An authoritative compendium of new research findings and case studies in the application of communication theory during catastrophic events
Communicating Science in Times of Crisis: Communication and Catastrophic Events addresses the practical application and research implications of communication theory in the context of man-made and natural catastrophes. Bringing together contributions by leading experts in crisis management and strategic communication, this timely collection of resources links scientific issues with public policy while discussing the challenges and opportunities for using communication to manage extreme events in the evolving media landscape of the 21st century.
In this second volume of the Wiley-Blackwell Communicating Science in Times of Crises series, 15 substantial chapters explore a varied range of catastrophic conditions, such as mass violence incidents, disease outbreaks, catastrophic mudslides, cascading and simultaneous disasters, extreme weather events, diffusion of misinformation during crises, students traveling internationally during a global health crisis, and more. Each chapter focuses on a particular issue or concern, revealing the difficult choices that confront academics and practitioners across communication disciplines and presenting original frameworks and models alongside ongoing research programs.
- Discusses approaches for balancing scientific findings with social and cultural issues
- Highlights the ability of legacy and digital media to facilitate science in mitigating the effects of adverse events
- Examines the ethical repercussions of communication during unfolding and unpredictable events
- Addresses the use of social media communication during a crisis and navigating an increasingly media-savvy society with multiple levels of science literacy
- Covers key theoretical and practical aspects of the associated fields of risk management and crisis management
Available as a standalone book or as part of a two-volume set, Communicating Science in Times of Crisis: Communication and Catastrophic Events is essential reading for scholars, researchers, practitioners, and advanced students in the fields of crisis communication, risk and emergency management, disaster studies, policy management, social media communication, and healthcare communication.
Author(s): H. Dan O'Hair, Mary John O'Hair
Series: Communicating Science in Times of Crisis
Publisher: Wiley-Blackwell
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 273
City: Hoboken
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Chapter 1 Addressing Catastrophes Through Communication Science
Introduction
Strategic Risk and Crisis Management
Introduction
Concepts and Theory
Social Amplification of Risk
Precautionary Principle
Science Communication
Discourse of Renewal
Social Media
Chapter Highlights
References
Chapter 2 Where is it Safe? Questioning Education Policy, Safety, and Choices for Students Traveling Internationally During a Global Health Crisis
Introduction
Catastrophic Event: Early Spread of COVID-19 and Responses
University Health and Safety Policies
Persisting Issues with Federal Guidance Throughout the COVID-19 Pandemic
Communicating Health and Safety: An Uneasy Balance
A Closer Examination of Policy Communication and Miscommunication
Ethnocentrism and American Exceptionalism
Critical Policy Analyses and Problematizing Policy
Ethnocentrism and a Shift Away from Relative Risk in Federal Guidance
Other Guidance Perspectives
Undue Political Influence on Guidance from Federal Sources
Misuse and Unhelpfulness of Guidance Meant to Apply to the General Population
Conclusions for a Clearer Path Forward
Notes
References
Chapter 3 Addressing the Role of Prior Experience in the Development of Risk Perceptions, Information Seeking and Processing Behaviors During Natural Disasters
Introduction
Risk Perceptions and Attitudes
Risk Perceptions
Risk Attitudes
Prior Experience
Components of Prior Risk Experience
Awareness, Knowledge, and Understanding of the Risks
Emotional Response and Affect
Risk Information Seeking and Processing Behaviors
Relevant Channel Beliefs
Influences on Risk Information Seeking and Processing
Conclusion
Considerations on Theory and Practice
Future Research Directions
Practical Implications
References
Chapter 4 Enhancing Catastrophic Event Preparedness and Response: The Inoculation Approach
Overview of Inoculation
Past Contextual Applications
Potential New Applications to Catastrophic Events
Underground Emergencies
Earthquakes and Tsunamis
Wildfires and Severe Weather Events
Infectious Diseases
The Impact of Media and Modality on the Efficacy of Inoculation Messages
Inoculation Message Modalities
Second-Order Impact of Social Exchanges
Terse and Booster Messages
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Communication Strategies to Initiate and Sustain Catastrophe Compassion
Introduction
The Case for Compassion
Preparing for Catastrophic Events by Cultivating Compassion
Eliciting Compassion During Catastrophic Events
Eliciting Compassion in the Aftermath of Catastrophic Events
Strategically Designed Appeals to Compassion
Appraisal Theory Perspective
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6 Social Marketing Strategy: Enhancing Preparedness for Crises and Catastrophic Events
Social Marketing Overview
Lee and Kotler’s 10 Steps of Social Marketing
Step 1: Social Issue, Background, Purpose, and Focus
Step 2: Situation Analysis
Step 3: Target Audiences
Step 4: Behavior Objectives and Target Goals
Step 5: Target Audience Barriers, Benefits, and Motivators; the Competition; and Influential Others
Step 6: Positioning Statement
Step 7: Marketing Mix Strategies
Step 8: Plan for Monitoring and Evaluation
Step 9: Budget
Step 10: Plan for Implementation and Sustaining Behaviors
Social Marketing: Relevance for Crises and Catastrophic Events
Severe Weather Events
Monster Guard
Safe Place Selfie
Smokey Bear
Senseless Acts of Community Violence or Harm
Excessive Alcohol Use
School Violence
Gender-Based Violence
Infectious Disease Outbreaks
2016 Zika Epidemic
2009 Seasonal Flu
2009–2010 Measles Outbreak
Immigrant and Refugee Crisis
Promoting Immigration in Canada
Serving Latino Immigrants in Maryland
Conclusion
References
Chapter 7 Building Risk Communication Infrastructure by Bolstering Emergency Managers’ Formal and Informal Communication Networks
Challenges for Public Communication During Emergencies
Audience Changes
Disconnects and Silos
Formal Inter-Agency and Inter-Government Communication
Informal Inter-Agency and Inter-Governmental Communication
Networked Resiliency
Local Emergency Planning Committees
Communication Strategies for Catastrophe
Coordination and Trust Building
Coordination of Messaging
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8 Individual Disaster Communication Following Catastrophic Mass Violence: The Case of the Pulse Nightclub Shooting
Review of Literature
Stress, Emotions, and Coping
Individual Disaster Communication as a Coping Effort
Demographic Differences in Coping Efforts
Disaster Media Use, Emotional Reactions, and Coping
Method
Participants
Procedure
Measures
Data Analysis
Results
Research Questions
Hypothesis Testing and Indirect Effects
Discussion
Identification and Post-event Individual Disaster Communication
The Lack of Individual Disaster Communication Among Parents
Direct and Transactional Disaster Media Effects
Practical Implications
Limitations and Directions for Future Research
Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Social Media Misinformation About Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change: Structures, Communication Processes, and Individual Factors that Influence the Diffusion of Misinformation
Competing Beliefs About Extreme Weather Events and Climate Change in the United States
Factors Influencing the Spread of Climate Change Misinformation on Social Media
Studies of Climate Change Misinformation on Social Media Platforms
Twitter
Facebook
Blogs
YouTube
Combating Misinformation About Climate Change on Social Media
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10 “The Princeton Outbreak”: A Case Study of a University Health Crisis and Implications for Communicating Science
Literature Review
Methodology
Internal Considerations, Components, and Context
External Considerations, Components, and Context
Findings
Encourage Science Literacy Throughout University Leadership
Rely on Subject Matter Experts
Engage in Deliberate Communication of Science with Key Generalist Staff
Simultaneous Deployment of Cohort and Individual Communication Strategies
Importance of Media in Communicating a Coordinated Message Regarding the Science
Communicating Science Urgently in a Crisis
Prioritize Honesty in the Communication of Science
Discussion
Conclusion
Notes
References
Chapter 11 Blue or Stormy Skies? The Roles of Strategic Risk Communication in Protecting Communities Before, During, and After Severe Weather
Warning Models and Theories
Warning Dissemination
Instructing Messages
Instructional Risk and Crisis Communication
Risk Communication for a Fully Functioning Society
Crisis Narratives and Crisis Framing
Crisis Narratives
Crisis Framing
Fear Appeals
Humor Strategies
Relational Strategies
Organization–Public Relationships
Dialogic Theory
Discussion
Meta-analytic Evidence
Contextual Factors
Protective Action Guidance
Warning Message Content
Fear Appeals
Relational Strategies
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12 Risk and Crisis Communication: Considering Catastrophic Mudslides in Uganda’s Bududa District
Instructional Risk Communication
The IDEA Model
Dialogue in Instructional Risk and Crisis Communication
Case Study Method
Description of the Disasters
Bukalasi
Namaeetsi
Namasa
Discussion
References
Chapter 13 Risk, Science, and Health Collaborations During Cascading and Simultaneous Disasters
Science Communication and Cascading Disasters
Considering Stakeholders and Collaborators in Science Communication
Science Communication Challenges During Cascading Disasters
Future Research and Implications
Conclusion
Note
References
Chapter 14 Communicating Inclusively and Reliably About Climatological and Meteorological Events: Social Network Analysis, Message Framing, and Communication Competence
Study 1: Social Network Analysis
Diversity in the United States
Step One—SCIPP Primary Stakeholders
Step Two—SCIPP Secondary Connections
Step Three—Area of Operation Residents
Study 1—Discussion
Study 2—Texas Messaging Experiment
Proposal of Hypotheses and Research Questions
Method
Participant Demographics
Results
Study 2—Discussion
Conclusion
References
Chapter 15 How Government Leaders Use Social Media During Disasters: A Scoping Review
How Government Leaders Use Social Media During Disasters: A Scoping Review
Methods
Step One: Identify Research Questions
Step Two: Identify Relevant Studies
Step Three: Study Selection
Step Four: Chart Data
Step Five: Collate, Summarize, and Report Results
Step Six: Consultation
Findings
Crisis Communication Theories
Evaluating Social Media as Disaster Communication Tools
Conclusion
References
Appendix A: Summary of Searches and Resulting Articles
Index
EULA
