Comparative Higher Education Politics: Policymaking in North America and Western Europe

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This volume provides an overview of the state of the art of research on the politics of higher education policy in Canada, the US, and Western Europe. Each thematic chapter combines an extensive literature review with original empirical work that further advances our understanding of policymaking dynamics in higher education.

The book covers five key aspects of policymaking, namely the politics of governance as well as funding reforms, the role of interest groups, policy diffusion, and policy framing. These aspects are explored using a unique comparative design that combines comparisons within as well as between regions, and among the five key aspects of policymaking. The conceptual framework is anchored in approaches from institutional theory, namely sociological and historical institutionalism.

“This rare book coherently focuses on the same critical challenges that higher education faces in a changing global and national environment. These include vital governance and finance issues and how these are framed and contested by different organizations and interest groups as well as state actors. Within a broad institutionalist framework that reflects the tensions between historical university and national legacies on the one hand and regional and global influences on the other, the authors focus on policymaking in Western Europe, Canada, and the US. This is an engaging and creative endeavor, a must-read for scholars and policymakers alike.”

Francisco O. Ramirez, Graduate School of Education Stanford University

“This is a real achievement that will contribute to the development of research in politics of higher education policy, finance, and economic development. It is timely in an era when higher learning is increasingly salient to national policy, interest groups, and supranational bodies such as the EU. The focus on Canada, the US, and Europe frames a comparative approach to a competitive higher educational policy arena that has not received systematic study."

Sheila Slaughter, Louise McBee Institute of Higher Education, University of Georgia

“This fills a gaping hole in research on the politics of higher education. In bringing together research perspectives from governance studies with comparative public policy as well as scholars from Europe and Northern America, this volume will serve as an important reference point for a rapidly growing research field. The exceptionally high quality of editorship is documented by the fact that the chapters are convincingly subsumed under five sub-themes. In short: A must-read for any researcher and student interested in understanding the political foundations of higher education.”

Marius R. Busemeyer, Department of Politics and Public Administration, University of Konstanz

Author(s): Jens Jungblut, Martin Maltais, Erik C. Ness, Deanna Rexe
Series: Higher Education Dynamics, 60
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023

Language: English
Pages: 540
City: Cham

Foreword
Contents
About the Editors
Chapter 1: The Politics of Higher Education Policy in Canada, the U.S., and Western Europe – An Introduction
Increasing Salience and Secluded Research Communities – Higher Education Policy on Both Sides of the Atlantic
The Main Strands of Higher Education Policy Scholarship in Canada, the U.S., and Western Europe
A Comparative Approach to the Study of the Politics of Higher Education Policies
Structure of the Volume
Part I – The Politics of Higher Education Governance Reforms
Part II – The Politics of Higher Education Finance
Part III – Framing of Higher Education Policy
Part IV – Intermediary Organisations and Interest Groups in Higher Education Policy
Part V – Policy Transfer and Diffusion in Higher Education
Part VI – Comparison and Conclusion
Conclusion
References
Part I: The Politics of Higher Education Governance Reforms
Chapter 2: The Politics of Higher Education Governance Reform in Western Europe
Introduction
Literature Review
Political Science and Higher Education Governance: Bologna as an Ice Breaker
Empirical Contributions to the Politics of Higher Education Governance
Analyzing the Impact of Partisan Preferences on Higher Education Governance
Partisan Preferences and Ideal Types of Higher Education Governance Arrangements
Research Design, Case Selection, Methods and Data
Party Competition on the Governance of Higher Education Policy
Social Democrats
Anti-establishment Parties of the Left
Green Parties
Christian Democrats
Conservative Parties
Liberal Parties
Anti-Establishment Parties of the Right
Special Issue Parties
Comparing Partisan Preferences Across Countries
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3: Politics of Higher Education Governance Reform in the United States
Introduction
An Overview of U.S. State Higher Education Governance
U.S. Higher Education Governance Reform Efforts
Conceptual Framework: Stakeholder Salience
Research Design
Nevada’s AJR5: Efforts to Shift Governance Oversight
State Government and Politics of Nevada
Nevada’s Public Higher Education Sector and Current Governance Arrangement
Calls to Change Higher Education Governance in Nevada via AJR5/Ballot Question 1
Discussion and Implications
References
Chapter 4: The Politics of Higher Education Governance Reforms in Canada
Introduction
Conceptual Framing
Method
Canadian Context
Canadian Federalism and Higher Education Governance
The Politics of Intergovernmental Relations
The Changing Approach of the Federal Government in Higher Education
Changing Transfer Payments
Federal Financial Aid and Tax Incentives for Students
The Federal Government’s Investment in Higher Education Research Funding
Implications of Federal Funding Reforms for Higher Education Governance
Provincial Higher Education Governance Arrangements, University Institutional Autonomy, and the Politics of Higher Education
Internal Institutional University Governance
Bicameralism
Role of Custom
The Role of the Academic Profession in Governance
Trends in System Level University Governance Arrangements
Conclusion: Features and Reforms in Canadian Higher Education Governance
References
Chapter 5: The Politics of Higher Education Governance: Comparative Perspectives
Introduction
In the Beginning: National, Regional and Temporal Starting Points
Political Actors in the Context of Low Public Issue Salience
Common Themes
The Possibilities of Comparative Scholarship
References
Part II: The Politics of Higher Education Finance
Chapter 6: Politics of Higher Education Funding in (Western) Europe – And Beyond
Introduction
Higher Education Funding in Western Europe (and Beyond)
A Typology of HE Funding
Why Care?
How Do the HE Systems Vary Across Europe?
Total Public HE Expenditure
Private HE Spending
Average Tuition Amounts
How Many Students Pay?
Financial Student Aid
What Kinds of Financial Aid Do Students Receive?
Financial Aid to Students’ Families
R & D Expenditure
Summary: Different Worlds of HE Funding
What Explains Differences in HE Funding in Europe?
Can Socio-economic Factors Explain HE Funding?
How Do Political and Economic Actors Affect HE Funding?
Institutions and HE Funding
Brief Summary and Shortcoming of the Existing Literature
Public Opinion on Tuition Fees
Attitudes Towards HE Policy: Existing Work and Theoretical Expectations
Research Design
Descriptive Findings: Support and Opposition of Tuition Fees
Descriptive Findings: Who Should Pay?
What Explains Support and Opposition of Tuition Fees? Micro-level Determinants
What Explains Attitudes Towards Who Should Pay? Micro-level Determinants
Take-Aways
Conclusion and Outlook
References
Chapter 7: Higher Education Finance in the United States: Sources of Funding and Impacts of State Investments
Introduction
Public Funding in U.S. Higher Education
State Funding
Federal Funding
Local Funding
Private Funding in U.S. Higher Education
Tuition and Fees
Impacts of State Higher Education Appropriations and Financial Aid
Methodology
Findings
Effects of State Appropriations
Effects of Financial Aid
Comparative Impacts of Appropriations and Financial Aid
Summary of Findings
Discussion
Avenues for Further Research
Conclusion
Appendix A
References
Chapter 8: Financing Higher Education in a Federal System: The Case of Canada
Introduction
Historical Overview
Federal/Provincial Financial Relations
Federal Role in Higher Education Financing
Transfer Payments
Student Financial Aid
Research
Research Overhead and Infrastructure
Research Focus: Balancing Applied and Pure Research
Tuition and Education Tax Credits
Tax Policy and Philanthropy
Analysis of the Federal Role
The Case of the Province of Québec and Its Funding Policy for Higher Education
Funding
Tuition
Student Aid
Concluding Note and a Look to the Future
References
Chapter 9: Higher Education Funding in Canada, the U.S. and Western Europe – A Comparison
Introduction
Funding Systems: The Key Questions, and Some Data on Funding
Welfare Regimes and Funding System Characteristics
Marketisation in Higher Education: Coordination Modes and Policy Frames
Conclusions and Reflections
Appendix: Country Abbreviations
References
Part III: Framing of Higher Education Policy
Chapter 10: Policy Framing in Higher Education in Western Europe: (Some) Uses and (Many) Promises
Introduction
Frames, Framing, and Reframing
A Literature Review of Framing Higher Education Policy in Western Europe
Framing Higher Education Policy in ‘Europe’, Germany, and Norway
‘Europe’: From Europe of the ‘People’ to ‘Euro’, ‘Knowledge’, and Future
Germany: From Humboldtian Ideals to Employability and Knowledge Economy in Europe
Norway: Framing and Reframing Egalitarianism Incrementally
Conclusion: The Many Promises of the Framing Approach
References
Chapter 11: Policy Framing in Higher Education in the United States
Introduction
What Is Framing?
Who Engages in Framing in U.S. Postsecondary Policy?
Interest Groups
Intermediary Public Policy Organizations
Policy Elites
The Media
Social Movements
Framing Higher Education’s Purposes, Value, Problems, and Solutions
Framing Higher Education’s Purposes
Framing Higher Education’s Problems and Solutions
Why and How Framing Matters
Conclusion and Possibilities
References
Chapter 12: Policy Framing in Higher Education in Canada
Introduction
Methodological Approach
Access, Success, and Social Mobility
Right to Education
Freedom of Choice
Skills and Employment
Adapting to a Transforming Economy
Demographic Challenges and Immigration
Academic Job Markets
Research, Innovation and Economic Development
Responding to Market Demands
University-Industry Collaborations
Regional Integration and Internationalization
Regional Integration
Internationalization
Two Canadian Realities: Indigenous and Francophone
Policies Directly Related to Indigenous Education
Policies Directly Related to Francophone Education
Conclusion
References
Chapter 13: Policy Framing in Canada, the U.S. and Western Europe – A Comparison
Introduction
How to Make Sense of Policy Frames – A De-construction Attempt
Canada, the U.S. and Western Europe – Framing Components Compared
Grounded in Identity Construction
Retrospective
Enactive of Sensible Environments
Social
Ongoing
Focused on and by Extracted Cues
Driven by Plausibility Rather than Accuracy
Frames as a Tool for Analyzing Policy Change – Some Reflections
References
Part IV: Intermediary Organizations and Interest Groups in Higher Education Policy
Chapter 14: Interest Groups and Intermediary Structures in Higher Education Policy in Western Europe
Introduction
Review of Existing Literature
Conceptual and Theoretical Perspectives
Studies Focusing on Student Organizations
Studies Focusing on Staff Organizations
Studies Focusing on Associations of Higher Education Institutions
Studies Focusing on Organizations of Employers
Studies Focusing on Agencies and Intermediary Structures
Analytical Framework
Methodological Approach
System Level Mapping
Focus on Higher Education Systems
Focus on Types of Actors
Interest Groups in Western Europe and Their European Counterparts
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15: Interest Groups in Higher Education in the U.S.
Introduction
Key Concepts and Terms
Theoretical Approaches for Interest Group Activity
Conceptualizing Interest Group Activity at the Federal Level
Interest Group Activity in State Policymaking
One Dupont Circle: Interest Group Activity in Federal Higher Education Policymaking
The Landscape of Interest Group Activity in State Higher Education Policymaking
Interest Group Activity in State Policymaking for Higher Education
Cloaked in Darkness: Alabama Association for Higher Education
Sweet Home Alabama: Political and Governance Characteristics
Data
The Case
Significance
Conclusion
References
Chapter 16: Intermediary Organizations and Organized Interests in Higher Education Policymaking in Canada
Introduction
Canadian Organized Interests in the Literature
Landscape of Higher Education Organized Interests – Intergovernmental Organizations within the Federation
Council of Ministers of Education, Canada (CMEC)
Council of Atlantic Ministers of Education and Training (CAMET)
Intermediary Bodies
Traditional Sub-National Intermediary Organizations
Degree Quality
Student Mobility: Transfer Credit
Organized Interests
Institutional Membership Organizations
Faculty Organized Interests
Student Organized Interests
Quebec: Distinctive Student Organized Interests Within the Federation
Formal Practitioner Networks
Third Types
Commissions, Inquiries, and Reviews
Advisory Bodies
The Assises: A Unique Institution for Policymaking
Academy-Industry-Government Interfaces: Emerging Intermediary Bodies?
Discussion
References
Chapter 17: Interest Groups and Intermediary Organizations in Higher Education Policy in Western Europe, United States, and Canada
Introduction
Regions
Methodologies
Definitions
State of Scientific Knowledge
Dynamics
Issues
Similarities and Differences, Trends, and Lessons
Conclusion
References
Part V: Policy Transfer and Diffusion in Higher Education
Chapter 18: The Bologna Process as a Multidimensional Architecture of Policy Diffusion in Western Europe
Introduction
Policy Diffusion and Related Concepts
The Bologna Process from the Diffusion and Convergence Perspective
The Bologna Process as a Platform for Policy Diffusion Through Transnational Communication
Historical Institutionalism as an Explanatory Approach for Variation in Policy Implementation of Bologna Provisions
The Bologna Process as a Catalyst for the Diffusion of Quality Assurance
Germany
France
Italy
Comparison
Summary and Discussion
References
Chapter 19: Policy Diffusion in U.S. Higher Education
Introduction
Models of Policy Diffusion and Their Application in Higher Education Research
Developments in the Study of Policy Diffusion in the United States
Different Models of Diffusion
The Role of Intermediaries in Facilitating Diffusion
Beyond Policy Adoption
Examining How and Why Policies Diffuse
Resistance to Diffusion: Examining Performance Funding Hold-Out Cases
Previous Research
Data and Methods
Findings
Conclusion
References
Chapter 20: Post-secondary Policy Innovation in Canada: Provincial Policy Adoptions, 1990–2015
Introduction
Politics and Higher Education Policymaking
Approach
Results
What Attracts Policy Attention?
Where Do Innovations Take Place?
Which Political Parties and Political Orientations Innovate?
Are There Patterns in Timing?
Discussion
Tuition Policy
Change in Government Coordination
New Quality Assurance Bodies
Mandate Changes
Mergers
New Publicly Funded Institutions
Division of Institutions
Undergraduate Degree Authorization Legislation
Conclusion
Policy Convergence
Horizontal and Vertical Diffusion
Negative Cases and Clustered Innovation
Partisanship and Political Orientation
Opportunity for Further Research
References
Chapter 21: Emerging Work on Tertiary Policy Diffusion in Western Europe and North America
Introduction
The Three Chapters
Evidence of Policy Diffusion and Filtering in the Three Chapters
Conclusion
References
Part VI: Comparison and Conclusion
Chapter 22: Same Same, but Different? Comparing the Politics of Higher Education Policy in Western Europe, Canada, and the U.S.
Introduction
The Politics of Higher Education Policy in Western Europe
Policy Systems
Policy Dynamics
State of Scholarship
The Politics of Higher Education Policy in Canada
Policy System
Policy Attention
State of Scholarship
The Politics of Higher Education Policy in the U.S.
Policy System
Policy Dynamics
State of Scholarship
Comparing Political Dynamics in Higher Education Policy in North America and Western Europe
The Politics of Higher Education Policy in a Changing World
References