College Physics (Spring 2020 Corrected Edition)

Contents
Preface
About OpenStax
About OpenStax Resources
Customization
Errata
Format
About College Physics
Coverage and Scope
Concepts and Calculations
Modern Perspective
Key Features
Modularity
Learning Objectives
Call-Outs
Key Terms
Worked Examples
Problem-Solving Strategies
Misconception Alerts
Take-Home Investigations
Things Great and Small
Simulations
Summary
Glossary
End-of-Module Problems
Integrated Concept Problems
Unreasonable Results
Construct Your Own Problem
Additional Resources
Student and Instructor Resources
Partner Resources
About the Authors
Senior Contributing Authors
Contributing Authors
Reviewers
Chapter 1 Introduction: The Nature of Science and Physics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Science and the Realm of Physics, Physical Quantities, and Units
1.1 Physics: An Introduction
Science and the Realm of Physics
Applications of Physics
Models, Theories, and Laws; The Role of Experimentation
Models, Theories, and Laws
The Scientific Method
The Evolution of Natural Philosophy into Modern Physics
Limits on the Laws of Classical Physics
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
Equation Grapher
1.2 Physical Quantities and Units
SI Units: Fundamental and Derived Units
Units of Time, Length, and Mass: The Second, Meter, and Kilogram
The Second
The Meter
The Kilogram
Metric Prefixes
The Quest for Microscopic Standards for Basic Units
Known Ranges of Length, Mass, and Time
Unit Conversion and Dimensional Analysis
Example 1.1
Unit Conversions: A Short Drive Home
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Nonstandard Units
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Accuracy and Precision of a Measurement
Accuracy, Precision, and Uncertainty
Making Connections: Real-World Connections – Fevers or Chills?
Percent Uncertainty
Example 1.2
Calculating Percent Uncertainty: A Bag of Apples
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Uncertainties in Calculations
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Precision of Measuring Tools and Significant Figures
Zeros
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Significant Figures in Calculations
Significant Figures in this Text
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
Estimation
1.4 Approximation
Example 1.3
Approximate the Height of a Building
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 1.4
Approximating Vast Numbers: a Trillion Dollars
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Glossary
Section Summary
1.1 Physics: An Introduction
1.2 Physical Quantities and Units
1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
1.4 Approximation
Conceptual Questions
1.1 Physics: An Introduction
1.2 Physical Quantities and Units
1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
Problems & Exercises
1.2 Physical Quantities and Units
1.3 Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures
1.4 Approximation
Chapter 2 Kinematics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to One-Dimensional Kinematics
2.1 Displacement
Position
Displacement
Displacement
Distance
Misconception Alert: Distance Traveled vs. Magnitude of Displacement
Check Your Understanding
Solution
2.2 Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Systems for One-Dimensional Motion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
2.3 Time, Velocity, and Speed
Time
Velocity
Average Velocity
Speed
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Getting a Sense of Speed
Check Your Understanding
Solution
2.4 Acceleration
Average Acceleration
Acceleration as a Vector
Misconception Alert: Deceleration vs. Negative Acceleration
Example 2.1
Calculating Acceleration: A Racehorse Leaves the Gate
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Instantaneous Acceleration
Example 2.2
Calculating Displacement: A Subway Train
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 2.3
Comparing Distance Traveled with Displacement: A Subway Train
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 2.4
Calculating Acceleration: A Subway Train Speeding Up
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 2.5
Calculate Acceleration: A Subway Train Slowing Down
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 2.6
Calculating Average Velocity: The Subway Train
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 2.7
Calculating Deceleration: The Subway Train
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Sign and Direction
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
Moving Man Simulation
2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension
Notation: t, x, v, a
Solving for Displacement ( Equation ) and Final Position ( Equation ) from Average Velocity when Acceleration ( Equation ) is Constant
Example 2.8
Calculating Displacement: How Far does the Jogger Run?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Solving for Final Velocity
Example 2.9
Calculating Final Velocity: An Airplane Slowing Down after Landing
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Making Connections: Real-World Connection
Solving for Final Position When Velocity is Not Constant ( Equation )
Example 2.10
Calculating Displacement of an Accelerating Object: Dragsters
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Solving for Final Velocity when Velocity Is Not Constant ( Equation )
Example 2.11
Calculating Final Velocity: Dragsters
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Putting Equations Together
Summary of Kinematic Equations (constant Equation )
Example 2.12
Calculating Displacement: How Far Does a Car Go When Coming to a Halt?
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Solution for (c)
Discussion
Example 2.13
Calculating Time: A Car Merges into Traffic
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment—Breaking News
Check Your Understanding
Solution
2.6 Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics
Problem-Solving Steps
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Step 5
Step 6
Unreasonable Results
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
2.7 Falling Objects
Gravity
One-Dimensional Motion Involving Gravity
Kinematic Equations for Objects in Free-Fall where Acceleration = -g
Example 2.14
Calculating Position and Velocity of a Falling Object: A Rock Thrown Upward
Strategy
Solution for Position
Discussion
Solution for Velocity
Discussion
Solution for Remaining Times
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment—Reaction Time
Example 2.15
Calculating Velocity of a Falling Object: A Rock Thrown Down
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 2.16
Find g from Data on a Falling Object
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
Equation Grapher
2.8 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion
Slopes and General Relationships
Graph of Position vs. Time (a = 0, so v is constant)
The Slope of x vs. t
Example 2.17
Determining Average Velocity from a Graph of Position versus Time: Jet Car
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Graphs of Motion when Equation is constant but Equation
Example 2.18
Determining Instantaneous Velocity from the Slope at a Point: Jet Car
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
The Slope of v vs. t
Graphs of Motion Where Acceleration is Not Constant
Example 2.19
Calculating Acceleration from a Graph of Velocity versus Time
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Glossary
Section Summary
2.1 Displacement
2.2 Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems
2.3 Time, Velocity, and Speed
2.4 Acceleration
2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension
2.6 Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics
2.7 Falling Objects
2.8 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion
Conceptual Questions
2.1 Displacement
2.2 Vectors, Scalars, and Coordinate Systems
2.3 Time, Velocity, and Speed
2.4 Acceleration
2.6 Problem-Solving Basics for One-Dimensional Kinematics
2.7 Falling Objects
2.8 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion
Problems & Exercises
2.1 Displacement
2.3 Time, Velocity, and Speed
2.4 Acceleration
2.5 Motion Equations for Constant Acceleration in One Dimension
2.7 Falling Objects
2.8 Graphical Analysis of One-Dimensional Motion
Chapter 3 Two-Dimensional Kinematics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Two-Dimensional Kinematics
3.1 Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction
Two-Dimensional Motion: Walking in a City
The Independence of Perpendicular Motions
Independence of Motion
PhET Explorations
Ladybug Motion 2D
3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
Vectors in Two Dimensions
Vectors in this Text
Vector Addition: Head-to-Tail Method
Example 3.1
Adding Vectors Graphically Using the Head-to-Tail Method: A Woman Takes a Walk
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Vector Subtraction
Example 3.2
Subtracting Vectors Graphically: A Woman Sailing a Boat
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Multiplication of Vectors and Scalars
Resolving a Vector into Components
PhET Explorations
Maze Game
3.3 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
Resolving a Vector into Perpendicular Components
Calculating a Resultant Vector
Determining Vectors and Vector Components with Analytical Methods
Adding Vectors Using Analytical Methods
Example 3.3
Adding Vectors Using Analytical Methods
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Vector Addition
3.4 Projectile Motion
Review of Kinematic Equations (constant Equation )
Example 3.4
A Fireworks Projectile Explodes High and Away
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Solution for (c)
Discussion for (c)
Defining a Coordinate System
Example 3.5
Calculating Projectile Motion: Hot Rock Projectile
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
PhET Explorations
Projectile Motion
3.5 Addition of Velocities
Relative Velocity
Take-Home Experiment: Relative Velocity of a Boat
Example 3.6
Adding Velocities: A Boat on a River
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 3.7
Calculating Velocity: Wind Velocity Causes an Airplane to Drift
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Relative Velocities and Classical Relativity
Example 3.8
Calculating Relative Velocity: An Airline Passenger Drops a Coin
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Making Connections: Relativity and Einstein
Motion in 2D
Glossary
Section Summary
3.1 Kinematics in Two Dimensions: An Introduction
3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
3.3 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
3.4 Projectile Motion
3.5 Addition of Velocities
Conceptual Questions
3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
3.3 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
3.4 Projectile Motion
3.5 Addition of Velocities
Problems & Exercises
3.2 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Graphical Methods
3.3 Vector Addition and Subtraction: Analytical Methods
3.4 Projectile Motion
3.5 Addition of Velocities
Chapter 4 Dynamics: Force and Newton's Laws of Motion
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Dynamics: Newton’s Laws of Motion
Making Connections: Past and Present Philosophy
4.1 Development of Force Concept
Take-Home Experiment: Force Standards
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia
Newton’s First Law of Motion
Mass
Check Your Understanding
Solution
4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
Units of Force
Weight and the Gravitational Force
Weight
Common Misconceptions: Mass vs. Weight
Take-Home Experiment: Mass and Weight
Example 4.1
What Acceleration Can a Person Produce when Pushing a Lawn Mower?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 4.2
What Rocket Thrust Accelerates This Sled?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Example 4.3
Getting Up To Speed: Choosing the Correct System
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 4.4
Force on the Cart—Choosing a New System
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Gravity Force Lab
4.5 Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces
Normal Force
Common Misconception: Normal Force (N) vs. Newton (N)
Example 4.5
Weight on an Incline, a Two-Dimensional Problem
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Resolving Weight into Components
Take-Home Experiment: Force Parallel
Tension
Example 4.6
What Is the Tension in a Tightrope?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Extended Topic: Real Forces and Inertial Frames
Forces in 1 Dimension
4.6 Problem-Solving Strategies
Problem-Solving Strategy for Newton’s Laws of Motion
Applying Newton’s Second Law
4.7 Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion
Example 4.7
Drag Force on a Barge
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 4.8
Different Tensions at Different Angles
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 4.9
What Does the Bathroom Scale Read in an Elevator?
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Integrating Concepts: Newton’s Laws of Motion and Kinematics
Example 4.10
What Force Must a Soccer Player Exert to Reach Top Speed?
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
4.8 Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction
Concept Connections: The Four Basic Forces
Concept Connections: Unifying Forces
Action at a Distance: Concept of a Field
Concept Connections: Force Fields
Glossary
Section Summary
4.1 Development of Force Concept
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia
4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System
4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces
4.5 Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces
4.6 Problem-Solving Strategies
4.7 Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion
4.8 Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction
Conceptual Questions
4.1 Development of Force Concept
4.2 Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia
4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System
4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces
4.5 Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces
4.7 Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion
4.8 Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction
Problems & Exercises
4.3 Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System
4.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces
4.5 Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Forces
4.6 Problem-Solving Strategies
4.7 Further Applications of Newton’s Laws of Motion
4.8 Extended Topic: The Four Basic Forces—An Introduction
Chapter 5 Further Applications of Newton's Laws: Friction, Drag, and Elasticity
Chapter Outline
Introduction: Further Applications of Newton’s Laws
5.1 Friction
Friction
Kinetic Friction
Magnitude of Static Friction
Magnitude of Kinetic Friction
Take-Home Experiment
Example 5.1
Skiing Exercise
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment
Making Connections: Submicroscopic Explanations of Friction
Forces and Motion
5.2 Drag Forces
Drag Force
Take-Home Experiment
Example 5.2
A Terminal Velocity
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Stokes’ Law
Galileo’s Experiment
5.3 Elasticity: Stress and Strain
Hooke’s Law
Stretch Yourself a Little
Changes in Length—Tension and Compression: Elastic Modulus
Example 5.3
The Stretch of a Long Cable
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 5.4
Calculating Deformation: How Much Does Your Leg Shorten When You Stand on It?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Stress
Strain
Sideways Stress: Shear Modulus
Shear Deformation
Example 5.5
Calculating Force Required to Deform: That Nail Does Not Bend Much Under a Load
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Changes in Volume: Bulk Modulus
Example 5.6
Calculating Change in Volume with Deformation: How Much Is Water Compressed at Great Ocean Depths?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Masses & Springs
Glossary
Section Summary
5.1 Friction
5.2 Drag Forces
5.3 Elasticity: Stress and Strain
Conceptual Questions
5.1 Friction
5.2 Drag Forces
5.3 Elasticity: Stress and Strain
Problems & Exercises
5.1 Friction
5.2 Drag Forces
5.3 Elasticity: Stress and Strain
Chapter 6 Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Uniform Circular Motion and Gravitation
6.1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity
Rotation Angle
Angular Velocity
Example 6.1
How Fast Does a Car Tire Spin?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment
Ladybug Revolution
6.2 Centripetal Acceleration
Example 6.2
How Does the Centripetal Acceleration of a Car Around a Curve Compare with That Due to Gravity?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 6.3
How Big Is the Centripetal Acceleration in an Ultracentrifuge?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Ladybug Motion 2D
6.3 Centripetal Force
Example 6.4
What Coefficient of Friction Do Car Tires Need on a Flat Curve?
Strategy and Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Example 6.5
What Is the Ideal Speed to Take a Steeply Banked Tight Curve?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment
PhET Explorations
Gravity and Orbits
6.4 Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force
6.5 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
Misconception Alert
Take-Home Experiment
Making Connections
Example 6.6
Earth’s Gravitational Force Is the Centripetal Force Making the Moon Move in a Curved Path
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Tides
”Weightlessness” and Microgravity
The Cavendish Experiment: Then and Now
6.6 Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity
Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion
Example 6.7
Find the Time for One Orbit of an Earth Satellite
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Derivation of Kepler’s Third Law for Circular Orbits
Making Connections
The Case for Simplicity
Glossary
Section Summary
6.1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity
6.2 Centripetal Acceleration
6.3 Centripetal Force
6.4 Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force
6.5 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
6.6 Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity
Conceptual Questions
6.1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity
6.2 Centripetal Acceleration
6.3 Centripetal Force
6.4 Fictitious Forces and Non-inertial Frames: The Coriolis Force
6.5 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
6.6 Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity
Problems & Exercises
6.1 Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity
6.2 Centripetal Acceleration
6.3 Centripetal Force
6.5 Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation
6.6 Satellites and Kepler’s Laws: An Argument for Simplicity
Chapter 7 Work, Energy, and Energy Resources
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Work, Energy, and Energy Resources
7.1 Work: The Scientific Definition
What It Means to Do Work
What is Work?
Calculating Work
Example 7.1
Calculating the Work You Do to Push a Lawn Mower Across a Large Lawn
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
7.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
Work Transfers Energy
Net Work and the Work-Energy Theorem
The Work-Energy Theorem
Example 7.2
Calculating the Kinetic Energy of a Package
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 7.3
Determining the Work to Accelerate a Package
Strategy and Concept for (a)
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Strategy and Concept for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Example 7.4
Determining Speed from Work and Energy
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 7.5
Work and Energy Can Reveal Distance, Too
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
7.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
Work Done Against Gravity
Converting Between Potential Energy and Kinetic Energy
Using Potential Energy to Simplify Calculations
Example 7.6
The Force to Stop Falling
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 7.7
Finding the Speed of a Roller Coaster from its Height
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion and Implications
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Converting Potential to Kinetic Energy
7.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
Potential Energy and Conservative Forces
Potential Energy and Conservative Forces
Potential Energy of a Spring
Conservation of Mechanical Energy
Example 7.8
Using Conservation of Mechanical Energy to Calculate the Speed of a Toy Car
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Energy Skate Park
7.5 Nonconservative Forces
Nonconservative Forces and Friction
How Nonconservative Forces Affect Mechanical Energy
How the Work-Energy Theorem Applies
Applying Energy Conservation with Nonconservative Forces
Example 7.9
Calculating Distance Traveled: How Far a Baseball Player Slides
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 7.10
Calculating Distance Traveled: Sliding Up an Incline
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Determining Friction from the Stopping Distance
The Ramp
7.6 Conservation of Energy
Law of Conservation of Energy
Other Forms of Energy than Mechanical Energy
Making Connections: Usefulness of the Energy Conservation Principle
Some of the Many Forms of Energy
Problem-Solving Strategies for Energy
Transformation of Energy
Efficiency
PhET Explorations
Masses and Springs
7.7 Power
What is Power?
Power
Calculating Power from Energy
Example 7.11
Calculating the Power to Climb Stairs
Strategy and Concept
Solution
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Measure Your Power Rating
Examples of Power
Power and Energy Consumption
Example 7.12
Calculating Energy Costs
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
7.8 Work, Energy, and Power in Humans
Energy Conversion in Humans
Power Consumed at Rest
Power of Doing Useful Work
Example 7.13
Calculating Weight Loss from Exercising
Solution
Discussion
7.9 World Energy Use
Renewable and Nonrenewable Energy Sources
The World’s Growing Energy Needs
Energy and Economic Well-being
Conserving Energy
Glossary
Section Summary
7.1 Work: The Scientific Definition
7.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
7.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
7.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
7.5 Nonconservative Forces
7.6 Conservation of Energy
7.7 Power
7.8 Work, Energy, and Power in Humans
7.9 World Energy Use
Conceptual Questions
7.1 Work: The Scientific Definition
7.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
7.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
7.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
7.6 Conservation of Energy
7.7 Power
7.8 Work, Energy, and Power in Humans
7.9 World Energy Use
Problems & Exercises
7.1 Work: The Scientific Definition
7.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work-Energy Theorem
7.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
7.4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
7.5 Nonconservative Forces
7.6 Conservation of Energy
7.7 Power
7.8 Work, Energy, and Power in Humans
7.9 World Energy Use
Chapter 8 Linear Momentum and Collisions
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Linear Momentum and Collisions
8.1 Linear Momentum and Force
Linear Momentum
Linear Momentum
Example 8.1
Calculating Momentum: A Football Player and a Football
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Momentum and Newton’s Second Law
Newton’s Second Law of Motion in Terms of Momentum
Making Connections: Force and Momentum
Example 8.2
Calculating Force: Venus Williams’ Racquet
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
8.2 Impulse
Impulse: Change in Momentum
Example 8.3
Calculating Magnitudes of Impulses: Two Billiard Balls Striking a Rigid Wall
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Hand Movement and Impulse
Making Connections: Constant Force and Constant Acceleration
8.3 Conservation of Momentum
Conservation of Momentum Principle
Isolated System
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Drop of Tennis Ball and a Basketball
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Two Tennis Balls in a Ballistic Trajectory
Making Connections: Conservation of Momentum and Collision
Subatomic Collisions and Momentum
8.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
Elastic Collision
Internal Kinetic Energy
Example 8.4
Calculating Velocities Following an Elastic Collision
Strategy and Concept
Solution
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Ice Cubes and Elastic Collision
PhET Explorations
Collision Lab
8.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
Inelastic Collision
Perfectly Inelastic Collision
Example 8.5
Calculating Velocity and Change in Kinetic Energy: Inelastic Collision of a Puck and a Goalie
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Take-Home Experiment—Bouncing of Tennis Ball
Example 8.6
Calculating Final Velocity and Energy Release: Two Carts Collide
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
8.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions
Conservation of Momentum along the Equation -axis
Conservation of Momentum along the Equation -axis
Example 8.7
Determining the Final Velocity of an Unseen Object from the Scattering of Another Object
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Elastic Collisions of Two Objects with Equal Mass
Connections to Nuclear and Particle Physics
8.7 Introduction to Rocket Propulsion
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment—Propulsion of a Balloon
Acceleration of a Rocket
Factors Affecting a Rocket’s Acceleration
Example 8.8
Calculating Acceleration: Initial Acceleration of a Moon Launch
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Lunar Lander
Glossary
Section Summary
8.1 Linear Momentum and Force
8.2 Impulse
8.3 Conservation of Momentum
8.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions
8.7 Introduction to Rocket Propulsion
Conceptual Questions
8.1 Linear Momentum and Force
8.2 Impulse
8.3 Conservation of Momentum
8.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions
8.7 Introduction to Rocket Propulsion
Problems & Exercises
8.1 Linear Momentum and Force
8.2 Impulse
8.3 Conservation of Momentum
8.4 Elastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.5 Inelastic Collisions in One Dimension
8.6 Collisions of Point Masses in Two Dimensions
8.7 Introduction to Rocket Propulsion
Chapter 9 Statics and Torque
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Statics and Torque
Statics
9.1 The First Condition for Equilibrium
Torque
9.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium
Torque
Example 9.1
She Saw Torques On A Seesaw
Strategy
Solution (a)
Solution (b)
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment
9.3 Stability
Take-Home Experiment
9.4 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies
Problem-Solving Strategy: Static Equilibrium Situations
Example 9.2
What Force Is Needed to Support a Weight Held Near Its CG?
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment
PhET Explorations
Balancing Act
9.5 Simple Machines
Example 9.3
What is the Advantage for the Wheelbarrow?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints
Example 9.4
Muscles Exert Bigger Forces Than You Might Think
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 9.5
Do Not Lift with Your Back
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Glossary
Section Summary
9.1 The First Condition for Equilibrium
9.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium
9.3 Stability
9.4 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies
9.5 Simple Machines
9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints
Conceptual Questions
9.1 The First Condition for Equilibrium
9.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium
9.3 Stability
9.4 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies
9.5 Simple Machines
9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints
Problems & Exercises
9.2 The Second Condition for Equilibrium
9.3 Stability
9.4 Applications of Statics, Including Problem-Solving Strategies
9.5 Simple Machines
9.6 Forces and Torques in Muscles and Joints
Chapter 10 Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Rotational Motion and Angular Momentum
10.1 Angular Acceleration
Example 10.1
Calculating the Angular Acceleration and Deceleration of a Bike Wheel
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Example 10.2
Calculating the Angular Acceleration of a Motorcycle Wheel
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Ladybug Revolution
10.2 Kinematics of Rotational Motion
Making Connections
Problem-Solving Strategy for Rotational Kinematics
Example 10.3
Calculating the Acceleration of a Fishing Reel
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Solution for (c)
Solution for (d)
Discussion
Example 10.4
Calculating the Duration When the Fishing Reel Slows Down and Stops
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 10.5
Calculating the Slow Acceleration of Trains and Their Wheels
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Example 10.6
Calculating the Distance Traveled by a Fly on the Edge of a Microwave Oven Plate
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
10.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia
Making Connections: Rotational Motion Dynamics
Rotational Inertia and Moment of Inertia
Take-Home Experiment
Problem-Solving Strategy for Rotational Dynamics
Making Connections
Example 10.7
Calculating the Effect of Mass Distribution on a Merry-Go-Round
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited
Making Connections
Example 10.8
Calculating the Work and Energy for Spinning a Grindstone
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Solution for (c)
Discussion
Problem-Solving Strategy for Rotational Energy
Example 10.9
Calculating Helicopter Energies
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Solution for (c)
Discussion
Making Connections
How Thick Is the Soup? Or Why Don’t All Objects Roll Downhill at the Same Rate?
Take-Home Experiment
Example 10.10
Calculating the Speed of a Cylinder Rolling Down an Incline
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
My Solar System
10.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
Making Connections
Example 10.11
Calculating Angular Momentum of the Earth
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 10.12
Calculating the Torque Putting Angular Momentum Into a Lazy Susan
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Example 10.13
Calculating the Torque in a Kick
Strategy
Solution to (a)
Solution to (b)
Discussion
Making Connections: Conservation Laws
Conservation of Angular Momentum
Example 10.14
Calculating the Angular Momentum of a Spinning Skater
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
10.6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions
Example 10.15
Rotation in a Collision
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Strategy for (c)
Solution of (c)
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
10.7 Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Glossary
Section Summary
10.1 Angular Acceleration
10.2 Kinematics of Rotational Motion
10.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited
10.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
10.6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions
10.7 Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum
Conceptual Questions
10.1 Angular Acceleration
10.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited
10.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
10.6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions
10.7 Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum
Problems & Exercises
10.1 Angular Acceleration
10.2 Kinematics of Rotational Motion
10.3 Dynamics of Rotational Motion: Rotational Inertia
10.4 Rotational Kinetic Energy: Work and Energy Revisited
10.5 Angular Momentum and Its Conservation
10.6 Collisions of Extended Bodies in Two Dimensions
10.7 Gyroscopic Effects: Vector Aspects of Angular Momentum
Chapter 11 Fluid Statics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Fluid Statics
11.1 What Is a Fluid?
Connections: Submicroscopic Explanation of Solids and Liquids
PhET Explorations
States of Matter—Basics
11.2 Density
Density
Take-Home Experiment Sugar and Salt
Example 11.1
Calculating the Mass of a Reservoir From Its Volume
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
11.3 Pressure
Pressure
Example 11.2
Calculating Force Exerted by the Air: What Force Does a Pressure Exert?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Gas Properties
11.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid
Example 11.3
Calculating the Average Pressure and Force Exerted: What Force Must a Dam Withstand?
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Example 11.4
Calculating Average Density: How Dense Is the Air?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 11.5
Calculating Depth Below the Surface of Water: What Depth of Water Creates the Same Pressure as the Entire Atmosphere?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s Principle
Application of Pascal’s Principle
Relationship Between Forces in a Hydraulic System
Example 11.6
Calculating Force of Slave Cylinders: Pascal Puts on the Brakes
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Making Connections: Conservation of Energy
11.6 Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement
Gauge Pressure
Absolute Pressure
Systolic Pressure
Diastolic Pressure
Example 11.7
Calculating Height of IV Bag: Blood Pressure and Intravenous Infusions
Strategy for (a)
Solution
Discussion
11.7 Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyant Force
Archimedes’ Principle
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation
Floating and Sinking
Example 11.8
Calculating buoyant force: dependency on shape
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation
Density and Archimedes’ Principle
Specific Gravity
Example 11.9
Calculating Average Density: Floating Woman
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
More Density Measurements
Example 11.10
Calculating Density: Is the Coin Authentic?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Buoyancy
11.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action
Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids
Cohesive Forces
Adhesive Forces
Surface Tension
Surface Tension
Making Connections: Surface Tension
Example 11.11
Surface Tension: Pressure Inside a Bubble
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation
Adhesion and Capillary Action
Contact Angle
Capillary Action
Example 11.12
Calculating Radius of a Capillary Tube: Capillary Action: Tree Sap
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
11.9 Pressures in the Body
Pressure in the Body
Blood Pressure
Increase in Pressure in the Feet of a Person
Two Pumps of the Heart
Pressure in the Eye
Eye Pressure
Example 11.13
Calculating Gauge Pressure and Depth: Damage to the Eardrum
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Pressure Associated with the Lungs
Other Pressures in the Body
Spinal Column and Skull
Bladder Pressure
Pressures in the Skeletal System
Glossary
Section Summary
11.1 What Is a Fluid?
11.2 Density
11.3 Pressure
11.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
11.6 Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement
11.7 Archimedes’ Principle
11.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action
11.9 Pressures in the Body
Conceptual Questions
11.1 What Is a Fluid?
11.2 Density
11.3 Pressure
11.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
11.6 Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement
11.7 Archimedes’ Principle
11.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action
Problems & Exercises
11.2 Density
11.3 Pressure
11.4 Variation of Pressure with Depth in a Fluid
11.5 Pascal’s Principle
11.6 Gauge Pressure, Absolute Pressure, and Pressure Measurement
11.7 Archimedes’ Principle
11.8 Cohesion and Adhesion in Liquids: Surface Tension and Capillary Action
11.9 Pressures in the Body
Chapter 12 Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Fluid Dynamics and Its Biological and Medical Applications
12.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
Example 12.1
Calculating Volume from Flow Rate: The Heart Pumps a Lot of Blood in a Lifetime
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 12.2
Calculating Fluid Speed: Speed Increases When a Tube Narrows
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Example 12.3
Calculating Flow Speed and Vessel Diameter: Branching in the Cardiovascular System
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
12.2 Bernoulli’s Equation
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation with a Sheet of Paper
Bernoulli’s Equation
Making Connections: Conservation of Energy
Bernoulli’s Equation for Static Fluids
Bernoulli’s Principle—Bernoulli’s Equation at Constant Depth
Example 12.4
Calculating Pressure: Pressure Drops as a Fluid Speeds Up
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
Entrainment
Wings and Sails
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation with Two Strips of Paper
Velocity measurement
12.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
Torricelli’s Theorem
Example 12.5
Calculating Pressure: A Fire Hose Nozzle
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Power in Fluid Flow
Making Connections: Power
Example 12.6
Calculating Power in a Moving Fluid
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law
Laminar Flow and Viscosity
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment: Go Down to the River
Laminar Flow Confined to Tubes—Poiseuille’s Law
Example 12.7
Using Flow Rate: Plaque Deposits Reduce Blood Flow
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 12.8
What Pressure Produces This Flow Rate?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Flow and Resistance as Causes of Pressure Drops
12.5 The Onset of Turbulence
Example 12.9
Is This Flow Laminar or Turbulent?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment: Inhalation
12.6 Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid
Example 12.10
Does a Ball Have a Turbulent Wake?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment: Don’t Lose Your Marbles
12.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes
Diffusion
Example 12.11
Calculating Diffusion: How Long Does Glucose Diffusion Take?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
The Rate and Direction of Diffusion
Osmosis and Dialysis—Diffusion across Membranes
Glossary
Section Summary
12.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
12.2 Bernoulli’s Equation
12.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law
12.5 The Onset of Turbulence
12.6 Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid
12.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes
Conceptual Questions
12.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
12.2 Bernoulli’s Equation
12.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law
12.5 The Onset of Turbulence
12.6 Motion of an Object in a Viscous Fluid
12.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes
Problems & Exercises
12.1 Flow Rate and Its Relation to Velocity
12.2 Bernoulli’s Equation
12.3 The Most General Applications of Bernoulli’s Equation
12.4 Viscosity and Laminar Flow; Poiseuille’s Law
12.5 The Onset of Turbulence
12.7 Molecular Transport Phenomena: Diffusion, Osmosis, and Related Processes
Chapter 13 Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Temperature, Kinetic Theory, and the Gas Laws
13.1 Temperature
Misconception Alert: Human Perception vs. Reality
Temperature Scales
Example 13.1
Converting between Temperature Scales: Room Temperature
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Example 13.2
Converting between Temperature Scales: the Reaumur Scale
Strategy
Solution
Temperature Ranges in the Universe
Making Connections: Absolute Zero
Thermal Equilibrium and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
The Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
Check Your Understanding
Solution
13.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
Linear Thermal Expansion—Thermal Expansion in One Dimension
Example 13.3
Calculating Linear Thermal Expansion: The Golden Gate Bridge
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Thermal Expansion in Two and Three Dimensions
Thermal Expansion in Two Dimensions
Thermal Expansion in Three Dimensions
Making Connections: Real-World Connections—Filling the Tank
Example 13.4
Calculating Thermal Expansion: Gas vs. Gas Tank
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Thermal Stress
Example 13.5
Calculating Thermal Stress: Gas Pressure
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
13.3 The Ideal Gas Law
Ideal Gas Law
Example 13.6
Calculating Pressure Changes Due to Temperature Changes: Tire Pressure
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment—Refrigerating a Balloon
Example 13.7
Calculating the Number of Molecules in a Cubic Meter of Gas
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Moles and Avogadro’s Number
Avogadro’s Number
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Example 13.8
Calculating Moles per Cubic Meter and Liters per Mole
Strategy and Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
The Ideal Gas Law Restated Using Moles
Ideal Gas Law (in terms of moles)
Example 13.9
Calculating Number of Moles: Gas in a Bike Tire
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
The Ideal Gas Law and Energy
Problem-Solving Strategy: The Ideal Gas Law
Check Your Understanding
Solution
13.4 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature
Making Connections: Things Great and Small—Atomic and Molecular Origin of Pressure in a Gas
Example 13.10
Calculating Kinetic Energy and Speed of a Gas Molecule
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Making Connections: Historical Note—Kinetic Theory of Gases
Distribution of Molecular Speeds
Example 13.11
Calculating Temperature: Escape Velocity of Helium Atoms
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Gas Properties
13.5 Phase Changes
PV Diagrams
Phase Diagrams
Equilibrium
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Vapor Pressure, Partial Pressure, and Dalton’s Law
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
States of Matter—Basics
13.6 Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling
Example 13.12
Calculating Density Using Vapor Pressure
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Percent Relative Humidity
Example 13.13
Calculating Humidity and Dew Point
Strategy and Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
States of Matter
Glossary
Section Summary
13.1 Temperature
13.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
13.3 The Ideal Gas Law
13.4 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature
13.5 Phase Changes
13.6 Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling
Conceptual Questions
13.1 Temperature
13.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
13.3 The Ideal Gas Law
13.4 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature
13.5 Phase Changes
13.6 Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling
Problems & Exercises
13.1 Temperature
13.2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
13.3 The Ideal Gas Law
13.4 Kinetic Theory: Atomic and Molecular Explanation of Pressure and Temperature
13.6 Humidity, Evaporation, and Boiling
Chapter 14 Heat and Heat Transfer Methods
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Heat and Heat Transfer Methods
14.1 Heat
Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
Check Your Understanding
Solution
14.2 Temperature Change and Heat Capacity
Heat Transfer and Temperature Change
Example 14.1
Calculating the Required Heat: Heating Water in an Aluminum Pan
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 14.2
Calculating the Temperature Increase from the Work Done on a Substance: Truck Brakes Overheat on Downhill Runs
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 14.3
Calculating the Final Temperature When Heat Is Transferred Between Two Bodies: Pouring Cold Water in a Hot Pan
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment: Temperature Change of Land and Water
Check Your Understanding
Solution
14.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
Example 14.4
Calculate Final Temperature from Phase Change: Cooling Soda with Ice Cubes
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Real-World Application
Problem-Solving Strategies for the Effects of Heat Transfer
Check Your Understanding
Solution
14.4 Heat Transfer Methods
Check Your Understanding
Solution
14.5 Conduction
Example 14.5
Calculating Heat Transfer Through Conduction: Conduction Rate Through an Ice Box
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 14.6
Calculating the Temperature Difference Maintained by a Heat Transfer: Conduction Through an Aluminum Pan
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
14.6 Convection
Take-Home Experiment: Convection Rolls in a Heated Pan
Example 14.7
Calculating Heat Transfer by Convection: Convection of Air Through the Walls of a House
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 14.8
Calculate the Flow of Mass during Convection: Sweat-Heat Transfer away from the Body
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
14.7 Radiation
Take-Home Experiment: Temperature in the Sun
Example 14.9
Calculate the Net Heat Transfer of a Person: Heat Transfer by Radiation
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Career Connection: Energy Conservation Consultation
Problem-Solving Strategies for the Methods of Heat Transfer
Glossary
Section Summary
14.1 Heat
14.2 Temperature Change and Heat Capacity
14.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
14.4 Heat Transfer Methods
14.5 Conduction
14.6 Convection
14.7 Radiation
Conceptual Questions
14.1 Heat
14.2 Temperature Change and Heat Capacity
14.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
14.4 Heat Transfer Methods
14.5 Conduction
14.6 Convection
14.7 Radiation
Problems & Exercises
14.2 Temperature Change and Heat Capacity
14.3 Phase Change and Latent Heat
14.5 Conduction
14.6 Convection
14.7 Radiation
Chapter 15 Thermodynamics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Thermodynamics
15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
Making Connections: Law of Thermodynamics and Law of Conservation of Energy
Heat Q and Work W
Internal Energy U
Making Connections: Macroscopic and Microscopic
Example 15.1
Calculating Change in Internal Energy: The Same Change in Equation is Produced by Two Different Processes
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion on (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion on (b)
Human Metabolism and the First Law of Thermodynamics
15.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
PV Diagrams and their Relationship to Work Done on or by a Gas
Example 15.2
Total Work Done in a Cyclical Process Equals the Area Inside the Closed Loop on a PV Diagram
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Reversible Processes
States of Matter
15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (first expression)
Heat Engines
The Second Law of Thermodynamics (second expression)
Example 15.3
Daily Work Done by a Coal-Fired Power Station, Its Efficiency and Carbon Dioxide Emissions
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Strategy for (c)
Solution for (c)
Discussion
15.4 Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
Carnot Engine
Example 15.4
Maximum Theoretical Efficiency for a Nuclear Reactor
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
15.5 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
Heat Pumps
Example 15.5
The Best COP hp of a Heat Pump for Home Use
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Air Conditioners and Refrigerators
Problem-Solving Strategies for Thermodynamics
15.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy
Making Connections: Entropy, Energy, and Work
Example 15.6
Entropy Increases in an Irreversible (Real) Process
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Entropy and the Unavailability of Energy to Do Work
Example 15.7
Less Work is Produced by a Given Heat Transfer When Entropy Change is Greater
Strategy
Solution (a)
Solution (b)
Discussion
Heat Death of the Universe: An Overdose of Entropy
Order to Disorder
Example 15.8
Entropy Associated with Disorder
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Life, Evolution, and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
Reversible Reactions
15.7 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation
Coin Tosses
Disorder in a Gas
Example 15.9
Entropy Increases in a Coin Toss
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Problem-Solving Strategies for Entropy
Glossary
Section Summary
15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
15.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency
15.4 Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
15.5 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
15.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy
15.7 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation
Conceptual Questions
15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
15.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency
15.4 Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
15.5 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
15.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy
15.7 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation
Problems & Exercises
15.1 The First Law of Thermodynamics
15.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics and Some Simple Processes
15.3 Introduction to the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Heat Engines and Their Efficiency
15.4 Carnot’s Perfect Heat Engine: The Second Law of Thermodynamics Restated
15.5 Applications of Thermodynamics: Heat Pumps and Refrigerators
15.6 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: Disorder and the Unavailability of Energy
15.7 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics: The Underlying Explanation
Chapter 16 Oscillatory Motion and Waves
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Oscillatory Motion and Waves
16.1 Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited
Example 16.1
How Stiff Are Car Springs?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Energy in Hooke’s Law of Deformation
Example 16.2
Calculating Stored Energy: A Tranquilizer Gun Spring
Strategy for a
Solution for a
Strategy for b
Solution for b
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
16.2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations
Example 16.3
Determine the Frequency of Two Oscillations: Medical Ultrasound and the Period of Middle C
Strategy
Solution a
Discussion a
Solution b
Discussion b
Check Your Understanding
Solution
16.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion
Take-Home Experiment: SHM and the Marble
Period of Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Take-Home Experiment: Mass and Ruler Oscillations
Example 16.4
Calculate the Frequency and Period of Oscillations: Bad Shock Absorbers in a Car
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
The Link between Simple Harmonic Motion and Waves
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
Masses and Springs
16.4 The Simple Pendulum
Example 16.5
Measuring Acceleration due to Gravity: The Period of a Pendulum
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Making Career Connections
Take Home Experiment: Determining Equation
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
Pendulum Lab
16.5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
Example 16.6
Determine the Maximum Speed of an Oscillating System: A Bumpy Road
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
16.6 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
16.7 Damped Harmonic Motion
Example 16.7
Damping an Oscillatory Motion: Friction on an Object Connected to a Spring
Strategy
Solution a
Discussion a
Solution b
Discussion b
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
16.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance
Check Your Understanding
Solution
16.9 Waves
Misconception Alert
Take-Home Experiment: Waves in a Bowl
Example 16.8
Calculate the Velocity of Wave Propagation: Gull in the Ocean
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
Wave on a String
16.10 Superposition and Interference
Standing Waves
Beats
Making Career Connections
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Wave Interference
16.11 Energy in Waves: Intensity
Example 16.9
Calculating intensity and power: How much energy is in a ray of sunlight?
Strategy a
Solution a
Discussion a
Strategy b
Solution b
Discussion b
Example 16.10
Determine the combined intensity of two waves: Perfect constructive interference
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Glossary
Section Summary
16.1 Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited
16.2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations
16.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion
16.4 The Simple Pendulum
16.5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
16.6 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
16.7 Damped Harmonic Motion
16.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance
16.9 Waves
16.10 Superposition and Interference
16.11 Energy in Waves: Intensity
Conceptual Questions
16.1 Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited
16.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion
16.4 The Simple Pendulum
16.5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
16.7 Damped Harmonic Motion
16.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance
16.9 Waves
16.10 Superposition and Interference
16.11 Energy in Waves: Intensity
Problems & Exercises
16.1 Hooke’s Law: Stress and Strain Revisited
16.2 Period and Frequency in Oscillations
16.3 Simple Harmonic Motion: A Special Periodic Motion
16.4 The Simple Pendulum
16.5 Energy and the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
16.6 Uniform Circular Motion and Simple Harmonic Motion
16.7 Damped Harmonic Motion
16.8 Forced Oscillations and Resonance
16.9 Waves
16.10 Superposition and Interference
16.11 Energy in Waves: Intensity
Chapter 17 Physics of Hearing
Chapter Outline
Introduction to the Physics of Hearing
17.1 Sound
PhET Explorations
Wave Interference
17.2 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
Example 17.1
Calculating Wavelengths: What Are the Wavelengths of Audible Sounds?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Voice as a Sound Wave
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
17.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
Example 17.2
Calculating Sound Intensity Levels: Sound Waves
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 17.3
Change Intensity Levels of a Sound: What Happens to the Decibel Level?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Investigation: Feeling Sound
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
17.4 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
The Doppler Effect
Example 17.4
Calculate Doppler Shift: A Train Horn
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion on (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Sonic Booms to Bow Wakes
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
17.5 Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns
Interference
Example 17.5
Find the Length of a Tube with a 128 Hz Fundamental
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion on (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion on (b)
Real-World Applications: Resonance in Everyday Systems
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
Sound
17.6 Hearing
Example 17.6
Measuring Loudness: Loudness Versus Intensity Level and Frequency
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Strategy for (c)
Solution for (c)
Discussion
The Hearing Mechanism
Check Your Understanding
Solution
17.7 Ultrasound
Characteristics of Ultrasound
Ultrasound in Medical Therapy
Ultrasound in Medical Diagnostics
Example 17.7
Calculate Acoustic Impedance and Intensity Reflection Coefficient: Ultrasound and Fat Tissue
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Uses for Doppler-Shifted Radar
Example 17.8
Calculate Velocity of Blood: Doppler-Shifted Ultrasound
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Solution for (c)
Discussion
Industrial and Other Applications of Ultrasound
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Glossary
Section Summary
17.1 Sound
17.2 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
17.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
17.4 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
17.5 Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns
17.6 Hearing
17.7 Ultrasound
Conceptual Questions
17.2 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
17.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
17.4 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
17.5 Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns
17.6 Hearing
17.7 Ultrasound
Problems & Exercises
17.2 Speed of Sound, Frequency, and Wavelength
17.3 Sound Intensity and Sound Level
17.4 Doppler Effect and Sonic Booms
17.5 Sound Interference and Resonance: Standing Waves in Air Columns
17.6 Hearing
17.7 Ultrasound
Chapter 18 Electric Charge and Electric Field
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Electric Charge and Electric Field
18.1 Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge
Charge Carried by Electrons and Protons
Things Great and Small: The Submicroscopic Origin of Charge
Separation of Charge in Atoms
Law of Conservation of Charge
Making Connections: Conservation Laws
PhET Explorations
Balloons and Static Electricity
18.2 Conductors and Insulators
Charging by Contact
Charging by Induction
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
John Travoltage
18.3 Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s Law
Example 18.1
How Strong is the Coulomb Force Relative to the Gravitational Force?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
18.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited
Concept of a Field
Example 18.2
Calculating the Electric Field of a Point Charge
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 18.3
Calculating the Force Exerted on a Point Charge by an Electric Field
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Electric Field of Dreams
18.5 Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges
Example 18.4
Adding Electric Fields
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Charges and Fields
18.6 Electric Forces in Biology
Polarity of Water Molecules
18.7 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium
Misconception Alert: Electric Field inside a Conductor
Properties of a Conductor in Electrostatic Equilibrium
Earth’s Electric Field
Electric Fields on Uneven Surfaces
Applications of Conductors
18.8 Applications of Electrostatics
The Van de Graaff Generator
Take-Home Experiment: Electrostatics and Humidity
Xerography
Laser Printers
Ink Jet Printers and Electrostatic Painting
Smoke Precipitators and Electrostatic Air Cleaning
Problem-Solving Strategies for Electrostatics
Integrated Concepts
Example 18.5
Acceleration of a Charged Drop of Gasoline
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Solution for (c)
Discussion for (c)
Unreasonable Results
Problem-Solving Strategy
Glossary
Section Summary
18.1 Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge
18.2 Conductors and Insulators
18.3 Coulomb’s Law
18.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited
18.5 Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges
18.6 Electric Forces in Biology
18.7 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium
18.8 Applications of Electrostatics
Conceptual Questions
18.1 Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge
18.2 Conductors and Insulators
18.3 Coulomb’s Law
18.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited
18.5 Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges
18.6 Electric Forces in Biology
18.7 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium
Problems & Exercises
18.1 Static Electricity and Charge: Conservation of Charge
18.2 Conductors and Insulators
18.3 Coulomb’s Law
18.4 Electric Field: Concept of a Field Revisited
18.5 Electric Field Lines: Multiple Charges
18.7 Conductors and Electric Fields in Static Equilibrium
18.8 Applications of Electrostatics
Chapter 19 Electric Potential and Electric Field
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Electric Potential and Electric Energy
19.1 Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference
Potential Energy
Electric Potential
Potential Difference
Potential Difference and Electrical Potential Energy
Example 19.1
Calculating Energy
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 19.2
How Many Electrons Move through a Headlight Each Second?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
The Electron Volt
Electron Volt
Connections: Energy Units
Conservation of Energy
Example 19.3
Electrical Potential Energy Converted to Kinetic Energy
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
19.2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field
Voltage between Points A and B
Example 19.4
What Is the Highest Voltage Possible between Two Plates?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 19.5
Field and Force inside an Electron Gun
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Relationship between Voltage and Electric Field
19.3 Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge
Electric Potential Equation of a Point Charge
Example 19.6
What Voltage Is Produced by a Small Charge on a Metal Sphere?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 19.7
What Is the Excess Charge on a Van de Graaff Generator
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
19.4 Equipotential Lines
Grounding
PhET Explorations
Charges and Fields
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
Capacitor
The Amount of Charge Equation a Capacitor Can Store
Capacitance
Parallel Plate Capacitor
Capacitance of a Parallel Plate Capacitor
Example 19.8
Capacitance and Charge Stored in a Parallel Plate Capacitor
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Dielectric
Take-Home Experiment: Building a Capacitor
Dielectric Strength
Things Great and Small
Capacitor Lab
19.6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
Capacitance in Series
Total Capacitance in Series, Equation
Example 19.9
What Is the Series Capacitance?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Capacitors in Parallel
Total Capacitance in Parallel, Equation
Example 19.10
A Mixture of Series and Parallel Capacitance
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
19.7 Energy Stored in Capacitors
Energy Stored in Capacitors
Example 19.11
Capacitance in a Heart Defibrillator
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Glossary
Section Summary
19.1 Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference
19.2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field
19.3 Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge
19.4 Equipotential Lines
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
19.6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
19.7 Energy Stored in Capacitors
Conceptual Questions
19.1 Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference
19.2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field
19.3 Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge
19.4 Equipotential Lines
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
19.6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
19.7 Energy Stored in Capacitors
Problems & Exercises
19.1 Electric Potential Energy: Potential Difference
19.2 Electric Potential in a Uniform Electric Field
19.3 Electrical Potential Due to a Point Charge
19.4 Equipotential Lines
19.5 Capacitors and Dielectrics
19.6 Capacitors in Series and Parallel
19.7 Energy Stored in Capacitors
Chapter 20 Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Electric Current, Resistance, and Ohm's Law
20.1 Current
Electric Current
Example 20.1
Calculating Currents: Current in a Truck Battery and a Handheld Calculator
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Electric Current Illustration
Example 20.2
Calculating the Number of Electrons that Move through a Calculator
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Drift Velocity
Conduction of Electricity and Heat
Making Connections: Take-Home Investigation—Filament Observations
Example 20.3
Calculating Drift Velocity in a Common Wire
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
20.2 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits
Ohm’s Law
Resistance and Simple Circuits
Example 20.4
Calculating Resistance: An Automobile Headlight
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Making Connections: Conservation of Energy
PhET Explorations
Ohm's Law
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
Material and Shape Dependence of Resistance
Example 20.5
Calculating Resistor Diameter: A Headlight Filament
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Temperature Variation of Resistance
Example 20.6
Calculating Resistance: Hot-Filament Resistance
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Resistance in a Wire
20.4 Electric Power and Energy
Power in Electric Circuits
Example 20.7
Calculating Power Dissipation and Current: Hot and Cold Power
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Strategy and Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
The Cost of Electricity
Making Connections: Energy, Power, and Time
Example 20.8
Calculating the Cost Effectiveness of Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL)
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment—Electrical Energy Use Inventory
20.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current
Alternating Current
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment—AC/DC Lights
Example 20.9
Peak Voltage and Power for AC
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Why Use AC for Power Distribution?
Example 20.10
Power Losses Are Less for High-Voltage Transmission
Strategy
Solution
Solution
Solution
Discussion
Generator
20.6 Electric Hazards and the Human Body
Thermal Hazards
Shock Hazards
20.7 Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms
Nerve Conduction
Electrocardiograms
PhET Explorations
Neuron
Glossary
Section Summary
20.1 Current
20.2 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
20.4 Electric Power and Energy
20.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current
20.6 Electric Hazards and the Human Body
20.7 Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms
Conceptual Questions
20.1 Current
20.2 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
20.4 Electric Power and Energy
20.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current
20.6 Electric Hazards and the Human Body
20.7 Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms
Problems & Exercises
20.1 Current
20.2 Ohm’s Law: Resistance and Simple Circuits
20.3 Resistance and Resistivity
20.4 Electric Power and Energy
20.5 Alternating Current versus Direct Current
20.6 Electric Hazards and the Human Body
20.7 Nerve Conduction–Electrocardiograms
Chapter 21 Circuits and DC Instruments
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Circuits and DC Instruments
21.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
Resistors in Series
Connections: Conservation Laws
Example 21.1
Calculating Resistance, Current, Voltage Drop, and Power Dissipation: Analysis of a Series Circuit
Strategy and Solution for (a)
Strategy and Solution for (b)
Strategy and Solution for (c)
Discussion for (c)
Strategy and Solution for (d)
Discussion for (d)
Strategy and Solution for (e)
Discussion for (e)
Major Features of Resistors in Series
Resistors in Parallel
Example 21.2
Calculating Resistance, Current, Power Dissipation, and Power Output: Analysis of a Parallel Circuit
Strategy and Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Strategy and Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Strategy and Solution for (c)
Discussion for (c)
Strategy and Solution for (d)
Discussion for (d)
Strategy and Solution for (e)
Discussion for (e)
Overall Discussion
Major Features of Resistors in Parallel
Combinations of Series and Parallel
Example 21.3
Calculating Resistance, Equation Drop, Current, and Power Dissipation: Combining Series and Parallel Circuits
Strategy and Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Strategy and Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Strategy and Solution for (c)
Discussion for (c)
Strategy and Solution for (d)
Discussion for (d)
Practical Implications
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Problem-Solving Strategies for Series and Parallel Resistors
21.2 Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage
Electromotive Force
Internal Resistance
Things Great and Small: The Submicroscopic Origin of Battery Potential
Terminal Voltage
Example 21.4
Calculating Terminal Voltage, Power Dissipation, Current, and Resistance: Terminal Voltage and Load
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Solution for (c)
Discussion for (c)
Solution for (d)
Discussion for (d)
Multiple Voltage Sources
Take-Home Experiment: Flashlight Batteries
Animals as Electrical Detectors
Solar Cell Arrays
Take-Home Experiment: Virtual Solar Cells
21.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
Kirchhoff’s Rules
Kirchhoff’s First Rule
Making Connections: Conservation Laws
Kirchhoff’s Second Rule
Applying Kirchhoff’s Rules
Example 21.5
Calculating Current: Using Kirchhoff’s Rules
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Problem-Solving Strategies for Kirchhoff’s Rules
Check Your Understanding
Solution
21.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters
Analog Meters: Galvanometers
Galvanometer as Voltmeter
Galvanometer as Ammeter
Taking Measurements Alters the Circuit
Connections: Limits to Knowledge
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
Circuit Construction Kit (DC Only), Virtual Lab
21.5 Null Measurements
The Potentiometer
Resistance Measurements and the Wheatstone Bridge
Check Your Understanding
Solution
21.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
RC Circuits
Discharging a Capacitor
Example 21.6
Integrated Concept Problem: Calculating Capacitor Size—Strobe Lights
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
RC Circuits for Timing
Example 21.7
Calculating Time: RC Circuit in a Heart Defibrillator
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
PhET Explorations
Circuit Construction Kit (DC only)
Glossary
Section Summary
21.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
21.2 Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage
21.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
21.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters
21.5 Null Measurements
21.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
Conceptual Questions
21.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
21.2 Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage
21.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
21.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters
21.5 Null Measurements
21.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
Problems & Exercises
21.1 Resistors in Series and Parallel
21.2 Electromotive Force: Terminal Voltage
21.3 Kirchhoff’s Rules
21.4 DC Voltmeters and Ammeters
21.5 Null Measurements
21.6 DC Circuits Containing Resistors and Capacitors
Chapter 22 Magnetism
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Magnetism
22.1 Magnets
Universal Characteristics of Magnets and Magnetic Poles
Misconception Alert: Earth’s Magnetic Poles
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment—Refrigerator Magnets
22.2 Ferromagnets and Electromagnets
Ferromagnets
Electromagnets
Current: The Source of All Magnetism
Electric Currents and Magnetism
PhET Explorations
Magnets and Electromagnets
22.3 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines
Making Connections: Concept of a Field
22.4 Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
Right Hand Rule 1
Making Connections: Charges and Magnets
Example 22.1
Calculating Magnetic Force: Earth’s Magnetic Field on a Charged Glass Rod
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
22.5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications
Example 22.2
Calculating the Curvature of the Path of an Electron Moving in a Magnetic Field: A Magnet on a TV Screen
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
22.6 The Hall Effect
Example 22.3
Calculating the Hall emf: Hall Effect for Blood Flow
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
22.7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
Example 22.4
Calculating Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Wire: A Strong Magnetic Field
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
22.8 Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters
Example 22.5
Calculating Torque on a Current-Carrying Loop in a Strong Magnetic Field
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
22.9 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere’s Law
Magnetic Field Created by a Long Straight Current-Carrying Wire: Right Hand Rule 2
Example 22.6
Calculating Current that Produces a Magnetic Field
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Ampere’s Law and Others
Making Connections: Relativity
Magnetic Field Produced by a Current-Carrying Circular Loop
Magnetic Field Produced by a Current-Carrying Solenoid
Example 22.7
Calculating Field Strength inside a Solenoid
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Generator
22.10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors
The Ampere
22.11 More Applications of Magnetism
Mass Spectrometry
Cathode Ray Tubes—CRTs—and the Like
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Other Medical Uses of Magnetic Fields
PhET Explorations
Magnet and Compass
Glossary
Section Summary
22.1 Magnets
22.2 Ferromagnets and Electromagnets
22.3 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines
22.4 Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
22.5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications
22.6 The Hall Effect
22.7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
22.8 Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters
22.9 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere’s Law
22.10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors
22.11 More Applications of Magnetism
Conceptual Questions
22.1 Magnets
22.3 Magnetic Fields and Magnetic Field Lines
22.4 Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
22.5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications
22.6 The Hall Effect
22.7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
22.8 Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters
22.9 Magnetic Fields Produced by Currents: Ampere’s Law
22.10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors
22.11 More Applications of Magnetism
Problems & Exercises
22.4 Magnetic Field Strength: Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field
22.5 Force on a Moving Charge in a Magnetic Field: Examples and Applications
22.6 The Hall Effect
22.7 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
22.8 Torque on a Current Loop: Motors and Meters
22.10 Magnetic Force between Two Parallel Conductors
22.11 More Applications of Magnetism
Chapter 23 Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits, and Electrical Technologies
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Electromagnetic Induction, AC Circuits and Electrical Technologies
23.1 Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux
23.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law
Faraday’s and Lenz’s Law
Problem-Solving Strategy for Lenz’s Law
Applications of Electromagnetic Induction
Making Connections: Conservation of Energy
Example 23.1
Calculating Emf: How Great Is the Induced Emf?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Faraday's Electromagnetic Lab
23.3 Motional Emf
Making Connections: Unification of Forces
Example 23.2
Calculating the Large Motional Emf of an Object in Orbit
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
23.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping
Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping
Applications of Magnetic Damping
23.5 Electric Generators
Example 23.3
Calculating the Emf Induced in a Generator Coil
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 23.4
Calculating the Maximum Emf of a Generator
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
23.6 Back Emf
23.7 Transformers
Example 23.5
Calculating Characteristics of a Step-Up Transformer
Strategy and Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Strategy and Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Example 23.6
Calculating Characteristics of a Step-Down Transformer
Strategy and Solution for (a)
Strategy and Solution for (b)
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Generator
23.8 Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices
23.9 Inductance
Inductors
Example 23.7
Calculating the Self-inductance of a Moderate Size Solenoid
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Energy Stored in an Inductor
Example 23.8
Calculating the Energy Stored in the Field of a Solenoid
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
23.10 RL Circuits
Example 23.9
Calculating Characteristic Time and Current in an RL Circuit
Strategy for (a)
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Strategy for (b)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
23.11 Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive
Inductors and Inductive Reactance
AC Voltage in an Inductor
Example 23.10
Calculating Inductive Reactance and then Current
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Capacitors and Capacitive Reactance
AC Voltage in a Capacitor
Example 23.11
Calculating Capacitive Reactance and then Current
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Resistors in an AC Circuit
AC Voltage in a Resistor
23.12 RLC Series AC Circuits
Impedance
Example 23.12
Calculating Impedance and Current
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (a)
Resonance in RLC Series AC Circuits
Example 23.13
Calculating Resonant Frequency and Current
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Power in RLC Series AC Circuits
Example 23.14
Calculating the Power Factor and Power
Strategy and Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Strategy and Solution for (b)
Strategy and Solution for (c)
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Circuit Construction Kit (AC+DC), Virtual Lab
Glossary
Section Summary
23.1 Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux
23.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law
23.3 Motional Emf
23.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping
23.5 Electric Generators
23.6 Back Emf
23.7 Transformers
23.8 Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices
23.9 Inductance
23.10 RL Circuits
23.11 Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive
23.12 RLC Series AC Circuits
Conceptual Questions
23.1 Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux
23.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law
23.3 Motional Emf
23.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping
23.5 Electric Generators
23.6 Back Emf
23.7 Transformers
23.8 Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices
23.9 Inductance
23.11 Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive
23.12 RLC Series AC Circuits
Problems & Exercises
23.1 Induced Emf and Magnetic Flux
23.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction: Lenz’s Law
23.3 Motional Emf
23.4 Eddy Currents and Magnetic Damping
23.5 Electric Generators
23.6 Back Emf
23.7 Transformers
23.8 Electrical Safety: Systems and Devices
23.9 Inductance
23.10 RL Circuits
23.11 Reactance, Inductive and Capacitive
23.12 RLC Series AC Circuits
Chapter 24 Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Electromagnetic Waves
Misconception Alert: Sound Waves vs. Radio Waves
Discovering a New Phenomenon
24.1 Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
Maxwell’s Equations
Making Connections: Unification of Forces
Hertz’s Observations
24.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
Electric and Magnetic Waves: Moving Together
Receiving Electromagnetic Waves
Relating Equation -Field and Equation -Field Strengths
Example 24.1
Calculating Equation -Field Strength in an Electromagnetic Wave
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment: Antennas
PhET Explorations
Radio Waves and Electromagnetic Fields
24.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Connections: Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum: Rules of Thumb
Transmission, Reflection, and Absorption
Radio and TV Waves
FM Radio Waves
Example 24.2
Calculating Wavelengths of Radio Waves
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Radio Wave Interference
Microwaves
Heating with Microwaves
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment—Microwave Ovens
Infrared Radiation
Visible Light
Example 24.3
Integrated Concept Problem: Correcting Vision with Lasers
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment: Colors That Match
Ultraviolet Radiation
Human Exposure to UV Radiation
UV Light and the Ozone Layer
Benefits of UV Light
Things Great and Small: A Submicroscopic View of X-Ray Production
X-Rays
Gamma Rays
Detecting Electromagnetic Waves from Space
Color Vision
24.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
Connections: Waves and Particles
Example 24.4
Calculate Microwave Intensities and Fields
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Solution for (c)
Discussion
Glossary
Section Summary
24.1 Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
24.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
24.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
24.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
Conceptual Questions
24.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
24.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Problems & Exercises
24.1 Maxwell’s Equations: Electromagnetic Waves Predicted and Observed
24.2 Production of Electromagnetic Waves
24.3 The Electromagnetic Spectrum
24.4 Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
Chapter 25 Geometric Optics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Geometric Optics
25.1 The Ray Aspect of Light
Ray
Geometric Optics
25.2 The Law of Reflection
The Law of Reflection
Take-Home Experiment: Law of Reflection
25.3 The Law of Refraction
Refraction
Speed of Light
The Speed of Light
Value of the Speed of Light
Index of Refraction
Example 25.1
Speed of Light in Matter
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Law of Refraction
The Law of Refraction
Take-Home Experiment: A Broken Pencil
Example 25.2
Determine the Index of Refraction from Refraction Data
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 25.3
A Larger Change in Direction
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
25.4 Total Internal Reflection
Critical Angle
Example 25.4
How Big is the Critical Angle Here?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Fiber Optics: Endoscopes to Telephones
Cladding
Corner Reflectors and Diamonds
The Sparkle of Diamonds
PhET Explorations
Bending Light
25.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms
Dispersion
Making Connections: Dispersion
Rainbows
PhET Explorations
Geometric Optics
25.6 Image Formation by Lenses
Converging or Convex Lens
Focal Point F
Focal Length Equation
Power Equation
Example 25.5
What is the Power of a Common Magnifying Glass?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Diverging Lens
Ray Tracing and Thin Lenses
Thin Lens
Take-Home Experiment: A Visit to the Optician
Rules for Ray Tracing
Image Formation by Thin Lenses
Real Image
Image Distance
Thin Lens Equations and Magnification
Example 25.6
Finding the Image of a Light Bulb Filament by Ray Tracing and by the Thin Lens Equations
Strategy and Concept
Solutions (Ray tracing)
Discussion
Virtual Image
Example 25.7
Image Produced by a Magnifying Glass
Strategy and Concept
Solution
Discussion
Example 25.8
Image Produced by a Concave Lens
Strategy and Concept
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment: Concentrating Sunlight
Problem-Solving Strategies for Lenses
Misconception Alert
25.7 Image Formation by Mirrors
Example 25.9
A Concave Reflector
Strategy and Concept
Solution
Discussion
Example 25.10
Solar Electric Generating System
Strategy
Solution to (a)
Solution to (b)
Solution to (c)
Discussion for (c)
Example 25.11
Image in a Convex Mirror
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment: Concave Mirrors Close to Home
Problem-Solving Strategy for Mirrors
Glossary
Section Summary
25.1 The Ray Aspect of Light
25.2 The Law of Reflection
25.3 The Law of Refraction
25.4 Total Internal Reflection
25.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms
25.6 Image Formation by Lenses
25.7 Image Formation by Mirrors
Conceptual Questions
25.2 The Law of Reflection
25.3 The Law of Refraction
25.4 Total Internal Reflection
25.6 Image Formation by Lenses
25.7 Image Formation by Mirrors
Problems & Exercises
25.1 The Ray Aspect of Light
25.2 The Law of Reflection
25.3 The Law of Refraction
25.4 Total Internal Reflection
25.5 Dispersion: The Rainbow and Prisms
25.6 Image Formation by Lenses
25.7 Image Formation by Mirrors
Chapter 26 Vision and Optical Instruments
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Vision and Optical Instruments
26.1 Physics of the Eye
Take-Home Experiment: The Pupil
Example 26.1
Size of Image on Retina
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 26.2
Power Range of the Eye
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
26.2 Vision Correction
Example 26.3
Correcting Nearsightedness
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 26.4
Correcting Farsightedness
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
26.3 Color and Color Vision
Simple Theory of Color Vision
Take-Home Experiment: Rods and Cones
Take-Home Experiment: Exploring Color Addition
Color Constancy and a Modified Theory of Color Vision
PhET Explorations
Color Vision
26.4 Microscopes
Overall Magnification
Example 26.5
Microscope Magnification
Strategy and Concept
Solution
Discussion
Take-Home Experiment: Make a Lens
26.5 Telescopes
26.6 Aberrations
Glossary
Section Summary
26.1 Physics of the Eye
26.2 Vision Correction
26.3 Color and Color Vision
26.4 Microscopes
26.5 Telescopes
26.6 Aberrations
Conceptual Questions
26.1 Physics of the Eye
26.2 Vision Correction
26.3 Color and Color Vision
26.4 Microscopes
26.5 Telescopes
26.6 Aberrations
Problems & Exercises
26.1 Physics of the Eye
26.2 Vision Correction
26.4 Microscopes
26.5 Telescopes
26.6 Aberrations
Chapter 27 Wave Optics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Wave Optics
27.1 The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference
Making Connections: Waves
27.2 Huygens's Principle: Diffraction
27.3 Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Take-Home Experiment: Using Fingers as Slits
Example 27.1
Finding a Wavelength from an Interference Pattern
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 27.2
Calculating Highest Order Possible
Strategy and Concept
Solution
Discussion
27.4 Multiple Slit Diffraction
Take-Home Experiment: Rainbows on a CD
Example 27.3
Calculating Typical Diffraction Grating Effects
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
27.5 Single Slit Diffraction
Example 27.4
Calculating Single Slit Diffraction
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
27.6 Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion
Take-Home Experiment: Resolution of the Eye
Connections: Limits to Knowledge
Example 27.5
Calculating Diffraction Limits of the Hubble Space Telescope
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
27.7 Thin Film Interference
Example 27.6
Calculating Non-reflective Lens Coating Using Thin Film Interference
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 27.7
Soap Bubbles: More Than One Thickness can be Constructive
Strategy and Concept
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Making Connections: Take-Home Experiment—Thin Film Interference
Problem-Solving Strategies for Wave Optics
27.8 Polarization
Example 27.8
Calculating Intensity Reduction by a Polarizing Filter
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Polarization by Reflection
Things Great and Small: Atomic Explanation of Polarizing Filters
Example 27.9
Calculating Polarization by Reflection
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Polarization by Scattering
Take-Home Experiment: Polarization
Liquid Crystals and Other Polarization Effects in Materials
27.9 *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light
Making Connections: Waves
Glossary
Section Summary
27.1 The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference
27.2 Huygens's Principle: Diffraction
27.3 Young’s Double Slit Experiment
27.4 Multiple Slit Diffraction
27.5 Single Slit Diffraction
27.6 Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion
27.7 Thin Film Interference
27.8 Polarization
27.9 *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light
Conceptual Questions
27.1 The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference
27.2 Huygens's Principle: Diffraction
27.3 Young’s Double Slit Experiment
27.4 Multiple Slit Diffraction
27.5 Single Slit Diffraction
27.6 Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion
27.7 Thin Film Interference
27.8 Polarization
27.9 *Extended Topic* Microscopy Enhanced by the Wave Characteristics of Light
Problems & Exercises
27.1 The Wave Aspect of Light: Interference
27.3 Young’s Double Slit Experiment
27.4 Multiple Slit Diffraction
27.5 Single Slit Diffraction
27.6 Limits of Resolution: The Rayleigh Criterion
27.7 Thin Film Interference
27.8 Polarization
Chapter 28 Special Relativity
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Special Relativity
28.1 Einstein’s Postulates
Einstein’s First Postulate
Inertial Reference Frame
First Postulate of Special Relativity
Einstein’s Second Postulate
Michelson-Morley Experiment
Second Postulate of Special Relativity
Misconception Alert: Constancy of the Speed of Light
Check Your Understanding
Solution
28.2 Simultaneity And Time Dilation
Simultaneity
Time Dilation
Time dilation
Proper Time
Example 28.1
Calculating Equation for a Relativistic Event: How Long Does a Speedy Muon Live?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Real-World Connections
The Twin Paradox
Check Your Understanding
Solution
28.3 Length Contraction
Proper Length
Proper Length
Length Contraction
Length Contraction
Example 28.2
Calculating Length Contraction: The Distance between Stars Contracts when You Travel at High Velocity
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
28.4 Relativistic Addition of Velocities
Classical Velocity Addition
Classical Velocity Addition
Relativistic Velocity Addition
Relativistic Velocity Addition
Example 28.3
Showing that the Speed of Light towards an Observer is Constant (in a Vacuum): The Speed of Light is the Speed of Light
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 28.4
Comparing the Speed of Light towards and away from an Observer: Relativistic Package Delivery
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Doppler Shift
Relativistic Doppler Effects
Career Connection: Astronomer
Example 28.5
Calculating a Doppler Shift: Radio Waves from a Receding Galaxy
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Check Your Understanding
Solution
28.5 Relativistic Momentum
Relativistic Momentum
Misconception Alert: Relativistic Mass and Momentum
Check Your Understanding
Solution
28.6 Relativistic Energy
Total Energy and Rest Energy
Total Energy
Rest Energy
Example 28.6
Calculating Rest Energy: Rest Energy is Very Large
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Stored Energy and Potential Energy
Example 28.7
Calculating Rest Mass: A Small Mass Increase due to Energy Input
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Kinetic Energy and the Ultimate Speed Limit
Relativistic Kinetic Energy
The Speed of Light
Example 28.8
Comparing Kinetic Energy: Relativistic Energy Versus Classical Kinetic Energy
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Relativistic Energy and Momentum
Problem-Solving Strategies for Relativity
Check Your Understanding
Solution
Glossary
Section Summary
28.1 Einstein’s Postulates
28.2 Simultaneity And Time Dilation
28.3 Length Contraction
28.4 Relativistic Addition of Velocities
28.5 Relativistic Momentum
28.6 Relativistic Energy
Conceptual Questions
28.1 Einstein’s Postulates
28.2 Simultaneity And Time Dilation
28.3 Length Contraction
28.4 Relativistic Addition of Velocities
28.5 Relativistic Momentum
28.6 Relativistic Energy
Problems & Exercises
28.2 Simultaneity And Time Dilation
28.3 Length Contraction
28.4 Relativistic Addition of Velocities
28.5 Relativistic Momentum
28.6 Relativistic Energy
Chapter 29 Introduction to Quantum Physics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Quantum Physics
Making Connections: Realms of Physics
29.1 Quantization of Energy
Planck’s Contribution
Atomic Spectra
PhET Explorations
Models of the Hydrogen Atom
29.2 The Photoelectric Effect
Example 29.1
Calculating Photon Energy and the Photoelectric Effect: A Violet Light
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Photoelectric Effect
29.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
Ionizing Radiation
Connections: Conservation of Energy
Example 29.2
X-ray Photon Energy and X-ray Tube Voltage
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 29.3
Photon Energy and Effects for UV
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Visible Light
Example 29.4
How Many Photons per Second Does a Typical Light Bulb Produce?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Lower-Energy Photons
Misconception Alert: High-Voltage Power Lines
PhET Explorations
Color Vision
29.4 Photon Momentum
Measuring Photon Momentum
Connections: Conservation of Momentum
Example 29.5
Electron and Photon Momentum Compared
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Solution for (c)
Discussion
Relativistic Photon Momentum
Photon Detectors
Example 29.6
Photon Energy and Momentum
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Problem-Solving Suggestion
29.5 The Particle-Wave Duality
Quantum Wave Interference
29.6 The Wave Nature of Matter
De Broglie Wavelength
Connections: Waves
Example 29.7
Electron Wavelength versus Velocity and Energy
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Electron Microscopes
Making Connections: A Submicroscopic Diffraction Grating
29.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
Probability Distribution
Heisenberg Uncertainty
Example 29.8
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle in Position and Momentum for an Atom
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Heisenberg Uncertainty for Energy and Time
Example 29.9
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle for Energy and Time for an Atom
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
29.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed
Integrated Concepts
Problem-Solving Strategy
Example 29.10
Recoil of a Dust Particle after Absorbing a Photon
Strategy Step 1
Strategy Step 2
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
Glossary
Section Summary
29.1 Quantization of Energy
29.2 The Photoelectric Effect
29.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
29.4 Photon Momentum
29.5 The Particle-Wave Duality
29.6 The Wave Nature of Matter
29.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
29.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed
Conceptual Questions
29.1 Quantization of Energy
29.2 The Photoelectric Effect
29.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
29.4 Photon Momentum
29.6 The Wave Nature of Matter
29.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
29.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed
Problems & Exercises
29.1 Quantization of Energy
29.2 The Photoelectric Effect
29.3 Photon Energies and the Electromagnetic Spectrum
29.4 Photon Momentum
29.6 The Wave Nature of Matter
29.7 Probability: The Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle
29.8 The Particle-Wave Duality Reviewed
Chapter 30 Atomic Physics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Atomic Physics
30.1 Discovery of the Atom
Patterns and Systematics
30.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei
Charges and Electromagnetic Forces
The Electron
The Nucleus
PhET Explorations
Rutherford Scattering
30.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
Mysteries of Atomic Spectra
Example 30.1
Calculating Wave Interference of a Hydrogen Line
Strategy and Concept
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
Bohr’s Solution for Hydrogen
Triumphs and Limits of the Bohr Theory
PhET Explorations
Models of the Hydrogen Atom
30.4 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications
Example 30.2
Characteristic X-Ray Energy
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Medical and Other Diagnostic Uses of X-rays
X-Ray Diffraction and Crystallography
30.5 Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations
Fluorescence and Phosphorescence
Nano-Crystals
Lasers
30.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization
Waves and Quantization
Quantum Wave Interference
30.7 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization
30.8 Quantum Numbers and Rules
Example 30.3
What Are the Allowed Directions?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Intrinsic Spin Angular Momentum Is Quantized in Magnitude and Direction
Intrinsic Spin
PhET Explorations
Stern-Gerlach Experiment
30.9 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Multiple-Electron Atoms
Pauli Exclusion Principle
Shells and Subshells
Example 30.4
How Many Electrons Can Be in This Shell?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 30.5
Subshells and Totals for Equation
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Shell Filling and the Periodic Table
PhET Explorations
Stern-Gerlach Experiment
Glossary
Section Summary
30.1 Discovery of the Atom
30.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei
30.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
30.4 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications
30.5 Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations
30.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization
30.7 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization
30.8 Quantum Numbers and Rules
30.9 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Conceptual Questions
30.1 Discovery of the Atom
30.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei
30.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
30.4 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications
30.5 Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations
30.6 The Wave Nature of Matter Causes Quantization
30.7 Patterns in Spectra Reveal More Quantization
30.8 Quantum Numbers and Rules
30.9 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Problems & Exercises
30.1 Discovery of the Atom
30.2 Discovery of the Parts of the Atom: Electrons and Nuclei
30.3 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom
30.4 X Rays: Atomic Origins and Applications
30.5 Applications of Atomic Excitations and De-Excitations
30.8 Quantum Numbers and Rules
30.9 The Pauli Exclusion Principle
Chapter 31 Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics
31.1 Nuclear Radioactivity
Discovery of Nuclear Radioactivity
Alpha, Beta, and Gamma
Ionization and Range
Collisions
PhET Explorations
Beta Decay
31.2 Radiation Detection and Detectors
Human Application
PhET Explorations
Radioactive Dating Game
31.3 Substructure of the Nucleus
Example 31.1
How Small and Dense Is a Nucleus?
Strategy and Concept
Solution
Discussion
Nuclear Forces and Stability
31.4 Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws
Alpha Decay
Example 31.2
Alpha Decay Energy Found from Nuclear Masses
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Beta Decay
Example 31.3
Equation Decay Energy from Masses
Strategy and Concept
Solution
Discussion and Implications
Gamma Decay
31.5 Half-Life and Activity
Half-Life
Example 31.4
How Old Is the Shroud of Turin?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Activity, the Rate of Decay
Example 31.5
How Great Is the Equation Activity in Living Tissue?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Human and Medical Applications
Example 31.6
What Mass of Equation Escaped Chernobyl?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Alpha Decay
31.6 Binding Energy
Things Great and Small
Example 31.7
What Is Equation for an Alpha Particle?
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Problem-Solving Strategies
For Reaction And Binding Energies and Activity Calculations in Nuclear Physics
PhET Explorations
Nuclear Fission
31.7 Tunneling
Quantum Tunneling and Wave Packets
Glossary
Section Summary
31.1 Nuclear Radioactivity
31.2 Radiation Detection and Detectors
31.3 Substructure of the Nucleus
31.4 Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws
31.5 Half-Life and Activity
31.6 Binding Energy
31.7 Tunneling
Conceptual Questions
31.1 Nuclear Radioactivity
31.2 Radiation Detection and Detectors
31.3 Substructure of the Nucleus
31.4 Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws
31.5 Half-Life and Activity
31.6 Binding Energy
31.7 Tunneling
Problems & Exercises
31.2 Radiation Detection and Detectors
31.3 Substructure of the Nucleus
31.4 Nuclear Decay and Conservation Laws
31.5 Half-Life and Activity
31.6 Binding Energy
31.7 Tunneling
Chapter 32 Medical Applications of Nuclear Physics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Applications of Nuclear Physics
32.1 Medical Imaging and Diagnostics
Medical Application
Simplified MRI
32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
Misconception Alert: Activity vs. Dose
Radiation Protection
Problem-Solving Strategy
Example 32.1
Dose from Inhaled Plutonium
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Risk versus Benefit
Alpha Decay
32.3 Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation
Medical Application
32.4 Food Irradiation
32.5 Fusion
Example 32.2
Calculating Energy and Power from Fusion
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion
32.6 Fission
Example 32.3
Calculating Energy Released by Fission
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Example 32.4
Calculating Energy from a Kilogram of Fissionable Fuel
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
PhET Explorations
Nuclear Fission
32.7 Nuclear Weapons
Glossary
Section Summary
32.1 Medical Imaging and Diagnostics
32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
32.3 Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation
32.4 Food Irradiation
32.5 Fusion
32.6 Fission
32.7 Nuclear Weapons
Conceptual Questions
32.1 Medical Imaging and Diagnostics
32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
32.3 Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation
32.4 Food Irradiation
32.5 Fusion
32.6 Fission
32.7 Nuclear Weapons
Problems & Exercises
32.1 Medical Imaging and Diagnostics
32.2 Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation
32.3 Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation
32.5 Fusion
32.6 Fission
32.7 Nuclear Weapons
Chapter 33 Particle Physics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Particle Physics
33.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited
Example 33.1
Calculating the Mass of a Pion
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
33.2 The Four Basic Forces
33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy
Early Accelerators
Modern Behemoths and Colliding Beams
Example 33.2
Calculating the Voltage Needed by the Accelerator Between Accelerating Tubes
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
33.4 Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws
Matter and Antimatter
Hadrons and Leptons
Mesons and Baryons
Forces, Reactions, and Reaction Rates
Example 33.3
Calculating Quantum Numbers in Two Decays
Strategy
Solution for (a)
Discussion for (a)
Solution for (b)
Discussion for (b)
33.5 Quarks: Is That All There Is?
Conception of Quarks
How Does it Work?
All Combinations are Possible
Patterns and Puzzles: Atoms, Nuclei, and Quarks
Example 33.4
Quantum Numbers From Quark Composition
Strategy
Solution
Discussion
Now, Let Us Talk About Direct Evidence
Quarks Have Their Ups and Downs
What’s Color got to do with it?—A Whiter Shade of Pale
The Three Families
33.6 GUTs: The Unification of Forces
Making Connections: Unification of Forces
Glossary
Section Summary
33.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited
33.2 The Four Basic Forces
33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy
33.4 Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws
33.5 Quarks: Is That All There Is?
33.6 GUTs: The Unification of Forces
Conceptual Questions
33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy
33.4 Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws
33.5 Quarks: Is That All There Is?
33.6 GUTs: The Unification of Forces
Problems & Exercises
33.1 The Yukawa Particle and the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle Revisited
33.2 The Four Basic Forces
33.3 Accelerators Create Matter from Energy
33.4 Particles, Patterns, and Conservation Laws
33.5 Quarks: Is That All There Is?
33.6 GUTs: The Unification of Forces
Chapter 34 Frontiers of Physics
Chapter Outline
Introduction to Frontiers of Physics
34.1 Cosmology and Particle Physics
Making Connections: Cosmology and Particle Physics
34.2 General Relativity and Quantum Gravity
General Relativity
Quantum Gravity
34.3 Superstrings
34.4 Dark Matter and Closure
Evidence
Theoretical Yearnings for Closure
What Is the Dark Matter We See Indirectly?
34.5 Complexity and Chaos
34.6 High-temperature Superconductors
34.7 Some Questions We Know to Ask
On the Largest Scale
On the Intermediate Scale
On the Smallest Scale
Glossary
Section Summary
34.1 Cosmology and Particle Physics
34.2 General Relativity and Quantum Gravity
34.3 Superstrings
34.4 Dark Matter and Closure
34.5 Complexity and Chaos
34.6 High-temperature Superconductors
34.7 Some Questions We Know to Ask
Conceptual Questions
34.1 Cosmology and Particle Physics
34.2 General Relativity and Quantum Gravity
34.4 Dark Matter and Closure
34.5 Complexity and Chaos
34.6 High-temperature Superconductors
34.7 Some Questions We Know to Ask
Problems & Exercises
34.1 Cosmology and Particle Physics
34.2 General Relativity and Quantum Gravity
34.3 Superstrings
34.4 Dark Matter and Closure
34.6 High-temperature Superconductors
Appendix A Atomic Masses
Appendix B Selected Radioactive Isotopes
Appendix C Useful Information
Appendix D Glossary of Key Symbols and Notation
Index
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