Competition and Intellectual Property Law in Ukraine

Acknowledgements
Contents
List of Authors
Competition and Intellectual Property Law in Ukraine: Navigating the Landscape
1 Background and Goal
2 Governance and Politics of Ukraine in a Nutshell
2.1 Basic Information
2.2 Executive, Legislative, and Judicial Branch
2.3 Major Political Events
3 Navigating the Competition and IP Law Landscape—Seven Tours
3.1 Overview
3.2 The Classic Tour: Legal Areas
3.3 The Tour d’Europe: EU Approximation
3.4 The Ukrainian Tour: An Emphasis on Ukraine’s Policies and History
3.5 The Institutional Tour: Enforcing the Law
3.6 The Special Interest Tour: Life Sciences, Digital Markets, and Beyond
3.7 The Methodological Tour: Between Legal Doctrine, Economics, and Sociology
3.8 The Policy Tour: On Policy and Possible Reforms
4 Outlook
References
Putting the Legal Framework in Perspective
The EU–Ukraine Association Agreement as a General Framework of Contemporary EU–Ukraine Relations
1 Introduction
2 Impact of the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement on the Ukrainian Legal System
2.1 Scope of the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement
2.2 Objectives and Specific Features of the Association Agreement with Ukraine
3 Constitutional Amendments Caused by the Implementation of the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement
3.1 Constitutional Amendments of 2016
3.2 Education Law of 2017 and Its Impact on the EU–Ukraine AA
3.3 Constitutional Amendments “European Integration Clauses” of 2019
4 Application and Direct Effect of the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement in the Ukrainian Legal Order
5 Application of Decisions of the EU–Ukraine Common Institutions
6 Conclusion
References
Competition and International Trade: Complementing Trade Defense Policy with Effective Competition Policy in Ukraine
1 Introduction
2 The Basics of WTO and Ukrainian Trade Remedy Law
2.1 Origin and Evolution of Trade Remedy Regime in the WTO
2.2 Brief Overview of Trade Remedy Law in Ukraine
3 Conflicting Objectives of Trade Defense and Competition Policy
4 Potential Solutions for the Problem
4.1 Strengthening the Public Interest Requirement
5 Conclusion
References
Legal Support of State Economic Policies of Ukraine in the Context of Investment Development and Protection of Competition
1 Introduction and Problem Statement
2 The Regulatory Role of the State in a Market Economy: From Negation to Recognition and Meaningful Discussion
2.1 The Regulatory Role of the State in the Economic Sphere
2.2 The Ukrainian State and the Regulation of the Economy
3 Measures and Forms of Regulating Influence of the State on Economic Activity: The Search for Economic and Legal Content
3.1 Terminological Basis of Legal Regulation of State Intervention in the Economy
3.2 Legislative Detailing of State Intervention in the Economy
4 Issues of Economic Security and Protection of Economic Competition in the Trends of State Regulation of the Economy
5 Stimulation of Innovations in the Context of the State Economic Policy
5.1 Support of Innovations as a Direction of State Economic Policy
5.2 The Current Legislative Measures to Support Innovation
5.3 Problems of Taxation of Innovative Projects
5.4 Promising Steps to Support Innovation
6 Requirements for Balancing State Regulation of Investment Relations
7 Conclusion
References
Competition Law
The “Europeanization” of Competition Law in Ukraine
1 The Preliminary Process of Transposing EU Competition Law Standards into Ukrainian Competition Law
2 The 2014 EU–Ukraine Association Agreement as an Accelerator of the Europeanization of Competition Law and Enforcement in Ukraine
3 Substantial Changes in Ukrainian Competition Law
3.1 Merger Regulation
3.2 Vertical Restraints and the Exemptional System
4 Procedural Aspects of Competition Law Enforcement in Ukraine
4.1 The Principle of Transparency and Appropriate Decision-Making Processes for the AMCU
4.2 The Principles in the Setting of Any Pecuniary Sanctions Imposed for Infringements of Competition Law
5 Regulation of State Aid in Ukraine: New Legislative Enforcement and Judicial Practice
5.1 Legal Standards for State Aid in Ukraine
5.2 Implementation of State Aid Rules in Ukraine and Enforcement Thereof
6 Conclusion and Perspective
References
Vertical Agreements in the Competition Law of Ukraine and the EU: A Closer Look at Resale Price Maintenance
1 Introduction
2 RPM in Ukraine
2.1 Basic Rule
2.2 Grundfos Case
2.3 Novo Nordisk
2.4 Indirect RPM
3 EU Approach to RPM
4 Per Se Rule Versus Rule of Reason: Further Discussion
5 Concluding Remarks
References
The “New Normal” in Competition—Filling the Gaps of Ukrainian Competition Law in the Digital Economy Age
1 Introduction
2 Technological and Social Framework of Competition in the 21st Century
3 Modern Challenges to Competition
3.1 Challenges to Vertical Competition
3.2 Challenges to Market Definition
3.3 Challenges to Procompetitive Data Management
3.4 Other Challenges
4 Ukrainian Competition Law’s (In)capacity to Meet the Challenges
4.1 AMCU Experience in Digital Markets
4.2 Major Challenges for the National Legal Framework
5 Alternative Approaches to Meet the Challenges: Which Way Is Better for Ukraine?
6 Conclusion
References
Towards a New Digital Competition Policy of Ukraine: The EU Matrix
1 Introduction
2 The Re-Emerging Discussions on the Goal(s) of Competition Policy
3 The DMA as a New Paradigm for Shaping Competition in Digital Markets
4 Ukraine’s Adaptation to the New Reality
5 Outlook: Towards a Genetically Modified Competition Policy
References
The Intersection Between Intellectual Property and Competition Laws in the Pharmaceutical Sector: A Ukrainian Perspective
1 Intersection Between IP Law and Competition Policy in the Pharmaceutical Industry
1.1 The Role of IP Law and Competition Policy in Incentivising Innovation
1.2 Competition Law as a Tool for Improving Access to Medicines
1.3 Access to Medicines in Ukraine and the Importance of Robust Competition Law Enforcement
2 The Pharmaceutical Market in Ukraine and Recent Activities of the AMCU in This Field
2.1 The Structure of the Pharmaceutical (Supply) Market in Ukraine
2.2 Recent Activities of the AMCU: Distribution Agreements in the Ukrainian Pharmaceutical Sector
3 IP-Related Anticompetitive Agreements
3.1 Regulation of Anticompetitive Agreements in Ukraine
4 The EU and US Approaches to the Assessment of Pay-for-Delay Agreements
4.1 The Assessment of Pay-for-Delay Agreements in the EU and the US
4.2 Specific Considerations When Applying Art. 9 to Pay-for-Delay Agreements
5 Conclusions
References
Legal Mechanisms of Protection Against Unfair Competition in Ukraine—Prerequisites, Problems and Trends
1 Introduction
2 General Approaches to the Definition of “Unfair Competition” in Ukrainian Legislation
3 Illegal Use of the Business Reputation of a Business Entity
3.1 Overview
3.2 Improper Use of Designations
3.3 Illegal Use of the Goods of Another Manufacturer
3.4 Copying Product Appearance
3.5 Comparative Advertising
4 Creation of Obstacles for Business Entities in the Process of Competition and Achieving Illegal Advantages in Competition
4.1 Overview
4.2 Discrediting a Business Entity
4.3 Achievement of Illegal Advantages in Competition
4.4 Dissemination of Misleading Information
5 The Illegal Acquisition, Disclosure and Use of Commercial Secrets
5.1 Scope and Legal Basis
5.2 Illegal Acquisition of Commercial Secrets
5.3 Disclosure of Commercial Secrets
5.4 Incitement to Disclose Commercial Secrets
5.5 Illegal Use of a Commercial Secret
5.6 Discussion
6 Conclusion
References
Protecting Intellectual Property Rights from Unfair Competition in Ukraine
1 Introduction
2 Unfair Competition in the Field of Intellectual Property and Forms Thereof
3 Administrative and Judicial Enforcement
3.1 Need for Effective Protection
3.2 Enforcement Through the Antimonopoly Committee of Ukraine
3.3 Enforcement Through the Courts
4 Unauthorized Use of Designations
4.1 Relevance and Legal Basis
4.2 Packaging Design
4.3 Geographical Indications
4.4 Trade (Brand) Name
4.5 Conclusion
5 Illegal Use of Comparative Advertising
6 Misleading Information About Intellectual Property (Geographical Indications)
6.1 Relevance of Geographical Indications
6.2 Legal Basis
6.3 Judicial Practice
7 Misappropriation of Trade Secrets
7.1 Relevance and Legal Basis
7.2 Judicial Practice
7.3 Conclusion
References
Policies and Law on Intellectual Property
Association Agreements and Problems Approximating Intellectual Property Legislation of Third Countries with the EU Acquis: The Case of Ukraine
1 Introduction
2 Agreements Between the EU and Ukraine and Problems of Approximating IP Legislation
2.1 Interim Agreement and Partnership and Cooperation Agreement
2.2 The EU–Ukraine Association Agreement (2014) and Intellectual Property
3 Problem Applying ECJ Judgments When Interpreting EU Law in Associated Countries
4 Law-Making Process Regarding IP in Ukraine and the EU Acquis
5 Challenges of Legislative Approximation for Some Intellectual Property Subject Matter
5.1 Unregistered Designs
5.2 Utility Models
5.3 Compensation for Infringement of Intellectual Property Rights
6 Towards a Methodology of Approximation of Intellectual Property Legislation in Associated Countries and PCA Countries to That in the EU
6.1 Countries Bound by Approximation Requirements Without Wider Integration with the EU
6.2 Countries with Association Agreements That Involved Creating a Free Trade Area
6.3 EU Candidate Countries
7 Conclusion
References
Strategic Directions of the Intellectual Property Area Development in Ukraine
1 Introduction
1.1 European Integration and IP in Ukraine
1.2 Towards the National Strategy for IP
2 Setup of the Goals and Tasks of the National IP Strategy
3 Targets and Means to Achieve the Expected Results of the National IP Strategy
3.1 Public Management, System of Protection and Legislation in the Field of IP
3.2 Generation of IP
3.3 Using of Intellectual Property, Technology Transfer
3.4 Development of Creative Industries: Copyright and Related Rights
3.5 Protection of Rights on Plant Varieties and Animal Species
3.6 IP Protection
3.7 State Strategies, Programs and Concepts for the Development of Various Sectors of the Economy and IP
3.8 Specific Scopes and IP Issues
4 Current Issues on the Reformation of the IP Area in Ukraine in the Process of the National IP Strategy Implementation
5 Conclusion
References
The New Intellectual Property Court in Ukraine: Its Creation and Exclusive Jurisdiction
1 A Global Trend Towards Increasing the Judicial Specialisation in the Field of IP
2 Creation of the IP Court in Ukraine
2.1 Developments Leading to the Establishment of the IP Court
2.2 Judicial Reform in Ukraine and the Establishment of the IP Court
3 Some Issues Regarding the Jurisdiction of the IP Court That Require Clarification
3.1 Jurisdiction of the IP Court Under the Commercial Procedural Code
3.2 IP-Related Administrative Cases Which Should Be Considered by the IP Court Rather than the Administrative Courts
3.3 IP-Related Disputes that Require Clarification
4 Conclusions
References
Legislative Reforms on Patents, Utility Models and Industrial Designs in Ukraine
1 Relevance
2 Objects of Patent Law: Legal Nature and Significance
3 Development of Industrial Property Regulation After 1991
3.1 Period 1991–2004
3.2 Period 2004–2014
3.3 Since 2014
4 Reform of Industrial Property Law in 2020
4.1 Context of the Reform
4.2 Establishment of the National Intellectual Property Authority
4.3 Legal Protection of Inventions and Utility Models
4.4 Legal Protection of Industrial Designs
5 Conclusions
References
Patent Law and Access to Medicines in Ukraine
1 Introduction
2 Political and Legal Background of Patent Protection in the Health Care System in Ukraine
3 The Outline of Patent Law in the Sphere of Pharmacy in Ukraine
4 Supplementary Protection of Medical Inventions
5 Bolar Exemption in the Ukrainian Pharmaceutical Market
6 The Instruments of IP Law to Ensure Access to Medicines
7 Conclusions
References
The Patentability of Biotechnological Inventions in the EU: The Ukrainian Context
1 Ukraine’s Path to Europeanisation of Its Legal System
2 Patentability of Biotechnological Inventions Under the Ukrainian Association Agreement
3 Patentability of Biotechnological Inventions Under EU Law
4 Comparison and Implications
4.1 Overview on the Regulatory Frame in Ukraine
4.2 The Challenge to Define the Concept of “Biotechnology” and Its Relation with Intellectual Property
4.3 The Law on Protection of Rights to Inventions and Utility Models (2020) in Light of the Association Agreement
5 Conclusion
References
The Reformed Design Law in Ukraine: What is Right with EU Trade Agreements?
1 Introduction
2 Design Norms in the EU–Ukraine Association Agreement
2.1 What Was Included
2.2 What Was Omitted
3 Ukranian First-Take on EU-Modelled Design Law
3.1 Law 815-IX, Amending Ukrainian Design Law
3.2 Filling Legislative Gaps by Means of the Guidelines: A Good yet Temporary Solution
4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
Why so Few Geographical Indications in Ukraine? Legal, Political and Socio-Economic Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Legal and Political Perspective
2.1 Absence of an International Framework to Which Ukraine Could Gravitate Before the PCA with the EU
2.2 Protection Under Trade Mark and Consumer Protection Law
3 Socio-Economic Perspective
3.1 Adverse Soviet Union’s Policies
3.2 Consumers’ Preferences and Price Premium
4 Perspectives
References
Copyright and Its Exceptions and Limitations in Ukraine
1 Introduction: The Basis of Ukrainian Copyright
1.1 Legislation in the Field of Copyright and Related Rights in Ukraine
1.2 Main Provisions of Copyright and Related Rights in Ukraine
1.3 Peculiarities of Ukrainian Regulation of Copyright and Related Rights
2 The Purpose and Basic Rules of Copyright Exceptions and Limitations
2.1 The Need to Balance Interests as a Basis for Exceptions and Limitations
2.2 Three-Step-Test for Exceptions and Limitations
3 Existing Exceptions and Limitations Under Ukrainian Copyright Law
3.1 Exceptions and Limitations Established to Ensure the Dissemination of Information
3.2 Free Use of Works for Educational Purposes
3.3 Ensuring the Interests of Persons with Visual Impairments and Dyslexia
3.4 Free Reproduction of Works for Personal Purposes (Private Use)
4 Prospective Exceptions and Limitations for Further Development of Ukrainian Copyright Law
4.1 Copyright Exceptions and Limitations Ukraine Is Required to Implement Under the Association Agreement
4.2 Copyright Exceptions and Limitations That Should Be Included in the Ukrainian Legislation to Better Ensure the Interests of Society
5 Conclusion
References
Protection of Works Posted on the Internet Under Ukrainian Copyright Law
1 Introduction
2 Rights and Stages of Using a Copyrighted Work on the Internet
2.1 Lack of a Consistent Approach in Ukraine
2.2 Right of Reproduction
2.3 Right to Make the Work Available to the Public and Right to Broadcasting of Work
2.4 Actual Scenarios of Using a Work on the Internet
2.5 Conclusion
3 Exhaustion of Copyright for Works Posted on the Internet
4 Types of Copyright Infringement for Works Posted on the Internet
4.1 Internet Piracy
4.2 Means of Copyright Infringement
4.3 Hyperlinking
4.4 Framing, Hotlinking, and Other Technological Means
5 Non-Jurisdictional Enforcement of Copyright for Works Posted on the Internet
6 Conclusion
References
Legal Framework for Output Based on Artificial Intelligence: Ukraine’s Place on the Global Search Path
1 Introduction
2 Copyrightability Requirements Under Ukrainian Copyright Law
2.1 List of Requirements
2.2 Authorship
2.3 Originality
2.4 Fixation
3 Copyrightability of Output Based on AI
4 Overview of Ukrainian Scholarly Endeavours to Find a Legal Framework for Output Based on AI as Part of a Global Search
5 Ukrainian Legislative Proposal of Introducing a New “Sui Generis Right for Non-Original Computer-Generated Objects”
5.1 Outline of Context and Main Provisions
5.2 Analysis of the Proposal
6 Conclusion
References
On the Reforms, Practice and Perspective of the Law on Collecting Societies in Ukraine
1 Introduction
2 General Overview and Prerequisites for the Reform of Collective Management
3 The Law on Collective Societies: Main Aims and Novel Provisions
3.1 General Principles of Collective Management
3.2 Accreditation
3.3 Transparency
3.4 Tariff Setting
3.5 Withdrawal Right
3.6 Payment and Distribution of Remuneration
4 Outcomes and Perspectives of the Reform
4.1 Implications of Implementation of the Law on CMOs
4.2 Lack of a Common Perception of the Role of CMOs
4.3 Perspectives for Dispute Resolution
References