College Physics

Cover
Contents
About the authors
Preface
Engaging App lications
MCAT test prepa ration guide
Part 1: Mechanics
Topic 1 Units, Trigonometry, and Vectors
1.1 Standards of Length, Mass, and Time
1.2 The Building Blocks of Matter
1.3 Dimensional Analysis
1.4 Uncertainty in Measurement and Significant Figures
1.5 Unit Conversions for Physical Quantities
1.6 Estimates and Order-of-Magnitude Calculations
1.7 Coordinate Systems
1.8 Trigonometry Review
1.9 Vectors
1.10 Components of a Vector
1.11 Problem-Solving Strategy
Summary
Topic 2 Motion in One Dimension
2.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration
2.2 Motion Diagrams
2.3 One-Dimensional Motion with Constant Acceleration
2.4 Freely Falling Objects
Summary
Topic 3 Motion in Two Dimensions
3.1 Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration in Two Dimensions
3.2 Two-Dimensional Motion
3.3 Relative Velocity
Summary
Topic 4 Newton’s Laws of Motion
4.1 Forces
4.2 The Laws of Motion
4.3 The Normal and Kinetic Friction Forces
4.4 Static Friction Forces
4.5 Tension Forces
4.6 Applications of Newton’s Laws
4.7 Two-Body Problems
Summary
Topic 5 Energy
5.1 Work
5.2 Kinetic Energy and the Work–Energy Theorem
5.3 Gravitational Potential Energy
5.4 Gravity and Nonconservative Forces
5.5 Spring Potential Energy
5.6 Systems and Energy Conservation
5.7 Power
5.8 Work Done by a Varying Force
Summary
Topic 6 Momentum, Impulse, and Collisions
6.1 Momentum and Impulse
6.2 Conservation of Momentum
6.3 Collisions in One Dimension
6.4 Glancing Collisions
6.5 Rocket Propulsion
Summary
Topic 7 R otational Motion and Gravitation
7.1 Angular Velocity and Angular Acceleration
7.2 Rotational Motion Under Constant Angular Acceleration
7.3 Tangential Velocity, Tangential Acceleration, and Centripetal
Acceleration
7.4 Newton’s Second Law for Uniform Circular Motion
7.5 Newtonian Gravitation
Summary
Topic 8 R otational Equilibrium and Dynamics
8.1 Torque
8.2 Center of Mass and Its Motion
8.3 Torque and the Two Conditions for Equilibrium
8.4 The Rotational Second Law of Motion
8.5 Rotational Kinetic Energy
8.6 Angular Momentum
Summary
Topic 9 Fluids and Solids
9.1 States of Matter
9.2 Density and Pressure
9.3 Variation of Pressure with Depth
9.4 Pressure Measurements
9.5 Buoyant Forces and Archimedes’ Principle
9.6 Fluids in Motion
9.7 Other Applications of Fluid Dynamics
9.8 Surface Tension, Capillary Action, and Viscous Fluid Flow
9.9 Transport Phenomena
9.10 The Deformation of Solids
Summary
Part 2 Thermodynamics
Topic 10 T hermal Physics
10.1 Temperature and the Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
10.2 Thermometers and Temperature Scales
10.3 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
10.4 The Ideal Gas Law
10.5 The Kinetic Theory of Gases
Summary
Topic 11 Energy in Thermal Processes
11.1 Heat and Internal Energy
11.2 Specific Heat
11.3 Calorimetry
11.4 Latent Heat and Phase Change
11.5 Energy Transfer
11.6 Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases
Summary
Topic 12 T he Laws of Thermodynamics
12.1 Work in Thermodynamic Processes
12.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics
12.3 Thermal Processes in Gases
12.4 Heat Engines and the Second Law of Thermodynamics
12.5 Entropy
12.6 Human Metabolism
Summary
Part 3 Vibrations and Waves
Topic 13 Vibrations and Waves
13.1 Hooke’s Law
13.2 Elastic Potential Energy
13.3 Concepts of Oscillation Rates in Simple Harmonic Motion
13.4 Position, Velocity, and Acceleration as Functions of Time
13.5 Motion of a Pendulum
13.6 Damped Oscillations
13.7 Waves
13.8 Frequency, Amplitude, and Wavelength
13.9 The Speed of Waves on Strings
13.10 Interference of Waves
13.11 Reflection of Waves
Summary
Topic 14 Sound
14.1 Producing a Sound Wave
14.2 Characteristics of Sound Waves
14.3 The Speed of Sound
14.4 Energy and Intensity of Sound Waves
14.5 Spherical and Plane Waves
14.6 The Doppler Effect
14.7 Interference of Sound Waves
14.8 Standing Waves
14.9 Forced Vibrations and Resonance
14.10 Standing Waves in Air Columns
14.11 Beats
14.12 Quality of Sound
14.13 The Ear
Summary
Part 4 Electricity and Magnetism
Topic 15 Electric Forces and Fields
15.1 Electric Charges, Insulators, and Conductors
15.2 Coulomb’s Law
15.3 Electric Fields
15.4 Electric Field Lines
15.5 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
15.6 The Millikan Oil-Drop Experiment
15.7 The Van de Graaff Generator
15.8 Electric Flux and Gauss’ Law
Summary
Topic 16 Electrical Energy and Capacitance
16.1 Electric Potential Energy and Electric Potential
16.2 Electric Potential and Potential Energy of Point Charges
16.3 Potentials, Charged Conductors, and Equipotential Surfaces
16.4 Applications
16.5 Capacitors
16.6 Combinations of Capacitors
16.7 Energy in a Capacitor
16.8 Capacitors with Dielectrics
Summary
Topic 17 Current and Resistance
17.1 Electric Current
17.2 A Microscopic View: Current and Drift Speed
17.3 Current and Voltage Measurements In Circuits
17.4 Resistance, Resistivity, and Ohm’s Law
17.5 Temperature Variation of Resistance
17.6 Electrical Energy and Power
17.7 Superconductors
17.8 Electrical Activity in the Heart
Summary
Topic 18 Direct-Current Circuits
18.1 Sources of emf
18.2 Resistors in Series
18.3 Resistors in Parallel
18.4 Kirchhoff’s Rules and Complex DC Circuits
18.5 RC Circuits
18.6 Household Circuits
18.7 Electrical Safety
18.8 Conduction of Electrical Signals by Neurons
Summary
Topic 19 Magnetism
19.1 Magnets
19.2 Earth’s Magnetic Field
19.3 Magnetic Fields
19.4 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Magnetic Field
19.5 Magnetic Force on a Current - Carrying Conductor
19.6 Magnetic Torque
19.7 Ampère’s Law
19.8 Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
19.9 Magnetic Fields of Current Loops and Solenoids
19.10 Magnetic Domains
Summary
Topic 20 Induced Voltages and Inductance
20.1 Induced emf and Magnetic Flux
20.2 Faraday’s Law of Induction and Lenz’s Law
20.3 Motional emf
20.4 Generators
20.5 Self-Inductance
20.6 RL Circuits
20.7 Energy Stored in Magnetic Fields
Summary
Topic 21 A lternating-Current Circuits and
Electromagnetic Waves
21.1 Resistors in an AC Circuit
21.2 Capacitors in an AC Circuit
21.3 Inductors in an AC Circuit
21.4 The RLC Series Circuit
21.5 Power in an AC Circuit
21.6 Resonance in a Series RLC Circuit
21.7 The Transformer
21.8 Maxwell’s Predictions
21.9 Hertz’s Confirmation of Maxwell’s Predictions
21.10 Production of Electromagnetic Waves by an Antenna
21.11 Properties of Electromagnetic Waves
21.12 The Spectrum of Electromagnetic Waves
21.13 The Doppler Effect for Electromagnetic Waves
Summary
Part 5 Light and Optics
Topic 22 R eflection and Refraction of Light
22.1 The Nature of Light
22.2 Reflection and Refraction
22.3 The Law of Refraction
22.4 Dispersion and Prisms
22.5 The Rainbow
22.6 Huygens’ Principle
22.7 Total Internal Reflection
Summary
Topic 23 Mirrors and Lenses
23.1 Flat Mirrors
23.2 Images Formed by Spherical Mirrors
23.3 Images Formed by Refraction
23.4 Atmospheric Refraction
23.5 Thin Lenses
23.6 Lens and Mirror Aberrations
Summary
Topic 24 Wave Optics
24.1 Conditions for Interference
24.2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
24.3 Change of Phase Due to Reflection
24.4 Interference in Thin Films
24.5 Using Interference to Read CDs and DVDs
24.6 Diffraction
24.7 Single-Slit Diffraction
24.8 Diffraction Gratings
24.9 Polarization of Light Waves
Summary
Topic 25 Optical Instruments
25.1 The Camera
25.2 The Eye
25.3 The Simple Magnifier
25.4 The Compound Microscope
25.5 The Telescope
25.6 Resolution of Single-Slit and Circular Apertures
25.7 The Michelson Interferometer
Summary
Part 6 Modern Physics
Topic 26 Relativity
26.1 Galilean Relativity
26.2 The Speed of Light
26.3 Einstein’s Principle of Relativity
26.4 Consequences of Special Relativity
26.5 Relativistic Momentum
26.6 Relative Velocity in Special Relativity
26.7 Relativistic Energy and the Equivalence of Mass and Energy
26.8 General Relativity
Summary
Topic 27 Quantum Physics
27.1 Blackbody Radiation and Planck’s Hypothesis
27.2 The Photoelectric Effect and the Particle Theory of Light
27.3 X - Rays
27.4 Diffraction of X-Rays by Crystals
27.5 The Compton Effect
27.6 The Dual Nature of Light and Matter
27.7 The Wave Function
27.8 The Uncertainty Principle
Summary
Topic 28 A tomic Physics
28.1 Early Models of the Atom
28.2 Atomic Spectra
28.3 The Bohr Model
28.4 Quantum Mechanics and the Hydrogen Atom
28.5 The Exclusion Principle and the Periodic Table
28.6 Characteristic X-Rays
28.7 Atomic Transitions and Lasers
Summary
Topic 29 Nuclear Physics
29.1 Some Properties of Nuclei
29.2 Binding Energy
29.3 Radioactivity
29.4 The Decay Processes
29.5 Natural Radioactivity
29.6 Nuclear Reactions
29.7 Medical Applications of Radiation
Summary
Topic 30 Nuclear Energy and Elementary
Particles
30.1 Nuclear Fission
30.2 Nuclear Fusion
30.3 Elementary Particles and the Fundamental Forces
30.4 Positrons and Other Antiparticles
30.5 Classification of Particles
30.6 Conservation Laws
30.7 The Eightfold Way
30.8 Quarks and Color
30.9 Electroweak Theory and the Standard Model
30.10 The Cosmic Connection
30.11 Unanswered Questions in Cosmology
30.12 Problems and Perspectives
Summary
Appendix A: Mathematics Review
Appendix B: An Abbreviated Table of Isotopes
Appendix C: Some Useful Tables
Appendix D: SI Units
Answers: Quick Quizzes, Example Questions, and Odd-Numbered Conceptual Questions and Problems
Index