urinary Tract Infection and Wound Infection......Page 346
INTERMEDIATE AND LATE POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS AND CONSEQUENCES......Page 347
REFERENCES......Page 348
Operative Planning......Page 349
Minimally Invasive Pyeloplasty......Page 350
Minimally Invasive Ureteral Reconstruction......Page 351
Minimally Invasive Pyeloplasty......Page 352
Minimally Invasive Ureteral Reimplantation......Page 355
Minimally Invasive Transureteroureterostomy......Page 356
REFERENCES......Page 357
PREOPERATIVE PREPARATION AND PATIENT SELECTION......Page 358
Pelvic Surgery......Page 359
Port-related Complications......Page 360
General Considerations......Page 361
Pelvic Surgery......Page 362
Bleeding Complications......Page 363
Infection......Page 364
CONCLUSION......Page 365
REFERENCES......Page 366
Urologic Complications......Page 367
Anterior Incisions......Page 368
Flank Incisions......Page 369
Lumbodorsal Incisions......Page 370
Preoperative Embolization......Page 371
Hematoma......Page 372
Pancreas......Page 373
Liver......Page 374
Diaphragm......Page 375
Tumor Thrombus......Page 376
Cytoreductive Nephrectomy......Page 378
Donor Nephrectomy......Page 379
REFERENCES......Page 380
PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 381
GENERAL COMPLICATIONS......Page 382
Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy: Incidence......Page 384
Positive Margin......Page 385
Bleeding......Page 386
Infarct......Page 388
Urine Leak......Page 389
Renal Function......Page 392
REFERENCES......Page 393
PATIENT SELECTION......Page 394
Hypertensive Crisis......Page 396
Intimal Dissection......Page 397
Aortorenal Bypass......Page 398
Pediatric Population......Page 399
Surgery for Renal Artery Dissection......Page 400
REFERENCES......Page 401
HISTORY OF OPEN RENAL SURGERY......Page 402
RENAL ANATOMY......Page 403
PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 404
Pulmonary Emboli......Page 405
Complications Associated With Vascular Manipulation......Page 406
Stone Migration......Page 407
Hypertension......Page 408
Chemolysis......Page 409
REFERENCES......Page 410
Multiple Vessels......Page 411
Cardiovascular Disease......Page 412
Obstruction......Page 413
Reflux......Page 414
Hematomas......Page 415
Renal Artery Stenosis......Page 416
Renal Artery Thrombosis......Page 417
Lymphocele......Page 418
GRAFT REJECTION......Page 419
REFERENCES......Page 420
PREOPERATIVE PLANNING......Page 421
General Principles......Page 422
Transureteroureterostomy......Page 423
Boari Bladder Flap......Page 424
Ileal Ureter......Page 425
POSTOPERATIVE ERRORS......Page 426
Ureteral Stricture......Page 427
REFERENCES......Page 428
Hyperaldosteronism......Page 429
Cushing’s Syndrome......Page 430
Pheochromocytoma......Page 431
SURGICAL APPROACHES AND INTRAOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS......Page 432
Cushing’s Syndrome......Page 438
REFERENCES......Page 439
Radical Prostatectomy......Page 440
Nerve Injuries......Page 441
Technical Highlights and Intraoperative Techniques to Avoid Injury......Page 442
Intraoperative Techniques to Avoid Injury and Postoperative Treatment......Page 443
Lymphocele......Page 444
Management......Page 445
RETROPERITONEAL LYMPH NODE DISSECTION......Page 446
Venous Complications......Page 447
Management and Intraoperative Techniques to Avoid Retroperitoneal Lymphoceles and Chylous Ascites......Page 449
Anatomy and Neurophysiology of Antegrade Ejaculation......Page 450
Intraoperative Techniques to Avoid Autonomic Nerve Injury......Page 451
Anatomic Considerations......Page 452
Lymphedema......Page 453
REFERENCES......Page 454
COMPLICATIONS OF RADICAL CYSTECTOMY......Page 455
Hemorrhage......Page 456
Rectal Injury......Page 459
Venous Thromboembolism......Page 460
Ileus......Page 461
Bowel Leak and Enterocutaneous Fistula......Page 462
Wound Infection and Fascial Dehiscence......Page 463
Anterior Apical Dissection in the Male Patient......Page 464
Anterior Dissection in the Female Patient......Page 466
COMPLICATIONS OF CYSTECTOMY AFTER RADIATION THERAPY AND TOTAL PELVIC EXENTERATION......Page 468
ACKNOWLEDGMENT......Page 469
REFERENCES......Page 470
Hemorrhage......Page 471
Incontinence......Page 472
Osteitis Pubis......Page 473
Impotence and Sexual Dysfunction......Page 474
REFERENCES......Page 475
Hemorrhage......Page 476
Rectal Injury......Page 477
Persistent Fistula......Page 478
Urethral Stricture and Bladder Neck Contracture......Page 479
REFERENCES......Page 480
PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 481
Bleeding......Page 482
Rectal Injury......Page 484
Urinary Leak......Page 485
Loss of Catheter......Page 486
Impotence......Page 487
Incontinence......Page 488
Bladder Neck Contracture......Page 489
SALVAGE PROSTATECTOMY......Page 490
REFERENCES......Page 491
LONG-TERM ONCOLOGIC OUTCOMES......Page 492
MEASUREMENT OF HEALTH-RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE OUTCOMES FOLLOWING PROSTATECTOMY......Page 494
Anastomotic Stricture......Page 495
Urinary Function......Page 496
Urinary Bother......Page 497
Sexual Function......Page 498
CONCLUSION......Page 499
REFERENCES......Page 500
PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 501
Selection of Bowel Segment......Page 502
Selecting the Length of Bowel......Page 503
Conduit......Page 504
Bowel......Page 505
Stoma......Page 506
Stomal Stenosis......Page 507
Ureteroileal Anastomotic Leak......Page 511
Anastomotic Strictures......Page 512
Pyelonephritis and Renal Damage......Page 513
REFERENCES......Page 514
PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS......Page 515
Problems Related to Catheterization......Page 517
Infections......Page 518
Pouch Stones......Page 519
Ureteral Pouch Obstruction......Page 521
Difficulty With Catheterizing......Page 522
Afferent Antireflux Mechanism......Page 523
Parastomal Hernia......Page 524
REFERENCES......Page 525
PATIENT SELECTION AND CONTRAINDICATIONS TO ORTHOTOPIC DIVERSION......Page 526
SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS......Page 527
Bowel Complications......Page 528
Urethral Anastomotic Complications......Page 530
Ureterointestinal Anastomotic Complications......Page 531
Fistulas......Page 533
Voiding Dysfunction......Page 535
Urethral and Pelvic Tumor Recurrence......Page 536
REFERENCES......Page 537
SHORT-TERM COMPLICATIONS......Page 538
Urinary Tract Infection and Bacteriuria......Page 539
Stones......Page 540
Carcinoma......Page 541
Bowel Dysfunction......Page 542
Pregnancy......Page 543
REFERENCES......Page 544
TYPES OF INCONTINENCE......Page 545
Stress Incontinence Operations......Page 546
PREVENTION OF COMPLICATIONS......Page 548
Risk Factors......Page 549
Bleeding......Page 550
Urethral Injury......Page 551
Bladder Injury......Page 552
Voiding Dysfunction and Urinary Retention......Page 553
Vaginal Extrusion and Urinary Tract Erosion......Page 555
Sexual Dysfunction......Page 556
Botulinum Toxin A......Page 557
REFERENCES......Page 558
PREOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS......Page 559
Bone-Anchored Sling......Page 560
Inflatable Balloon Compression......Page 561
Urethral Injury......Page 562
Acute Urinary Retention......Page 563
Infection and Erosion......Page 564
Urethral Atrophy......Page 565
Infection and Erosion......Page 566
Prolonged Pain and Paresthesia......Page 567
CONCLUSION......Page 568
REFERENCES......Page 569
COMPLICATIONS OF DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES......Page 570
COMPLICATIONS OF INTERNAL URETHROTOMY......Page 573
COMPLICATIONS OF OPEN SURGICAL PROCEDURES......Page 574
Excision and Primary Anastomosis for Posterior Disruptions......Page 575
Excision and Primary Anastomosis for Proximal Anterior Strictures......Page 576
Tissue Transfer Reconstruction......Page 577
CONCLUSION......Page 579
REFERENCES......Page 580
COMPLICATIONS OF SURGERY FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION AND PEYRONIE’S DISEASE......Page 581
INFECTION......Page 582
MECHANICAL MALFUNCTION......Page 584
SST DEFORMITY......Page 586
PEYRONIE’S DISEASE SURGERY COMPLICATIONS......Page 587
Plaque Manipulation Surgery......Page 588
Penile Prosthesis Surgery......Page 589
REFERENCES......Page 590
PRINCIPLES OF SCROTAL SURGERY......Page 591
VASECTOMY......Page 593
Specific Complications and Their Treatment......Page 594
VARICOCELECTOMY......Page 595
HYDROCELECTOMY......Page 596
Specific Complications and Their Treatment......Page 597
Specific Complications and Their Treatment......Page 598
VASECTOMY REVERSAL......Page 599
SPERM HARVESTING PROCEDURES......Page 600
SPERMATOCELECTOMY AND EPIDIDYMECTOMY......Page 602
REFERENCES......Page 603
Psychosocial Preparation......Page 604
Laboratory Evaluation......Page 605
Important Medical Conditions......Page 606
Latex Precautions......Page 607
Hypothermia......Page 608
Complications of Circumcision......Page 609
Orchiopexy......Page 610
Complications of Pyeloplasty......Page 611
Nausea and Vomiting......Page 612
Fluid and Electrolyte Management......Page 613
Pain Management......Page 614
CONCLUSION......Page 615
REFERENCES......Page 616
Laparoscopic Approach: Transperitoneal Versus Retroperitoneal......Page 617
Anesthesia......Page 618
TOTAL NEPHRECTOMY......Page 619
PARTIAL NEPHRECTOMY......Page 620
Diagnostic Laparoscopy......Page 621
PYELOPLASTY......Page 622
TREATMENT OF VESICOURETERAL REFLUX......Page 624
LAPAROSCOPIC VARICOCELECTOMY......Page 625
COMPLICATIONS OF PEDIATRIC LAPAROSCOPY......Page 626
CONCLUSION......Page 627
REFERENCES......Page 628
IN UTERO INTERVENTION......Page 629
Outcomes......Page 631
INITIAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES......Page 632
Primary Valve Ablation......Page 633
Alternatives to Valve Ablation: Cutaneous Vesicostomy and Upper Tract Diversion......Page 634
Controversies in Initial Management of Posterior Urethral Valves......Page 635
PROGNOSIS FOLLOWING INITIAL THERAPY......Page 638
BLADDER DYSFUNCTION......Page 639
DELAYED PRESENTATION OF POSTERIOR URETHRAL VALVES......Page 641
PROGRESSION TO END-STAGE RENAL DISEASE AND RENAL TRANSPLANTATION......Page 642
REFERENCES......Page 643
Risks of Medical Management......Page 644
Low Urine Output......Page 645
Infections and Voiding Dysfunction......Page 646
Ureteral Obstruction......Page 647
Contralateral Reflux......Page 649
COMPLICATIONS OF ENDOSCOPIC CORRECTION OF VESICOURETERAL REFLUX......Page 650
SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF MEGAURETER REPAIR......Page 651
SURGICAL COMPLICATIONS OF URETEROCELE REPAIR......Page 652
CONCLUSION......Page 653
REFERENCES......Page 654
COMPLICATIONS OF EXSTROPHY AND EPISPADIAS REPAIR......Page 655
Infection......Page 656
Wound Tension and Mobility......Page 658
Osteotomy Complications......Page 660
Penile Complications......Page 661
Late Postoperative State......Page 662
Overview......Page 663
Complications......Page 664
Complications......Page 665
Penile and Introital Difficulties......Page 667
CONCLUSION......Page 668
REFERENCES......Page 669
Timing of Repair......Page 670
Operative Technique......Page 671
Postoperative Care......Page 672
Wound Separation......Page 673
Urethrocutaneous Fistula......Page 674
Urethral Stricture......Page 675
Urethral Diverticulum......Page 676
Persistent Chordee......Page 677
Complex Hypospadias......Page 678
REFERENCES......Page 679
OVERVIRILIZATION......Page 680
VAGINAL AGENESIS AND VAGINOPLASTY......Page 682
UNDERVIRILIZATION AND GONADAL ABNORMALITIES......Page 685
REFERENCES......Page 687
A......Page 688
B......Page 689
C......Page 690
E......Page 692
G......Page 693
I......Page 694
K......Page 695
M......Page 696
O......Page 697
P......Page 698
R......Page 700
S......Page 701
T......Page 702
U......Page 703
V......Page 704
Z......Page 705