Comparative Vertebrate Neuroanatomy: Evolution and Adaptation

0471210056......Page 1
Dedication......Page 8
Contents......Page 10
Preface......Page 18
Acknowledgments......Page 22
List of Boxes......Page 24
Part One EVOLUTION AND THE ORGANIZATION OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM......Page 26
Introduction......Page 28
Diversity Over Time......Page 29
Natural Selection......Page 30
Evolution of the Vertebrate Central Nervous System......Page 32
Historical Homology......Page 33
Homoplasy......Page 34
Biological Homology......Page 36
Generative Homology or Syngeny......Page 37
Cladistic Analysis......Page 38
Parsimony......Page 39
A Word of Caution......Page 40
Reconstructing Evolution......Page 41
The Nervous System......Page 44
Neurons and Sensory Receptors......Page 45
Dendrites......Page 46
Chemical Synapses......Page 48
Neuroactive Substances......Page 49
Golgi Type I and II Cells......Page 51
Techniques for Tracing Connections Between Nuclei......Page 52
Receptors and Senses......Page 53
Receptors and Awareness......Page 54
Receptor Types......Page 55
Mechanoreceptors......Page 56
Radiant-Energy Receptors......Page 59
Chemoreceptors......Page 62
Electroreceptors......Page 66
Nociceptors......Page 67
Topographic Organization......Page 68
The Senses and Evolution of the Central Nervous System......Page 71
Development of the Brain......Page 74
Segmental Development of the Vertebrate Brain......Page 75
Neurogenesis and Migration of Neurons......Page 79
Cortices and Nuclei......Page 80
Differing Patterns of Development......Page 82
Ontogeny and Recapitulation......Page 85
Cellular Organization of the Central Nervous System......Page 86
The Brain......Page 88
The Meninges and the Ventricular System......Page 91
Major Systems of the Brain......Page 92
Motor Systems......Page 93
Nomenclature of the Brain......Page 94
Introduction......Page 98
Jawless Vertebrates......Page 99
Sarcopterygii......Page 101
Two Types of Brain Organization......Page 109
Laminar Brains (Group I)......Page 111
Elaborated Brains (Group II)......Page 112
Laminar and Elaborated Brains across Evolution......Page 114
Phyletic Studies......Page 118
Adaptation Studies......Page 119
The Phylogenetic Tree......Page 120
Complexity and Evolution......Page 121
Anagenesis......Page 122
Evolutionary Change......Page 124
Brain Size and Brain Allometry......Page 125
Brain Size and Behavioral Adaptation......Page 130
Brain Size and Intelligence......Page 131
What Is Intelligence?......Page 133
Summary and Conclusions......Page 134
Some Common Assumptions......Page 138
Flechsig and Campbell......Page 139
Bowsher......Page 140
Critique of Previous Theories of Vertebrate Brain Evolution......Page 141
Forebrain Evolution: Experimental Foundations......Page 142
Karten: Equivalent Cell Hypothesis......Page 143
Other Theories of Pallial Evolution......Page 144
Perspective......Page 146
Part Two THE SPINAL CORD AND HINDBRAIN......Page 150
Segmentation Within the Spinal Cord......Page 152
Roots and Ganglia......Page 153
Columns of the Spinal Cord......Page 154
Pathways Within the Spinal Cord......Page 155
Reflexes......Page 156
Overview of the Hindbrain......Page 158
Embryology of the Hindbrain and a New Classification of Cranial Nerves......Page 160
The Transition to Land......Page 161
Tetrapod Locomotor Patterns......Page 162
Cell and Fiber Columns......Page 164
Giant Axons and Escape......Page 166
Ascending and Descending Pathways......Page 169
Locomotor Patterns and Spinal Cord Organization......Page 170
The Curious Spinal Cords of Birds......Page 171
Lamination......Page 172
Somatotopic Organization of the Ventral Horns......Page 173
Axon Columns and Cell Columns......Page 174
Descending Spinal Pathways......Page 175
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 177
“Twelve” Cranial Nerves......Page 182
The Vertebrate Head: Segmental Organization......Page 183
The Striated Musculature of the Head......Page 184
Neural Crest and Placodes......Page 187
Segmentation of the Head......Page 189
Theoretical Head Segments......Page 190
Segmental Organization of the Individual Cranial Nerves......Page 191
The First Head Segment......Page 193
The Fourth Head Segment......Page 194
The Fifth Head Segment......Page 195
The Cranial Nerves and the Spinal Cord......Page 198
The Organization of Sensory and Motor Columns of the Caudal Brainstem......Page 201
Afferent Columns of the Brainstem......Page 202
Efferent Columns of the Brainstem......Page 204
Five Cranial Nerves Rostral to the Brainstem......Page 205
General Considerations......Page 206
Dorsal Cranial Nerves: Sensory Components for General Somatosensory Sensation......Page 208
Somatosensory Innervation of the Head......Page 209
The Mesencephalic Division of the Trigeminal System......Page 210
Secondary Connections of the Trigeminal Nuclei......Page 211
Ventrolateral Placodal Cranial Nerves: Taste......Page 214
Secondary Connections of the Gustatory Nucleus and Nucleus Solitarius......Page 215
Cyprinid and Silurid Gustatory Specializations......Page 217
Dorsolateral Cranial Nerves: Lateral Line and Octaval Systems......Page 219
The Lateral Line System......Page 220
The Octaval System......Page 221
Introduction......Page 230
Feeding and Swallowing......Page 232
The Neural Control of Feeding and Swallowing......Page 234
The Communication Systems of Fishes......Page 236
The Acoustic Reflex......Page 238
The Extraocular Muscles in Jawled Vertebrates......Page 239
Central Control of the Eye Muscles......Page 240
The Oculomotor Complex......Page 242
Evolutionary Perspective on the Hindbrain and Midbrain Cranial Nerves......Page 243
Introduction......Page 246
Neurons of the Reticular Formation......Page 247
Giant Reticulospinal Neurons......Page 248
Nomenclature of the Reticular Formation......Page 249
The Reticular Formation of the Medulla, Pons, and Midbrain......Page 250
The Reticular Formation of the Diencephalon......Page 253
Pathways of the Reticular Formation......Page 255
Chemical Pathways of the Reticular Formation......Page 257
The Reticular Formation and Sleep......Page 259
Evolutionary Perspective on the Reticular Formation......Page 261
Overview of the Cerebellum......Page 266
Cerebellar Size......Page 267
Corpus Cerebelli......Page 268
Electroreception and the Cerebellum......Page 269
Phyletic Development of the Form of the Cerebellum......Page 270
Ray-Finned Fishes......Page 271
The Purkinje Cell Layer......Page 272
The Granule Cell Layer......Page 274
Afferent Inputs to the Cerebellar Cortex......Page 278
Interconnections Within the Cerebellar Cortex......Page 280
The Precerebellar Nuclei......Page 281
Cerebelloid Structures Associated With the Cerebellum in Nontetrapods......Page 282
The Exceptional Cerebella of Weakly Electric Fishes......Page 284
Cerebellar Efferents and the Deep Cerebellar Nuclei......Page 285
Functions of the Cerebellum......Page 287
Part Three THE MIDBRAIN......Page 290
Introduction......Page 292
The Isthmus......Page 293
The Tectum......Page 298
Group II......Page 300
Group II......Page 302
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 303
Group II......Page 306
Group II......Page 308
Group II......Page 309
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 310
Group I......Page 314
Group II......Page 315
Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area......Page 317
Group I......Page 318
Group II......Page 319
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 328
Group I......Page 329
Group II......Page 330
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 331
Overview of Tectal Organization......Page 336
Overview of Tectal Connections......Page 337
Lampreys......Page 340
Nonteleost Ray-Finned Fishes......Page 341
Amphibians......Page 344
Hagfishes......Page 346
Teleosts......Page 347
Amniotes......Page 350
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 359
Part Four THE FOREBRAIN: DIENCEPHALON......Page 366
Introduction......Page 368
Posterior Tuberculum......Page 369
Epithalamus......Page 370
Dorsal Thalamus......Page 371
Ventral Thalamus......Page 372
The Telencephalon: Pallium......Page 377
The Telencephalic Pallium of Mammals......Page 378
The Telencephalic Pallium of Nonmammalian Amniotes......Page 386
The Ventrolateral Telencephalon of Mammals......Page 389
The Ventrolateral Telencephalon of Nonmammalian Vertebrates......Page 393
The Septum......Page 394
Pretectum......Page 398
Group I......Page 399
Group II......Page 400
Accessory Optic System......Page 414
Group I......Page 416
Group II......Page 417
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 419
Group II......Page 421
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 424
Epiphysis......Page 432
Habenula......Page 434
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 439
Introduction......Page 442
Group IIA......Page 443
Group IIB......Page 445
Collothalamic Visual and Somatosensory Systems......Page 451
Group I......Page 452
Group IIB......Page 455
Group I......Page 457
Group IIB......Page 459
Lemnothalamus......Page 462
A New Definition of the Dorsal Thalamus in Vertebrates......Page 464
The Hypothalamus......Page 470
The Hypothalamus and the Endocrine System......Page 471
Biological Rhythms, the Epiphysis, and the Hypothalamus......Page 474
The Preoptic Area......Page 475
Actinopterygians......Page 476
The Hypothalamus in Amniotes......Page 480
Connections of the Hypothalamus in Reptiles and Birds......Page 481
Connections of the Hypothalamus in Mammals......Page 482
The Autonomic Nervous System......Page 485
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 487
Part Five THE FOREBRAIN: TELENCEPHALON......Page 494
Introduction......Page 496
Group I......Page 497
Group IIA......Page 501
Group IIB......Page 502
The Striatal Amygdala......Page 512
Cholinergic Neuronal Populations of the Basal Telencephalon......Page 513
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 514
Introduction......Page 520
The Nonlimbic Pallium in Group I Vertebrates......Page 521
Neuroanatomical Organization......Page 523
Mammals: Neocortex......Page 526
Reptiles and Birds......Page 529
Ascending Sensory Pathways to the Pallium in Amniotes......Page 532
Pallial Evolution and Persistent Questions of Homologies......Page 535
Introduction......Page 548
Lemnothalamic Visual Forebrain......Page 549
Collothalamic Visual Forebrain......Page 561
Pathways to the Visual Telencephalon in Reptiles and Birds......Page 562
Lemnothalamic Visual Pathways......Page 563
Evolutionary Trends in the Visual System of Amniotes......Page 565
The Somatosensory and Motor Forebrain of Mammals......Page 572
Motor Lemnothalamus......Page 573
Pain Pathways......Page 574
Somatotopic Organization......Page 577
Motor Cortex......Page 582
Afferents and Efferents of the Motor Cortex......Page 583
Somatosensory System......Page 584
Motor System......Page 589
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 591
Location of Sound Sources......Page 596
Echolocation......Page 597
Auditory Channels for Time and Intensity......Page 598
Auditory Pathways in Tetrapods......Page 599
Mammals......Page 602
Reptiles and Birds......Page 604
Vocal Telencephalon......Page 605
Vocalization and Hearing......Page 606
Anurans......Page 607
Reptiles and Birds......Page 608
Mammals......Page 612
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 613
Olfactory System......Page 618
Group I......Page 619
Group II......Page 620
Vomeronasal System......Page 626
Terminal Nerve......Page 630
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 631
Introduction......Page 636
Group I......Page 637
Group IIA......Page 638
The Limbic Pallium in Amniotes (Group IIB)......Page 642
Limbic Pallium of Mammals......Page 644
Limbic Pallium in Nonmammalian Amniotes......Page 648
Limbic Subpallium: Septum......Page 653
Evolutionary Perspective......Page 654
Part Six CONCLUSION......Page 660
Introduction......Page 662
Invertebrate Brains and the Inversion Hypothesis......Page 663
Insect Brain Organization......Page 664
Deuterostomes and Dorsoventral Inversion......Page 666
Brain Evolution within Chordates......Page 669
The Origin of Vertebrates......Page 674
Haikouella......Page 675
Sensory System Evolution in the Vertebrate Lineage......Page 677
Organization of the Vertebrate Brain......Page 678
The Advent of Jaws......Page 680
Onto the Land and Into the Air......Page 681
How Vertebrate Brains Evolve......Page 682
Direction and Location Terms......Page 690
Planes of Section......Page 691
Derivation of Terms......Page 693
Glossary......Page 696
Index......Page 704