Communication Systems

Preface
Acknowledgments
Contents
About the Authors
1 Signal Analysis
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fourier Analysis
1.2.1 The Trigonometric Fourier Series
1.2.2 Even Functions and Odd Functions
1.2.2.1 Some Elementary Properties
1.2.3 The Compact Fourier Series
1.2.4 The Exponential Fourier Series
1.3 Fourier Transform
1.3.1 Bilateral Exponential Signal
1.3.2 Gate Function
1.3.3 Impulse Function or Dirac's Delta Function
1.3.4 The Constant Function
1.3.5 Fourier Transform of Sine and the Cosine
1.3.6 The Fourier Transform of ps: [/EMC pdfmark [/Subtype /Span /ActualText (e Superscript j omega 0 t) /StPNE pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmarkej ω0 tps: [/EMC pdfmark [/StPop pdfmark [/StBMC pdfmark
1.3.7 The Fourier Transform of a Periodic Function
1.4 Some Properties of the Fourier Transform
1.4.1 Linearity
1.4.2 Scaling
1.4.3 Symmetry
1.4.4 Time Domain Shift
1.4.5 Frequency Domain Shift
1.4.6 Differentiation in the Time Domain
1.4.7 Integration in the Time Domain
1.4.8 The Convolution Theorem
1.5 The Sampling Theorem
1.6 Parseval's Theorem
1.7 Average, Power, and Autocorrelation
1.7.1 Time Autocorrelation of Signals
1.8 Problems
2 Probability Theory and Random Processes
2.1 Set Theory, Functions and Measure
2.2 Probability Theory
2.3 Random Variables
2.3.1 Average Value of a Random Variable
2.3.2 Moments of a Random Variable
2.3.3 The Variance of a Random Variable
2.3.4 The Characteristic Function of a Random Variable
2.3.4.1 Some Important Random Variables
2.4 Stochastic Processes
2.5 Linear Systems
2.6 Mathematical Formulation for the Digital Signal
2.6.1 Autocorrelation for the Digital Signal
2.6.2 Power Spectral Density for the Digital Signal
2.7 Problems
3 Speech Coding
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Signal Coding—Preliminaries
3.3 The Performance of a Signal Compression System
3.3.1 Quality of the Reconstructed Signals
3.3.2 Bit Rate
3.3.3 Complexity
3.3.4 Communication Delay
3.4 Features of Speech Signals
3.5 Pulse Code Modulation
3.5.1 Uniform Quantization
3.5.2 Quantization Noise
3.6 Noise Spectrum for the Uniform Quantizer
3.6.1 Nonuniform Quantization
3.7 Vector Quantization
3.7.1 LBG Algorithm
3.8 LPC Parameters
3.8.1 LPC Quantization
3.9 Overview of Speech Coding
3.10 Waveform Coding
3.11 Parametric and Hybrid Coding
3.12 Speech Coder Attributes
3.13 Problems
4 Amplitude Modulation
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Amplitude Modulation
4.3 Amplitude Modulation by Random Signals
4.3.1 Total Power of an AM Carrier
4.3.2 Power Spectral Density
4.4 Amplitude Modulators
4.4.1 Quadratic Modulator
4.4.2 Synchronous Modulator
4.4.3 Digital AM Signal
4.4.4 AM Transmitter
4.5 Suppressed Carrier Amplitude Modulation
4.6 Spectrum of the AM-SC Signal
4.6.1 Power Spectral Density
4.6.2 The AM-SC Modulator
4.7 AM-VSB Modulation
4.8 Amplitude Demodulation
4.9 Performance of Amplitude Modulation
4.10 Problems
5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
5.1 Quadrature Modulation with Random Signals
5.2 Single Sideband Amplitude Modulation
5.2.1 Hilbert Transform
5.2.2 Fourier Transform of 1/πt
5.2.3 Properties of the Hilbert Transform
5.2.4 Producing the SSB Signal
5.2.5 Lower Sideband SSB: Random Signal
5.3 ISB Modulation
5.4 AM Stereo
5.5 Quadrature Amplitude Demodulation
5.6 Performance Evaluation of SSB
5.7 Quadrature Modulation with Digital Signal
5.8 Problems
6 Angle Modulation
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Angle Modulation Using Random Signals
6.2.1 Mathematical Model
6.2.2 Case I: Modulation with Low Index, β< 0.5
6.2.3 Case II: Modulation Index in the Interval0.5 ≤ β≤5
6.2.4 Case III: High Modulation Index, β> 5
6.3 Frequency and Phase Demodulation
6.4 Performance Evaluation of Angle Modulation
6.5 Angle Modulation with Digital Signal
6.6 Problems
7 Propagation Channels
7.1 Basic Concepts
7.2 Non-guided Channels
7.2.1 Terrestrial Wave
7.2.2 Tropospheric Wave
7.2.3 Sky Wave
7.2.4 Outer Space
7.3 Effects on the Transmitted Signal
7.4 The Mobile Communication Channel
7.5 Multipath Effects
7.5.1 Statistical Modeling of the Mobile Channel
7.5.2 The Two-Ray Model of the Mobile Channel
7.5.3 Two-Ray Model with Frequency Selectivity
7.5.4 Effect of Multiple Rays
7.5.5 Time-Varying Channels
7.5.6 Propagation Model in Urban Area
7.5.7 Propagation in Mobile Systems
7.6 Problems
8 Carrier Transmission
8.1 Carrier Amplification
8.2 Features of the Cavity and Solid-State Amplifiers
8.3 Communication Channels
8.3.1 Guided Channels
8.3.1.1 Twisted Pair
8.3.1.2 Cable of Pairs
8.3.1.3 Open Line
8.3.1.4 Power Line Communications
8.3.1.5 Coaxial Cable
8.3.1.6 Waveguides
8.3.1.7 Optical Fibers
8.4 Microwave Systems
8.4.1 Line-of-Sight Systems
8.4.2 Tropodiffusion Systems
8.5 Antennas
8.6 Link Budget
8.6.1 Influence of the Earth's Curvature and the Equivalent Radius
8.6.2 Profile Design
8.6.3 Fresnel Zones
8.7 Problems
9 Transmission in Non-stationary Channels
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Non-stationary Interference
9.3 Stochastic Modeling
9.3.1 Modeling a Sudden Increase in Interference
9.3.2 The Instantaneous Power Interference
9.3.3 Mathematical Model for the Interference
9.3.4 The Influence of the Combined Interference
9.4 System Performance Evaluation
9.4.1 Average Signal to Interference Plus Noise Ratio
9.4.2 Outage Probability
9.4.3 Average Error Probability
9.4.4 Performance of Digital Modulation Systems
9.4.5 Epidemic Interference
9.4.6 Average Error Probability for Lognormal SINR
9.5 Behavior of Systems Under Lognormal SINR
9.5.1 Outage Probability
9.5.2 Error Probability
9.5.2.1 M-ary Amplitude Shift Keying (M-ASK)
9.5.2.2 Binary Phase-Shift Keying (BPSK)
9.5.2.3 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK)
9.5.2.4 M-ary Phase Shift Keying (M-PSK)
9.5.2.5 M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (M-QAM)
9.5.3 Monte Carlo Simulations
9.6 Numerical Results
9.6.1 Outage Probability
9.6.2 Average Error Probability
9.7 Problems
10 Mobile Cellular Telephony
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Introduction to Cellular Operation
10.3 Description of the Cellular System
10.3.1 Cellular Structure
10.3.2 Cellular Structures
10.4 Frequency Reuse
10.4.1 Cell Division
10.5 Constitution of the Cellular System
10.6 Characteristic Functions of a Cellular Network
10.6.1 Handoff
10.6.2 Roaming
10.6.3 Configuration of the Mobile Cellular System
10.6.4 Data Communication from the MSC to the Base Station
10.7 Radio Channel Types
10.7.1 Voice Channels
10.7.1.1 Wide Band Data
10.7.2 Control Channel
10.8 Digital Systems
10.8.1 The European GSM Standard
10.8.1.1 GPRS
10.8.1.2 UMTS
10.8.2 American Standards
10.8.2.1 The TDMA (IS-54/136) Standard
10.8.2.2 The IS-95 CDMA Standard
10.8.2.3 cdmaOne
10.8.2.4 cdma2000
10.9 Problems
11 Long-Term Evolution
11.1 Overview
11.2 Transmission Schemes
11.2.1 Downlink
11.2.2 Uplink
11.3 Programming, Link Adaption, and Hybrid ARQ
11.3.1 Downlink Programming
11.3.2 Uplink Programming
11.3.3 Interference Coordination Between Cells
11.4 Multiple Antennas
11.5 Spectrum Flexibility: Transmission Bandwidth
11.5.1 Spectrum Flexibility: Duplex Regime
11.6 Radio Interface Architecture
11.6.1 Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)
11.6.2 Radio Link Control (RLC)
11.7 Medium Access Control (MAC)
11.7.1 Logical Channels and Transport Channels
11.7.2 Physical Layer
11.8 LTE-Advanced
12 The Fifth Generation of Mobile Communications
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Description of the Technology
12.3 Standardization Bodies
12.3.1 3GPP
12.3.2 IETF
12.3.3 ITU
12.4 Major 5G Standards
12.5 Usage Scenarios for IMT 2020
12.6 How the IMT 2020 Standard Is Developed
12.7 The Underlying Technologies Behind 5G
12.7.1 Orthogonal Frequency-Division MultiplexingScheme
12.7.2 How OFDM Works
12.7.3 Description of OFDM
12.7.4 COFDM Transmission
12.8 Comparing 4G and 5G Technologies
12.9 New Features of the 5G Technology
12.10 How to Obtain the Best of 5G
12.11 The 5G Transmission Rate
12.12 The 5G Reference Network Architecture
12.12.1 The Core Network
12.13 The 5G Architecture Diagram
12.14 Frequency Planning for 5G
A Fourier Series and Fourier Transform
A.1 Fourier Series Formulas
A.2 Fourier Series Transform and Some Properties
A.2.1 Useful Fourier Transforms
A.3 Some Hilbert Transform Pairs
B Formulas and Important Inequalities
C Use of the Radio-Frequency Spectrum
D The Code Division Multiple Access Standard
D.1 Introduction
D.2 Spread Spectrum
D.2.1 Generation of Pseudo-Random Sequences
D.3 Convolutional Coding
D.3.1 The Structure of Convolutional Codes
D.4 CDMA and the IS-95 Standard
D.4.1 Processing Gain and CDMA Capacity
D.4.2 Channel Layout for IS-95
D.4.2.1 Pilot Channel
D.4.2.2 Synchronization Channel
D.4.2.3 Paging Channel
D.4.2.4 Channels for the Direct and for the Reverse Traffic
D.4.2.5 Access Channel
D.4.2.6 Transmission on the Access Channel
D.4.3 Orthogonal Modulation
D.4.4 Direct Sequence Spreading
D.4.5 Quadrature Scattering
D.4.6 Convolutional Encoder
D.4.6.1 Symbol Repetition Block
D.4.6.2 Interleaving Block
D.5 CDMA 1x EV-DO
D.6 Problems
E The Global System for Mobile Communication Standard
E.1 Introduction
E.2 System Architecture
E.2.1 The Mobile Station
E.2.1.1 The Subscriber Identification Module
E.2.2 The Base Station Subsystem
E.2.2.1 The Base Transceiver Station
E.2.2.2 The Base Station Controller
E.2.3 The Network Switching Subsystem
E.2.3.1 The Mobile Service Switching Center
E.2.3.2 The Gateway for Mobile Switching Center
E.2.3.3 The Local Register
E.2.3.4 The Authentication Center
E.2.3.5 Visitor's Register
E.2.3.6 The Equipment Identification Register
E.2.4 The Operation and Support Subsystem
E.3 Procedure for Registering the Mobile Station
E.4 Establishing a Call
E.5 Handoff
E.6 Security Parameters
E.6.1 Authentication
E.6.2 Temporary Identity of the Mobile Subscriber
E.7 The GSM Radio Transmission Interface
E.7.1 The Primary GSM
E.7.2 The Multiple Access Scheme
E.7.2.1 FDMA and TDMA
E.7.2.2 Time Division Duplexing
E.7.3 Frame Structure
E.7.3.1 Channel Combination
E.7.3.2 26 Multi-Frame Structure
E.7.3.3 TCH/FS (Combination I)
E.7.3.4 TCH/HS (Combinations II and III)
E.7.3.5 The 51 Multi-Frame Structure
E.7.3.6 FCCH + SCH + CCCH + BCCH (Combination IV)
E.7.3.7 FCCH + SCH + CCCH + BCCH + SDCCH/4 + SACCH/4 (Combination V)
E.7.3.8 CCCH + BCCH (Combination VI)
E.7.3.9 SDCCH/8 + SACCH/8 (Combination VII)
E.7.3.10 Combination of the 26 and 51 Multi-Frame Structures
E.7.4 Voice Coding in GSM
E.7.4.1 Requirements for Voice Coding in GSM
E.7.4.2 A/D Conversion in GSM
E.7.4.3 Voice Codecs Specified for GSM
E.7.4.4 Discontinued Transmission
E.7.5 Channel Coding
E.7.5.1 Voice Channel Coding
E.7.5.2 Voice Channel Interleaving
E.7.5.3 Coding and Interleaving Data Channels
E.7.5.4 Coding of Signaling Channels
E.8 Cryptography
E.9 Modulation
E.10 Frequency Hopping
E.11 GSM Services
E.11.1 Teleservices
E.11.2 Bearer Services
E.11.3 Supplementary Services
E.11.4 Logic Channels
E.11.4.1 Traffic Channels
E.11.4.2 Control Channels
E.12 EDGE
E.13 Problems
References
Index