Communication: Making Connections

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
About the Authors
Part 1 Making Connections through Communication
Chapter 1 Connecting Process and Principles
Communication: Making Connections
What Is Communication?
Why Should We Study Communication?
Communication and Our Technological Society
Communication and Career Development
Communication and Ethical Behavior
Communication and Our Multicultural Society
Principles of Communication
Communication Is a Process
Communication Is a System
Communication Is Transactional
Communication Can Be Intentional or Unintentional
Essential Components of Communication
Source/Sender
Determining meanings
Encoding
Sending
Reacting
Message
Interference/Noise
Channel
Receiver
Feedback
Environment
Context
Types of Communication
Intrapersonal Communication
Interpersonal Communication
Public Communication
Mass Communication
Communication via Social Media
Distinguishing Social Media from Face-to-Face Communication
Interactivity
Temporal Structure
Social Cues
Replicability
Storage
Reach
Mobility
Misconceptions About Communication
Myth 1: Communication Is a Cure-All
Myth 2: Quantity Means Quality
Myth 3: Meaning Is in the Words We Use
Myth 4: We Have a Natural Ability to Communicate
Myth 5: Communication Is Reversible
Summary
Discussion Starters
Chapter 2 Connecting Perception and Communication
Perception and Communication
The Perception Process
Selection
Selective Sxposure
SelectIve AttentIon
SelectIve RetentIon
Organization
Closure
Proximity
Similarity
Interpretation
Interpretation Based on Past Experience
Interpretation Based on New Situations
Interpretations Based on Others’ Opinions
Interpretation Based on Verbal Communication
Perceptual Differences
Perceptual Set and Stereotyping
Attribution Error
Physical Characteristics
Psychological State
Cultural Background
Gender
Media
Improving Perception Competencies and Perception Checking
Become an Active Perceiver
Recognize That Each Person’s Frame of Reference Is Unique
Distinguish Facts from Inferences
Become Aware of the Role of Perceptions in Communication
Keep an Open Mind
Perception Checking: Being a Competent Communicator
Summary
Discussion Starters
Answers
Chapter 3 Connecting Self and Communication
Understanding Self-Concept
Development of Self-Concept
Values
Attitudes
Beliefs
Communication and Self-Concept
Social Media and Self-Concept
Online Self-Disclosure
Online Social Connection
Convenience
Online Apprehension
Miscommunication
Culture and Self-Concept
Gender and Self-Concept
Sex and Gender
Gender Stereotypes
Gender Expectations
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy and Impression Management
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Impression Management
Enhancing Self-Concept
Summary
Discussion Starters
Chapter 4 Connecting through Verbal Communication
The Importance of Language
The Elements of Language
Sounds
Words
Grammar
Meaning
Do words Contain Meaning?
Words Have Denotative and Connotative Meanings
Words Can Be Concrete or Abstract
Words Can Be Specific or Vague
Meaning Depends on Commonalities
Language Can Obscure Meanings
Language-Based Barriers to Communication
Meanings Can Be Misunderstood
Language Can Shape Our Attitudes
Language Can Cause Polarization
Language Can Be Sexist or Homophobic
Culture Affects Language Use
Language and Technology
How to Use Language Effectively
Use Accurate Language
Use Vivid Language
Use Immediate Language
Use Appropriate Language
Use Metaphorical Language
Summary
Discussion Starters
Chapter 5 Connecting through Nonverbal Communication
What Is Nonverbal Communication?
Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication Occurs Constantly
Nonverbal Communication Depends on Context
Nonverbal Communication Is More Believable Than Verbal Communication
Nonverbal Communication Is a Primary Means of Expression
Nonverbal Communication Is Related to Culture
Nonverbal Communication Is Ambiguous
Why Should You Know about Nonverbal Communication? An Overview
Functions of Nonverbal Communication
Complementing Verbal Behavior
Repeating Verbal Behavior
Regulating Verbal Behavior
Substituting for Verbal Behavior
Deceiving
Types of Nonverbal Communication
Facial Expressions and Body Movements
Eye Behavior or Oculesics
Facial Expressions
Body Movements
Physical Characteristics
Touch
Space
Time
Paralanguage/Vocalics
Silence
Artifacts
Environment
Improving Our Ability to Send and Interpret Nonverbal Communication
Summary
Discussion Starters
Chapter 6 Connecting Listening and Thinking in the Communication Process
The Importance of Effective Listening
Effective Listening
Sensing
Information Processing (Evaluation, Interpretation, and Understanding):
Remembering
Thinking
Focus and Attention
Interpreting
Evaluating
Responding and Sending Feedback
The Functions of Listening
Listening to Obtain Information
Listening to Evaluate
Listening with Empathy
Listening for Enjoyment
Barriers to Effective Listening
Consider the Topic or Speaker Uninteresting
Criticize the Speaker Instead of the Message
Concentrate on Details, Not Main Ideas
Avoiding Difficult Listening Situations
Tolerate or Fail to Adjust to Distractions
Fake Attention
Bias and Prejudice
Preferred Thinking
Critical Listening and Critical Thinking: Analyzing and Evaluating Messages
Assess the Speaker’s Motivation
Judge the Accuracy of the Speaker’s Conclusions
Improve Listening Competence
Listening and Technology
Avoid Overdependence on Media
Digital Literacy
Intercultural Listening
Summary
Discussion Starters
Part 2 Connecting in the Public Context
Chapter 7 Selecting a Topic and Connecting to the Audience
Select a Speech Topic
Select an Appropriate Topic
Techniques for Finding a Topic
Self-Inventory
Environmental Issues
Brainstorming
Review the Current Media
Engage Listeners with Social Media
Surf the Web
Assess the Appropriateness of a Topic
Narrow the Topic
Determine the General Purpose, Specific Purpose, and Thesis of a Speech
The General Purpose
Informative Speeches
Persuasive Speeches
Entertainment Speeches
The Specific Purpose
The Thesis
Audience Analysis: Connecting with the Listeners
Understand the Listeners’ Point of View
Captive versus Voluntary Participants
Key Audience Information
Demographic Analysis
Psychological Analysis
Ways to Learn about the Audience
Observation
Survey Interviews
Questionnaires
Use Information to Connect with Listeners
Summary
Discussion Starters
Chapter 8 Research: Gathering and Using Information
Develop a Research Plan
Research: Gathering Information
The Internet as an Information Source
Social Media as an Information Source
You as an Information Source
The Interview as an Information Source
The Library as an Information Source
The Library Computer Search
Suggestions for Research
Use Research to Support and Clarify Ideas
Testimony
Examples
Brief Examples
Illustrations
Analogies
Definitions
Statistics
Summary
Discussion Starters
Chapter 9 Organizing and Outlining Your Speech
Organize the Body of Your Speech
Develop the Main Points
Relate Main Points, Specific Purpose, and Thesis
Present the Main Points
Limit the Number of Main Points
Order the Main Points
The Time-Sequence Pattern
Choosing the Best Pattern
Connect the Main Points
Transitions
Signposts
Internal Previews
Internal Summaries
Support the Main Points
Organize the Introduction of Your Speech
Orient the Audience to the Topic
Refer to the Subject or Occasion
Use Personal References or Narratives
Ask Rhetorical Questions
Present A Startling Statement
Use Humor
Incorporate Quotations
State the Specific Purpose and Thesis
Motivate the Audience to Listen
Forecast the Main Points
Organize the Conclusion of Your Speech
Show That You Are Finishing the Speech
Make Your Thesis Clear
Review the Main Points
End with a Memorable Thought
Synthesize and Summarize
Outline Your Speech
Principles of Outlining
The Preliminary Outline
The Full-Sentence Outline
The Presentational Outline
Summary
Discussion Starters
Answers and Explanations
Chapter 10 Managing Anxiety and Apprehension When Delivering Your Speech
Managing Speech Anxiety
Communication Apprehension
Symptoms of Speech Anxiety
Causes of Speech Anxiety
Communication Apprehension, Anxiety, and Cultural Concerns
Treating Speech Anxiety and Apprehension
Methods of Delivery
Impromptu Delivery
Manuscript Delivery
Memorized Delivery
Extemporaneous Delivery
Vocal and Physical Aspects of Delivery
Vocal Aspects
Vocal Quality
Intelligibility
Vocal Variety
Physical Aspects
Personal Appearance
Body Movement
Gestures
Facial Expressions
Eye Contact
Presentational Aids
Benefits of Presentational Aids
Make A Speech Understandable and Memorable
Enhance Speaker Credibility
Create audience Attention and Interest
Provide Support
Help with Delivery
Choosing and Using Presentational Aids
Types of Presentational Aids
Computer-Generated Images
Video and Digitized Video Clips
Real Objects
Models
Photographs, Drawings, and Diagrams
Presentation Software
Deciding When to Use PowerPoint or Prezi in Your Presentations
Creating Effective PowerPoint or Prezi Presentations
Color
Type and Size of Font
Displaying the Slide Show
Use of Graphics and Pictures
Using Presentational Aids: Who’s Really in Control?
Poise
Recovery
Practice Your Delivery
Summary
Discussion Starters
Chapter 11 Informative Speaking
Information and Power
Distinctions Between Informative and Persuasive Speaking
Topics for Informative Speeches
Objects
Processes
Events
Concepts
Preparing and Developing an Informative Speech
Gain and Maintain Audience Attention
Generate a Need for the Information
Create Information Relevance
Provide a Fresh Perspective
Focus on the Unusual
Increase Understanding of the Topic
Organize Your Presentation
Choose Language Carefully
Use Description
Use Definitions
Hints for Effective Informative Speaking
Avoid Assumptions
Personalize Information
Evaluate the Informative Speech
Topic
General Requirements
Audience Analysis
Supporting Materials
Organization
Delivery
Language Choice
Analysis and Evaluation
Summary
Discussion Starters
Appendix 11: Informative Speech Topics
Chapter 12 Persuasive Speaking
The Goal of Persuasive Speaking
Topics for Persuasive Speeches
Questions of Fact
Questions of Value
Questions of Policy
Persuasive Claims
Establish Credibility (Ethos)
Competence
Character
Trustworthiness
Ethics
Charisma
Becoming Effective Consumers of Persuasion
Prepare and Develop a Persuasive Speech
Researching the Topic
Organizing the Speech
The Problem–Solution Pattern
The Cause–Effect Pattern
Monroe’s Motivated Sequence Pattern
Supporting Materials
Appeals to Needs
Logical Appeals (Logos)
Emotional Appeals
Persuasive Strategies
Fallacies in Argument Development
Fallacies of Reason
Questionable Cause
AD Hominem
Fallacies of Evidence
Fact Versus Opinion
Red Herring
Hasty Generalization
Post Hoc Fallacy
Either–OR Reasoning
Evaluate the Persuasive Speech
Topic
General Requirements
Audience Analysis
Supporting Materials
Organization
Delivery
Language Choice
Analysis and Evaluation
Summary
Discussion Starters
Appendix 12: Persuasive Speech Topics
Part 3 Connecting in the Relational Contexts
Chapter 13 Interpersonal Communication: A Theoretical Foundation
Connecting with Others via Interpersonal Communication
Relationships
Interpersonal Communication
Theories of Interpersonal Communication
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
Uncertainty Management Theory
Social Information Processing Theory
Social Penetration Theory
Social Exchange Theory
Interpersonal Needs Theory
The Need for Affection
The Need for Inclusion
The Need for Control
Dialectical Theory
Connection–Autonomy
Openness–Closedness
Novelty–Predictability
Managing Relational Tensions
Self-Disclosure in Relationships
Why Do We Self-Disclose?
Self-Presentation
Relationship Building
Catharsis
When Shouldn’t We Self-Disclose Too Much?
Self-Disclosure and Privacy
Self-Disclosure and Gender
Self-Disclosure and Culture
Self-Disclosure and Rhetorical Sensitivity
Summary
Discussion Starters
Chapter 14 Developing and Maintaining Relationships: From Formation to Dissolution
Interpersonal Communication Competence
Relationship Formation
Interpersonal Attraction
Physical Attributes
Communication and Attraction
Chemistry or Physical Attraction
Meeting Online
Relationships: Initiation or Coming Together
Initiating
Experimenting
Intensifying
Integrating
Bonding
Relationship Maintenance Strategies
Positivity
Openness
Assurances
Blending Social Networks
Sharing Tasks
Relationship Dissolution
Signs That Show a Relationship Is in Trouble
Aggressive Behavior
Lies
Betrayal
Relationships: Coming Apart or Breaking Up
Differentiating
Circumscribing
Stagnating
Avoiding
Terminating
Duck’s Phases of Dissolution
The Intrapsychic Phase
The Dyadic Phase
The Social Phase
The Grave-Dressing Phase
Interpersonal Conflict
What Causes Conflict?
Does Conflict Have to Be Destructive?
When Is Conflict Beneficial?
What Are Useful Strategies for Conflict Management or Resolution in Interpersonal Relationships?
Withdrawing
Accommodating
Forcing
Negotiating
Collaboration
Relational Repair Strategies
Improving Communication Competence in Relationships
Establish Supportive and Caring Relationships
Nurture a Supportive Environment
Invite More Communication
Summary
Discussion Starters
Chapter 15 Group and Team Communication
Small-Group Communication: Making the Connection to Our Everyday Lives
What a Group or Team Is
Project or Work Teams
Formation and Development of Groups
Cultural Influences on Group Formation
Characteristics of Small Groups
Interdependence
Commitment
Cohesiveness
Gender Makeup
Establishing a Group Culture
Group Size
Group Norms
Purposes and Types of Groups
Primary Groups
Secondary Groups
Social Media Groups
Ethical Behavior in Group Communication
Working in Groups or Teams: Advantages and Disadvantages
Advantages
The Disadvantages of Working in Small Groups
Going Along to Get Along
Time-Consuming Nature of Group Work
Varying Interaction
Unfair Workloads
Pressure to Fail
Grouphate Phenomenon
Summary
Discussion Starters
Chapter 16 Participating in Groups and Teams
Group and Team Building
Setting Goals
Determining Roles
Leadership
Leading a Group or Team
Leadership Styles and Behavior
Leadership and Task or Relationship Orientation
Leadership and Power Distribution
Leadership and Gender Differences
Member Participation
Roles of Group Members
Contributions of Group Members
Reaching Group Members’ Consensus
Managing Group Conflict
Conflict and Group Communication
Conflict Online
Ethical Behavior and Conflict
Problem Solving and Decision Making
Determining and Stating the Problem
Discuss the Problem and Its Solution
Dewey’s Reflective Thinking
Gouran’s and Hirokawa’s Functional Theory
Brainstorming
Brainstorming via Technology
Evaluating Small-Group Performance
Summary
Discussion Starters
Appendix
Glossary
Endnotes
Index
Credits