In 1989 the late Prof Michael Beesley and Prof David Hensher convened a workshop of an invitational group of academics, transport operators and government regulators to review and report on the recent reforms in the British bus sector. The workshop was held in Thredbo, Australia. At the time this was a once off activity. Its success was such that it spawned a series of biannual conferences (now known as the Thredbo series) held in Finland (1991), Canada (1993), New Zealand (1995), England (1997), South Africa (1999), Norway (2001), Brasil (2003) and Portugal (2005). The conference series attracts a unique mix of researchers and practitioners with the common aim to share their experiences throughout the world on topics related to the institutional reform of land passenger transport (especially bus, rail and ferry). The focus is on workshops and plenary sessions in which participants are engaged in intense discussions that lead to the production of workshop reports that set the agenda for reform for the next period between the conferences. In the past workshop reports have been published in a major international journal and selected papers in special issues of journals. The growing number of citations of the material from the thredbo series has motivated this book, providing an opportunity to bring together in one volume the best papers from the conference plus the workshop reports. All chapters have been peer refereed. The themes in this volume (the first in a new series) include competition and regulation, contract specifications (especially performance-based contracts), regulatory and planning tools, institutional frameworks, service quality and pricing and performance data and measurement. Within one volume we provide a comprehensive update and review of the reform programs throughout the world in the land passenger transport sector. The volume is edited by Professor David Hensher, co-founder of the series and a recognized world authority in the field. It is the most current global assessment of reforms in land passenger transport. It contains papers written by those who influence policy and institutional reform in over 20 countries. It presents a comprehensive statement of the successes and failures in public transport reform. Many of the authors are regarded as the leading authorities in the field. The case studies throughout the world are not available in any other single source.
Author(s): HENSHER
Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 796
copyright......Page 4
table of contents......Page 7
FOREWORD......Page 13
PROFESSOR MICHAEL E. BEESLEY, CBE......Page 15
REFERENCES......Page 16
1. INTRODUCTION.......Page 17
REFERENCES 1......Page 21
2. THE PAST......Page 23
3. RECURRENT THEMES......Page 32
REFERENCES 2......Page 35
1. INTRODUCTION 3......Page 39
2. DEFINITIONAL ISSUES FOR PERFORMANCE BASED CONTRACTS ( PBCS)......Page 41
3. PROCURING SERVICES THROUGH COMPETITIVELY TENDERED OR NEGOTIATED CONTRACTS— THE ISSUES......Page 45
4. PAYMENT MODELS......Page 49
5. OTHER ISSUES......Page 53
REFERENCES 3......Page 56
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3......Page 57
2. THE PAPERS......Page 63
4. CONCLUSIONS 4......Page 71
PAPERS PRESENTED IN WORKSHOP B......Page 72
1. INTRODUCTION 5......Page 73
2. THE SEARCH FOR A CONCEPT OF PLANNING AND POLICY TOOLS AND SOME CRITICAL QUESTIONS ON THEIR USE......Page 74
3. MAPPING THE TOOLS......Page 76
5. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND RESEARCH......Page 78
6. THE PAPERS......Page 79
REFERENCES 5......Page 83
1. INTRODUCTION 6......Page 85
2. THE CHALLENGE OF CHANGING REGULATORY AND ORGANISATIONAL SETTINGS......Page 87
3. RE-ORGANISATION OF MARKETS UNDER DIFFERENT REQUIREMENT FOR SCENARIOS OF REFORM......Page 90
4. FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS AND INSTITUTIONAL CONFIGURATIONS......Page 94
5. RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ON INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS.......Page 96
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 6......Page 98
2. KEY ISSUES......Page 99
PAPERS PRESENTED IN WORKSHOP E......Page 101
1. INTRODUCTION 8......Page 103
3. THE DISCUSSION......Page 105
5. FURTHER WORK......Page 112
6. PAPERS PRESENTED IN THE WORKSHOP......Page 113
REFERENCES......Page 114
1. INTRODUCTION 9......Page 119
2. INCENTIVE CONTRACT DEFINITIONS AND TYPOLOGY......Page 121
4. SOME PATRONAGE INCENTIVE MODELS IN PRACTICE......Page 131
5. ECONOMIC-BASED CONTRACTS: THEORY AND PRACTICE......Page 134
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 142
1. INTRODUCTION 10......Page 145
2. THE PBC PROPOSITION......Page 147
4. COMPETITIVE FORCES AND SCHEME IMPLEMENTATION......Page 158
5. CONCLUSIONS 10......Page 160
REFERENCES......Page 162
APPENDIX C OUTPUT FORMAT FOR REGULATOR-SCHEME: OPERATOR- RESPONSE SCENARIOS......Page 169
1. SCOPE......Page 171
2. TRAIN AND TRAM FRANCHISING IN VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA......Page 172
3. ANTECEDENTS......Page 176
4. OUTCOMES FROM FRANCHISING......Page 177
5. OVERVIEW 11......Page 183
6. COMPETITIVE TENDERING VS PERFORMANCE BASED CONTRACTS (PBCS)......Page 184
7. MELBOURNE'S EMERGING NEW ARRANGEMENTS......Page 186
8. AREA AGREEMENTS......Page 187
9. CONCLUDING COMMENTS......Page 190
REFERENCES 11......Page 191
1. INTRODUCTION 12......Page 193
2. QUALITY BUS PARTNERSHIPS......Page 194
4. SCENARIO SPECIFICATION......Page 196
5. MODELLING RESULTS......Page 197
REFERENCES 12......Page 205
APPENDIX: GRAPHICAL ILLUSTRATIONS OF THE WELFARE AND FINANCIAL IMPACTS OF FARE AND QUALITY ADJUSTMENT......Page 207
1. INTRODUCTION 13......Page 211
3. THE HORDALAND PROJECT......Page 214
5. THE METHOD......Page 215
1. INTRODUCTION 14......Page 229
2. THE REFORM IN A NUTSHELL......Page 230
3. A FEW EXPERIENCES SINCE THE NEW LAW......Page 232
4. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK......Page 237
5. THE REFORM AIMS VERSUS THE PRACTICE: ANALYSIS OF POSSIBLE BARRIERS......Page 241
6. FIRST EVOLUTIONS......Page 250
7. CONCLUSIONS 14......Page 251
REFERENCES 14......Page 252
1 INTRODUCTION 15......Page 257
2. OVERVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND......Page 258
3. ADELAIDE AND PERTH: COMPETITIVE TENDERING AND CONTRACTING FOR BUS SERVICES......Page 268
4. BRISBANE: MULTI-MODAL INTEGRATION AND CONTRACT REFORM......Page 279
5. CONCLUSIONS 15......Page 284
REFERENCES 15......Page 285
1. INTRODUCTION 16......Page 287
2. THE PUBLIC TRANSPORT POLICY FRAMEWORK......Page 289
3. ARRANGEMENTS IN IMPLEMENTING THE TENDER FOR CONTRACT SYSTEM......Page 291
4. RESULTS OF THE TENDER FOR CONTRACT SYSTEM*......Page 296
5. ISSUES THAT HAVE EMERGED FOLLOWING THE TENDERING SYSTEM......Page 298
REFERENCES 16......Page 305
2. PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN THE NETHERLANDS: KEY INDICATORS......Page 307
3. PT-ORGANISATION: HISTORIC OVERVIEW......Page 309
5. EVALUATION......Page 312
6. RESULTS 17......Page 314
REFERENCES 17......Page 317
1. PROBLEM AND PURPOSE......Page 319
3. POSSIBLE BUS SERVICE IMPROVEMENTS......Page 323
4. THE POTENTIAL OF PARKING POLICY FOR INFLUENCING THE MODAL SPLIT......Page 325
REFERENCES 18......Page 328
1. INTRODUCTION 19......Page 329
2. LOCAL RAILWAYS IN LOMBARDY......Page 330
3. PUBLIC TRANSPORT REFORM: A NEW SCENARIO......Page 332
4. THE NEW CONCEPT FOR LOCAL RAILWAY......Page 333
5. THE NEW REGULATORY FRAMEWORK......Page 337
REFERENCES 19......Page 344
1. INTRODUCTION 20......Page 347
2. THE BRAZILIAN LOCAL BUS INDUSTRY AND ITS REGULATION......Page 349
3. METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES......Page 351
4. COMPETITION ISSUES AND VAN REGULATION......Page 352
5. CONCLUSIONS 20......Page 355
REFERENCES 20......Page 356
1. INTRODUCTION 21......Page 359
2. BRIEF OVERVIEW OF CHINESE RAILWAYS.......Page 360
3. ARE LESSONS FROM ABROAD USEFUL FOR CHINA?......Page 362
4. TOWARDS RAILWAY REFORM IN CHINA......Page 368
5. CONCLUSIONS 21......Page 371
REFERENCES 21......Page 372
1. INTRODUCTION 22......Page 375
2. INCREASES IN COST......Page 377
3. TIMETABLING AND THE USE OF CAPACITY......Page 380
4. WHAT SERVICES SHOULD BE PROVIDED?......Page 382
5. INCENTIVES TO TRAIN OPERATING COMPANIES......Page 386
REFERENCES 22......Page 394
1. INTRODUCTION 23......Page 397
2. PPPS AND THEIR APPLICATION TO PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION: DECOMPOSING THE SUBJECT......Page 400
3. KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND KNOWLEDGE MAPS......Page 405
4. KM FOR PPP PROGRAMMES AND PROJECTS......Page 409
5. CONCLUSION: THE FIRST PRACTICAL STEPS......Page 412
REFERENCES 23......Page 413
1. INTRODUCTION 24......Page 421
2. THE DATA......Page 423
3. VEHICLE-KILOMETRES AND DEMAND- MODELS......Page 425
4. CAUSE AND EFFECT......Page 428
5. ESTIMATION AND RESULTS......Page 432
REFERENCES 24......Page 436
1. INTRODUCTION 25......Page 439
2. PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN THE RAIL INDUSTRY......Page 440
3. SELECTION OF THE APPROACH......Page 443
4. MODEL CONSTRUCTION AND SPECIFICATION......Page 446
5. EMPIRICAL RESULTS......Page 450
6. CONCLUSIONS 25......Page 453
REFERENCES 25......Page 454
1. INTRODUCTION 26......Page 459
2. METHODOLOGY......Page 460
3. MODEL DEVELOPMENT......Page 462
4. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SAMPLE......Page 464
5. MODEL ESTIMATION......Page 465
6. POLICY RESPONSIVENESS......Page 468
REFERENCES 26......Page 470
1. INTRODUCTION 27......Page 471
2. PRESENTING FACTS......Page 472
3. PUBLIC BUS TRANSPORT AND THE POST INDUSTRIAL CITY......Page 475
4. LIMITS AND RANGE OF ACTION OF THE DISCUSSION ON PASSENGERS MARKET PRESENTED BY THE POST INDUSTRIAL CITY......Page 481
5. PROPOSED ISSUES FOR A FUTURE DEBATE ON URBAN BUS TRANSPORT SERVICE......Page 484
6. CONCLUSIONS 27......Page 486
REFERENCES 27......Page 488
1. INTRODUCTION 28......Page 497
2. THE PAST 15 YEARS......Page 498
3. THE PENDING REFORM OF THE 1191/ 69 REGULATION......Page 515
4. A CHALLENGE TO NATIONAL REGIMES......Page 522
5. CONCLUSION 28......Page 526
REFERENCES 28......Page 527
1. INTRODUCTION 29......Page 531
2. A TAXONOMY OF DEVELOPMENTS......Page 532
3. AN UNCOMMITTED REFORMER—BISHKEK, KYRGYZSTAN......Page 537
4. THE OPERATOR AS REGULATOR: BANGKOK......Page 540
5. PRIVATIZING WITHOUT REGULATORY REFORM: SRI LANKA......Page 543
6. FAILING TO GET THE INDUSTRY STRUCTURE RIGHT: SANTIAGO, CHILE......Page 545
7. TEN COMMANDMENTS FOR REGULATORY REFORM IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES......Page 548
REFERENCES 29......Page 549
2. THE NATIONAL OUTLOOK......Page 551
3. INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS......Page 553
4. WAY FORWARD......Page 555
1. CURRENT PROBLEM: 'MISFITNESS'......Page 557
2. THE SCENE: INSTITUTIONAL AND REGULATORY PITFALLS......Page 560
3. THE CHANGE DILEMMA: CONSTRAINTS, BARRIERS AND TOOLS......Page 564
4. EVOLUTIONARY PATTERNS: SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST......Page 568
5. THE INSTITUTIONAL BREAKTHROUGH: DYNAMIC DIVERSITY......Page 571
REFERENCES 31......Page 573
1. CONTEXT 32......Page 575
2. WHY IS THIS WORK NEEDED?......Page 576
3. CHANGING NATURE OF UPT MARKETS......Page 577
4. CLASSIFICATION OF MARKETS AND COMPETITION......Page 578
5. KEY ISSUES TO BE ASSURED BY THE TRANSPORT AUTHORITY......Page 580
6. FUNCTIONAL AREAS OF THE TRANSPORT AUTHORITY......Page 582
REFERENCES 32......Page 590
1. INTRODUCTION 33......Page 593
2. THE INFORMAL TRANSPORT IN BRASIL......Page 594
3. EXPERIENCES OF REGULATION......Page 596
4. THE " LEVA E TRAZ" PROJECT OF RIBEIRAO PRETO......Page 597
5. EVALUATION AFTER IMPLEMENTATION......Page 601
6. CONCLUSION 33......Page 602
REFERENCES 33......Page 603
1. INTRODUCTION 34......Page 605
2. FRENCH REGIONALISATION: A RADICAL REFORM......Page 606
3. REGIONALISATION OF PASSENGER RAIL TRANSPORT: STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE ITALIAN REFORM......Page 616
4. CONCLUSIONS: THE WEAKNESSES OF A REFORM THAT IS VALID IN PRINCIPLE AND THE PROBABLE POSITIVE OUTCOMES......Page 627
5. CONCLUSION 34......Page 630
REFERENCES 34......Page 631
1. INTRODUCTION 35......Page 633
2. REGULATORY FRAMEWORK......Page 634
3. THE CRITICAL ASPECTS OF REFORM IN ITALY......Page 636
4. SERVICE CONTRACTS IN LOCAL PUBLIC TRANSPORT......Page 637
5. TRANSPOSITION OF THE REGULATION BY THE REGIONS......Page 639
6. TENDERS......Page 640
7.THE ROMAN CASE......Page 642
8. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 650
REFERENCES 35......Page 651
1. INTRODUCTION 36......Page 655
2. PUBLIC TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN HELSINKI MA: AN OVERVIEW......Page 657
3. SUPPORT SCHEMES FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN HELSINKI......Page 658
4. CHANGES AHEAD......Page 660
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS......Page 662
REFERENCES 36......Page 663
1. INTRODUCTION 37......Page 665
2. THE CRISIS IN THE COLLECTIVE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM......Page 666
3. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPANY A......Page 667
4. METHODOLOGY 37......Page 668
6. POSSIBLE SUGGESTIONS......Page 669
REFERENCES 37......Page 671
1. INTRODUCTION 38......Page 675
2. MOBILITY MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING STRATEGIES......Page 676
3. LAND-USE AND TRANSPORT INTERACTION......Page 681
4. NEW CONCEPTS FOR URBAN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES......Page 683
5. PARTNERSHIPS' MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY......Page 685
6. AN APPLICATION EXAMPLE......Page 688
7. CONCLUSION 38......Page 691
REFERENCES 38......Page 692
1. INTRODUCTION 39......Page 697
2. ORGANISATION OF THE INDUSTRY......Page 698
3. TRANSPORT TRENDS......Page 700
4. THE 10-YEAR PLAN......Page 702
5. MAPPING 10-YEAR PLAN AIMS AGAINST OWNERSHIP FORM......Page 703
6. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR PUBLIC POLICY......Page 709
REFERENCES 389......Page 710
1. INTRODUCTION 40......Page 713
2. PRIVATISATION AND PUBLIC TO PRIVATE CONCESSIONS IN BRAZIL......Page 714
3. THE RFFSA PRIVATISATION MODEL......Page 715
4. CONCLUSION 40......Page 722
REFERENCES 40......Page 723
1. INTRODUCTION 41......Page 725
2. THE URBAN TRANSPORT PLANNING PROBLEM......Page 726
3. THE LAND USE PLANNING PROBLEM......Page 733
4. ASSESSMENT......Page 737
5. THE TEXAS GOVERNOR'S BUSINESS COUNCIL REPORT......Page 738
REFERENCES 41......Page 748
1. INTRODUCTION 42......Page 755
2. THE LITERATURE......Page 756
3. THE BRITISH PASSENGER RAILWAY AND SIMPLE ESTIMATES OF PRODUCTIVITY......Page 757
4. METHODOLOGY AND DATA......Page 760
5. RESULTS......Page 764
6. CONCLUSIONS 42......Page 772
APPENDIX 1: MEASURING PRODUCTIVITY CHANGE IN BRITISH RAIL......Page 776
APPENDIX 2: INDIVIDUAL TOC STOCHASTIC EFFICIENCIES......Page 778
APPENDIX 3: FULL TECHNICAL EFFICIENCY EFFECTS MODEL ( MODEL 2)......Page 779
2. REGULATORY REASONS AND OBJECTIVES FOR URBAN BUS TRANSPORTATION......Page 781
3. THE BRAZILIAN REGULATORY FRAMEWORK......Page 783
4. THE BIDDING PROCESS AND ITS OUTCOMES......Page 784
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 43......Page 790
REFERENCES 43......Page 791
