This book provides the latest achievements and original research work in physics of combustion processes and application of the methods developed in combustion physics for astrophysical problems of stars burning, supernovae explosions and a confined thermonuclear fusion. All the materials in the book are presented in a concise and easily accessible way, but at the same time provides a deep physical inside in the phenomena considered. It is an effective theoretical course with the direct practical implications in engineering fields of engine’s development, energy production, safety issues inherent to terrestrial combustion, as well as in thermonuclear combustion in the inertial fusion. This book is aimed at university students, Ph.D. students and engineers, as well as professionals in combustion, energy-related research, astrophysics and researchers in neighboring fields.
Author(s): Michael A. Liberman
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2021
Language: English
Pages: 632
City: Cham
Preface
Contents
1 Combustion Chemistry
1.1 Chemical Reactions
1.2 Non-branching Chain Reaction: Hydrogen Chlorine
1.3 Formation Mechanisms of Nitrogen Oxides
1.3.1 Thermal NO Mechanism
1.3.2 Prompt NO Mechanism
1.3.3 Fuel NO
1.3.4 Flames of the First-Order Reaction
1.4 Chain-Branching Reactions: Explosions
1.4.1 Hydrogen–Oxygen Explosions: Explosion Limits
1.4.2 Oxidation and Explosions of Hydrocarbons
References
2 Self-Accelerating Reactions
2.1 A One-Step Chemical Reaction Model
2.2 Elementary Theory of Thermal Explosion
2.3 Thermal Self-Ignition
2.4 Frank-Kamenetskii Transformation
2.5 Semenov Theory of Thermal Explosions
2.6 Frank-Kamenetskii Theory of Thermal Explosion
2.7 Spark Ignition and Minimum Ignition Energy
2.8 Induction Time: One-Step and Detailed Chemical Models
2.8.1 Hydrogen–Air: A Single-Step and Detailed Chemical Models
2.8.2 Methane–Air: A Single-Step and Detailed Chemical Models
References
3 Laminar Flames
3.1 Reaction Waves
3.2 Velocity and Thickness of Laminar Flames
3.3 Temperature and Concentration Distributions
3.4 Zel’dovich–Frank-Kamentskii Theory: Laminar Flame Speed
3.5 Consequences of the Formula for Normal Flame Velocity
3.6 Laminar Non-premixed Flames
3.6.1 Non-premixed Laminar Flames
3.6.2 Combustion of Liquid Fuel Droplets
References
4 Hydrodynamics of Premixed Laminar Flames
4.1 Flame Hydrodynamics: Combustion Regimes
4.2 Complete System of Equations for Propagating Flame
4.3 Isobaric Approximation
4.4 Theory of Planar Flames
References
5 Flame Instabilities
5.1 Darrieus-Landau Instability of Zero Thickness Flame
5.2 Hydrodynamic Instability; Flames of Finite Thickness
5.3 Flame in a Gravitational Field; Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
5.3.1 Comparison with Numerical Simulations
5.4 Thermal-Diffusive Instability
5.4.1 Thermal Diffusive Instability (Le =1)
5.4.2 Thermal Diffusive Instability of Solid Propellant
5.5 Flame Dynamics; Evolution Equation
5.5.1 Evolution Equation; Infinitely Thin Flame Front
5.5.2 Evolution Equation; Influence of Finite Flame Thickness
5.5.3 Evolution Equation; Arbitrary Equation of State
5.5.4 Influence of Compressibility
References
6 Flame–Acoustic Interaction: Thermoacoustic and Parametric Instabilities
6.1 Early Experimental Research on the Flame–Acoustic Interaction
6.2 Flame Stabilization by Acoustic Waves
6.3 Parametric Flame Instability and Sound Waves
6.4 Experimental Study of the Darrieus–Landau Instability
6.5 Flame–Acoustic Interaction: Thermoacoustic Instabilities
6.6 Applicability of Analytical Models
References
7 Interaction of Flames with Weak Shocks
7.1 Linear Theory of Flame–Shock Interaction
7.2 Nonlinear Effects of Flame–Shock Interactions
7.3 Hydrodynamic Instability of Planar Flame in Closed Chambers
References
8 Dynamics of Curved Flames Propagating in Tubes
8.1 Nonlinear Stage of Instability; Cellular Flame’s Structure
8.2 Nonlinear Equation for Curved Stationary Flames
8.3 Velocity of 2D Curved Flame
8.4 Velocity and Shape of 2D Flame
References
9 Dynamics of Flames Under Confinement
9.1 Hydrodynamic Instability of Planar Flame in Closed Chambers
9.2 Numerical Simulations of the DL Instability in Closed Tubes
9.2.1 Flames of the First-Order Reaction
9.2.2 Flames of the Third-Order Reaction
9.3 Flammability Limits and Flame Quenching
9.3.1 Flammability Limits
9.3.2 Heat Losses and Flame Quenching
9.4 Tulip Flames. Effect of the Boundary Layer
9.4.1 Experimental, Theoretical, and Numerical Studies
9.4.2 Mechanisms of the Tulip Flame Formation
9.4.3 Numerical Simulations and Mechanism of Tulip Flame Formation
References
10 Flame in a Gravitational Field
10.1 The Rayleigh–Taylor Instability
10.2 Velocities of Rising Bubbles
10.3 Curved Flames in Vertical Tubes
10.4 Flame in Horizontal Tubes
References
11 Stability Limits; Spherically Expanding Flames
11.1 Flame Instabilities in Wide Tubes
11.2 Morphology of Unconfined Spherically Expanding Flames
11.3 Fractal Structure and Self-similar Regime
11.3.1 Fractal Dimension of 2D and 3D Expanding Flames
11.3.2 Stability of Self-similar Spherically Expanding Flames
11.4 Self-acceleration and Fractal Structure of Expanding Flames
References
12 Detonation Waves
12.1 Evolutionarity Condition and Possible Combustion Modes
12.2 Structure of Detonation Waves; Detonation Adiabatic
12.3 Velocity of a Detonation Wave
12.4 The Chapman-Jouguet Detonation
12.5 Possible Modes of Exothermal Reactions Propagation
12.6 CJ-Deflagration and CJ-Detonation
12.7 Explosions and Spherically Expanding Detonation
12.8 Strong Explosion in Homogenous Atmosphere
References
13 Ignition
13.1 Spark Ignition and Minimum Ignition Energy
13.2 Zel’dovich’s Gradient Mechanism; Spontaneous Reaction Wave
13.3 Combustion Modes Initiated by Hot Spots
13.4 Ignition by Transient Energy Deposition
13.4.1 Rapid Energy Deposition—Microsecond Time Scale
13.4.2 Millisecond Time Scale of Energy Deposition
13.4.3 Energy of Ignition
References
14 Regimes of Premixed Flames
14.1 Regimes of Premixed Turbulent Combustion
14.2 G-Equation
14.3 Velocity of Turbulent Flames
14.3.1 Modeling of the Premixed Turbulent Flame Speed
14.3.2 Effects of Darrieus–Landau Instability and Thermal Expansion
14.3.3 Numerical Simulations of Turbulent Combustion
14.4 Influence of Chemical Reactions on Turbulent Transport
14.4.1 Turbulent Flux
14.4.2 Comparison with Numerical Simulations
References
15 Flame Acceleration and Deflagration-To-Detonation Transition
15.1 Explosions and Detonation
15.2 Experimental Study of DDT in Highly Reactive Mixtures
15.3 Flame Acceleration in Channels with No-Slip Walls
15.4 Mechanism of Deflagration-to-Detonation Transition (DDT)
15.4.1 Numerical Simulations of DDT
15.4.2 Flame Acceleration and DDT in 2D Channel with Smooth Walls
15.4.3 Flame Acceleration and DDT in 3D Channels
15.4.4 About Interpretation of Shadow/Schlieren Photographs
15.5 Effect of Wall Roughness and Obstacles on the Run-Up Distance
15.6 Unconfined Deflagration-To-Detonation Transition
References
16 Effects of Radiation on Particle-Laden Combustion
16.1 Flame Velocity in Particle-Laden Mixtures. Effect of Radiation
16.1.1 Flame Propagation Through Uniformly Dispersed Particles
16.1.2 Flame Structure; Radiation Dominated Regime
16.2 Nonuniform Distribution of Suspended Particles
16.3 Turbulent Clustering and Multipoint Radiation Induced Ignition
16.3.1 Radiation Absorption Coefficient and Turbulent Clustering
16.3.2 Effect of Turbulent Clustering on Radiation Heat Transfer
16.3.3 Turbulent Clustering: Effective Radiation Absorption Length
16.3.4 Radiation-Induced Multipoint Secondary Explosions
16.3.5 Impact of Radiation in Vapor Cloud and Dust Explosions
References
17 Astrophysical Combustion
17.1 Compact Objects: The Birth and the Death of Stars
17.2 The Mysterious Stars: Numerical Models of SN Ia Explosion
17.3 Ignition and the Early Stage of White Dwarfs Explosion
17.3.1 Ignition of Self-accelerating Reaction in White Dwarfs
17.3.2 Flame Ignition in the White Dwarf Core
17.4 Effect of the Flame Instabilities
17.4.1 Dynamics of the Flame for Arbitrary Equation of State
17.4.2 Hydrodynamic Instability of the Flame in White Dwarfs
17.4.3 Flame Speed in White Dwarfs and the DL Instability
17.5 Thermal-Diffusion Instabilities of the Flame in White Dwarfs
17.5.1 A Steady Flame in White Dwarfs
17.5.2 Thermal-Diffusion Instability and Flame Pulsation in White Dwarfs
17.6 Instability of Thermonuclear Detonation in White Dwarfs
17.6.1 Pulsating Instability of Detonation
17.6.2 Thermonuclear Detonations. Spectrum of Instabilities
17.7 Rayleigh–Taylor Instabilities, Bubbles and Turbulence
17.7.1 Nonlinear Stage of the RT Instability
17.7.2 Multipoint Ignition and Bubbles in SN Ia Explosions
References
18 Ablation Fronts in Inertial Confinement Fusion
18.1 Inertial Confinement Fusion
18.2 Rayleigh–Taylor Instability; Linear Stage, Discontinuity Model
18.2.1 RT Instability of Ablatively Accelerated Plasma
18.2.2 Discontinuity Model: Long-Wavelength Perturbations
18.2.3 Discontinuity Model: Short Wavelength Perturbations
18.3 Effect of Compressibility
18.3.1 Structure of Ablation Wave
18.3.2 Growth Rate of RT and DL Instabilities for a Finite Mach Numbers
18.3.3 WKB Model: Stabilization of RT Instability by Convection
18.4 Nonlinear Rayleigh–Taylor Instability in the Laser Ablation
References
Appendix A Conversion Formulas and Constants
Fundamental Constants
Appendix B Combustion Characteristics of Some Mixtures
Index
