This book provides the reader with an understanding of what color is, where color comes from, and how color can be used correctly in many different applications. The authors first treat the physics of light and its interaction with matter at the atomic level, so that the origins of color can be appreciated. The intimate relationship between energy levels, orbital states, and electromagnetic waves helps to explain why diamonds shimmer, rubies are red, and the feathers of the Blue Jay are blue. Then, color theory is explained from its origin to the current state of the art, including image capture and display as well as the practical use of color in disciplines such as computer graphics, computer vision, photography, and film.
Author(s): Erik Reinhard, Erum Arif Khan, Ahmet Oguz Akyuz, Garrett M. Johnson
Edition: Har/Cdr
Publisher: A K Peters
Year: 2008
Language: English
Commentary: index is missing
Pages: 1041
Tags: Информатика и вычислительная техника;Обработка медиа-данных;Обработка изображений;
Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 14
Part I: Principles......Page 17
1. Introduction......Page 19
1.1. Color in Nature......Page 20
1.2. Color in Society......Page 26
1.3. In this Book......Page 28
1.4. Further Reading......Page 30
2. Physics of Light......Page 33
2.2. Waves......Page 44
2.3. Polarization......Page 54
2.4. Spectral Irradiance......Page 61
2.5. Reflection and Refraction......Page 63
2.6. Birefringence......Page 79
2.7. Interference and Diffraction......Page 82
2.8. Scattering......Page 94
2.9. Geometrical Optics......Page 100
2.10. Application: Image Synthesis......Page 112
2.11. Application: Modeling the Atmosphere......Page 120
2.12. Summary......Page 135
2.13. Further Reading......Page 136
3. Chemistry of Matter......Page 137
3.1. Classical Physics......Page 138
3.2. Quantum Mechanics......Page 140
3.3. Atoms and Ions......Page 154
3.4. Molecules......Page 160
3.5. Sources of Radiation......Page 175
3.6. Polarization in Dielectric Materials......Page 198
3.7. Dichroism......Page 206
3.8. Application: Modeling of Fire and Flames......Page 207
3.9. Further Reading......Page 213
4. Human Vision......Page 215
4.1. Osteology of the Skull......Page 216
4.2. Anatomy of the Eye......Page 217
4.3. The Retina......Page 228
4.4. The Lateral Geniculate Nucleus......Page 244
4.6. A Multi-Stage Color Model......Page 253
4.7. Alternative Theory of Color Vision......Page 261
4.8. Application: Modeling a Human Retina......Page 263
4.9. Further Reading......Page 266
5. Perception......Page 267
5.1. Lightness, Brightness, and Related Definitions......Page 268
5.3. Models of Color Processing......Page 272
5.4. Visual Illusions......Page 275
5.5. Adaptation and Sensitivity......Page 286
5.6. Visual Acuity......Page 295
5.7. Simultaneous Contrast......Page 298
5.8. Lightness Constancy......Page 302
5.11. Color Anomalies......Page 318
5.10. Category-Based Processing......Page 314
5.12. Application: Shadow Removal from Images......Page 325
5.13. Application: Graphical Design......Page 328
5.15. Further Reading......Page 330
Part II: Color Models......Page 333
6. Radiometry and Photometry......Page 335
6.1. The Sensitivity of the Human Eye......Page 336
6.2. Radiometric and Photometric Quantities......Page 338
6.3. The Efficacy of Optical Radiation......Page 353
6.4. Luminance, Brightness, and Contrast......Page 356
6.5. Optical Detectors......Page 358
6.6. Light Standards......Page 361
6.7. Detector Standards......Page 362
6.8. Measurement of Optical Radiation......Page 363
6.9. Visual Photometry......Page 372
6.10. Application: Measuring Materials......Page 375
6.11. Further Reading......Page 378
7. Colorimetry......Page 379
7.1. Grassmann’s Laws......Page 380
7.2. Visual Color Matching......Page 382
7.3. Color-Matching Functions......Page 389
7.4. CIE 1931 and 1964 Standard Observers......Page 391
7.5. Calculating Tristimulus Values and Chromaticities......Page 394
7.6. Practical Applications of Colorimetry......Page 403
7.7. Application: Iso-Luminant Color Maps......Page 413
8. Color Spaces......Page 421
8.1. RGB Color Spaces......Page 427
8.2. Printers......Page 434
8.3. Luminance-Chrominance Color Spaces......Page 443
8.4. Television and Video......Page 446
8.5. Hue-Saturation-Lightness Spaces......Page 455
8.6. HVS Derived Color Spaces......Page 460
8.7. Color Opponent Spaces......Page 464
8.8. Color Difference Metrics......Page 475
8.9. Color Order Systems......Page 481
8.10. Application: Color Transfer between Images......Page 483
8.11. Application: Color-to-Gray Conversion......Page 490
8.12. Application: Rendering......Page 494
8.13. Application: Rendering and Color-Matching Paints......Page 496
8.14. Application: Classification of Edges......Page 500
8.15. Further Reading......Page 506
9.1. CIE Standard Illuminants and Sources......Page 507
9.2. Color Temperature......Page 519
9.3. Color-Rendering Index......Page 524
9.4. CIE Metamerism Index......Page 528
9.5. Dominant Wavelength......Page 530
9.7. Colorimetric Purity......Page 533
9.8. Application: Modeling Light-Emitting Diodes......Page 534
9.9. Application: Estimating the Illuminant in an Image......Page 536
9.10. Further Reading......Page 540
10. Chromatic Adaptation......Page 541
10.1. Changes in Illumination......Page 542
10.2. Measuring Chromatic Adaptation......Page 546
10.3. Mechanisms of Chromatic Adaptation......Page 548
10.4. Models of Chromatic Adaptation......Page 554
10.5. Application: Transforming sRGB Colors to D50 for an ICC Workflow......Page 569
10.6. Application: White Balancing a Digital Camera......Page 571
10.7. Application: Color-Accurate Rendering......Page 578
10.8. Further Reading......Page 580
11. Color and Image Appearance Models......Page 581
11.1. Vocabulary......Page 582
11.2. Color Appearance Phenomena......Page 598
11.3. Color Appearance Modeling......Page 607
11.4. Image Appearance Modeling......Page 621
11.5. Applications of Color and Image Appearance Models......Page 636
Part III: Digital Color Imaging......Page 647
12. Image Capture......Page 649
12.1. Optical Image Formation......Page 651
12.2. Lenses......Page 665
12.3. Aberrations......Page 670
12.4. The Diaphragm......Page 683
12.5. The Shutter......Page 684
12.6. Filters and Coatings......Page 685
12.7. Solid-State Sensors......Page 688
12.8. In-Camera Signal Processing......Page 694
12.9. A Camera Model......Page 698
12.10. Sensor Noise Characteristics......Page 699
12.11. Measuring Camera Noise......Page 704
12.12. Radiometric Camera Calibration......Page 710
12.13. Light Field Data......Page 713
12.14. Holography......Page 717
12.15. Further Reading......Page 722
13. High Dynamic Range Image Capture......Page 725
13.1. Multi-Exposure Techniques......Page 726
13.2. Response Curve Recovery......Page 731
13.3. Noise Removal......Page 738
13.4. Ghost Removal......Page 742
13.5. Image Alignment......Page 749
13.6. Single Capture High Dynamic Range Images......Page 750
13.7. Direct High Dynamic Range Capture......Page 753
13.8. Application: Drawing Programs......Page 755
13.9. Application: Image-Based Material Editing......Page 756
13.10. Further Reading......Page 757
14.1. Cathode-Ray Tubes (CRTs)......Page 759
14.2. Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)......Page 762
14.3. Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays......Page 783
14.4. Plasma Display Panels (PDPs)......Page 784
14.5. Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Displays......Page 786
14.6. Organic Light-Emitting Diode Displays......Page 788
14.7. Field Emission Displays......Page 791
14.8. Surface-Conduction Electron-Emitter Displays......Page 792
14.10. Interferometric Modulator (IMOD) Displays......Page 793
14.11. Projection Displays......Page 795
14.13. Digital Light Processing (DLP®) Projectors......Page 797
14.14. Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCoS) Projectors......Page 801
14.15. Multi-Primary Display Devices......Page 803
14.16. High Dynamic Range Display Devices......Page 807
14.18. Display Characterization......Page 810
14.19. Further Reading......Page 819
15. Image Properties and Image Display......Page 821
15.1. Natural Image Statistics......Page 822
15.2. Dynamic Range......Page 832
15.3. Cross-Media Display......Page 843
15.4. Gamut Mapping......Page 849
15.5. Gamma Correction......Page 857
15.6. Ambient Light......Page 859
16.1. A Generic Color Management System......Page 865
16.2. ICC Color Management......Page 867
16.3. Practical Applications......Page 890
17. Dynamic Range Reduction......Page 897
17.1. Spatial Operators......Page 901
17.2. Sigmoidal Compression......Page 904
17.3. Local Neighborhoods......Page 908
17.4. Sub-Band Systems......Page 911
17.5. Edge-Preserving Smoothing Operators......Page 913
17.6. Gradient-Domain Operators......Page 915
17.7. Histogram Adjustment......Page 916
17.8. Lightness Perception......Page 917
17.9. Counter Shading......Page 921
17.10. Post-Processing......Page 922
17.11. Validation and Comparison......Page 926
17.12. Further Reading......Page 942
Part IV: Appendices......Page 945
A.1. Cross and Dot Product......Page 947
A.3. Gradient of a Scalar Function......Page 949
A.5. Gauss’ Theorem......Page 950
A.6. Curl......Page 951
A.7. Stokes’ Theorem......Page 952
A.10. Homogeneous Coordinates......Page 953
B.1. Sum and Difference Formulae......Page 955
B.2. Product Identities......Page 956
B.5. Sum Identities......Page 957
B.6. Solid Angle......Page 958
C.1. Definition......Page 961
C.2. Euler's Formula......Page 962
C.3. Theorems......Page 963
C.4. Time-Harmonic Quantities......Page 964
D. Units and Constants......Page 965
E. The CIE Luminous Efficiency Functions......Page 967
F. CIE Illuminants......Page 971
G. Chromaticity Coordinates of Paints......Page 975
Bibliography......Page 977
