Coinage and Money in Medieval Greece 1200–1430
Volume 1
Contents
Preface
1 Geographical and Chronological Scope
1.1 Romania
1.2 Ethnicity and Identity
1.3 Hellas, Thessaly, Epiros, Albania
1.4 Monetary Demarcations
1.5 Exclusion of Crete
1.6 Chronology
2 Subject Matter, Primary Material, Methodology, Structure
2.1 Aims
2.2 Coins and Collections
2.3 Historical and Archaeological Literature
2.4 Numismatics
2.5 Gathering of Materials and of Literature
3 Acknowledgments
4 Languages and Transliterations
5 Figures, Tables, Maps, Coin Finds and Illustrations
Abbreviations
1 Historical and Monetary Context
1 Middle Byzantium and the Transition to the Late Period
1.1 Middle Byzantium
1.2 Middle Byzantium: Land Regime
1.3 Middle Byzantium: Market Economy
1.4 Middle Byzantium: Geopolitical Changes
1.5 Middle Byzantium: Archaeology
1.6 Middle Byzantium: Periodisation
1.7 Middle Byzantium: Provincial Greece on the Eve of the Fourth Crusade
1.8 Middle Byzantine Money
1.9 Middle Byzantine Money: Before the Alexian Reform
1.10 Middle Byzantine Money: the Alexian Reform
1.11 Middle Byzantine Money: Control over Coinage and Counterfeiting
1.12 Middle Byzantine Money: a Comprehensive Denominational System for All
1.13 Middle Byzantine Money: Monetary Expansion Pre-1092
1.14 Middle Byzantine Money: a New and Flexible Currency for the Twelfth Century
1.15 Middle Byzantine Money: Twelfth-Century Coins in Thirteenth-Century Usage
1.16 Middle Byzantine Money: Archaeological Contexts and Periodisation
1.17 Middle Byzantine Money: Foreign/Byzantine Coins and the Balance of Payments
1.18 Middle Byzantine Money: Fiscality and Accounting Systems
1.19 Middle Byzantine Money: Monetisation and Storage
1.20 Late Byzantium
1.21 Late Byzantium: Social Stratification
1.22 Late Byzantium: Fiscality and the Land Regime
1.23 Late Byzantium: Population
1.24 Late Byzantium: Urbanisation
1.25 Late Byzantium: Production, Commerce, and the Balance of Payments
1.26 Late Byzantium: Indirect Taxation and Seigniorage on Coin Minting
1.27 Late Byzantium: Budgetary Impasse
1.28 Late Byzantium: Sources of Cash and the Money Market
1.29 Late Byzantine Money
1.30 Late Byzantine Money: Numismatics and Monetary History
1.31 Late Byzantine Money: Innovations in Coinages, Mints, Types, Sizes of Issue
1.32 Late Byzantine Money: Demise of Palaiologan Coinage, Quality and Reach
1.33 Late Byzantine Money: New Silver for the Empire and the Balance of Payments
1.34 Late Byzantine Money: Gold in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries
1.35 Late Byzantine Money: Lower Denominations, the Regionalisation of Imperial Coin Production
2 The Medieval West during the Commercial Revolution and the Late Medieval Crises
2.1 Historiography
2.2 Pennies and Groats
2.3 English Evidence
2.4 Gold
2.5 Western Trade with the East and the Balance of Payments
2.6 First Bullion Crisis
2.7 Quantification of Money Supply – Fisher Equation
2.8 Apogee of Gold
2.9 Late Medieval Bullion Famine
2.10 Minting
2.11 Money Market
2.12 Money Wars
3 The Numismatics of Medieval Greece
3.1 Nineteenth Century: Schlumberger, Lambros, and Others
3.2 Developments in Byzantine Numismatics
3.3 Medieval Currencies Imported into Greece
3.4 Early Developments in Medieval Greek Excavation Coins
3.5 Developments from the 1960s: Metcalf and Others
3.6 Byzantine-Style Coins: Metcalf, Hendy, and Others
3.7 Anastasios Tzamalis
3.8 Towards 2000 and Beyond
3.9 Monographs, Reference Works, and the Internet
3.10 Greek Medieval Numismatics and General History
2 Coin Production and Circulation in Medieval Greece according to the Material Evidence
1 Overview
1.1 Transition from the Twelfth to the Thirteenth Century: Byzantine-Style Coins
1.2 Transition from the Twelfth to the Thirteenth Century: Imported Coins
1.3 Sterling Pennies – Deniers Tournois – Venetian Grossi
1.4 Mid-Century Issues of Athens and Achaïa, and of Manfred of Hohenstaufen
1.5 Byzantine-Style Coins in the Later Thirteenth Century
1.6 Main Imported Silver Currencies after 1250
1.7 Clarentza Mint: Petty Denomination Issues and Deniers Tournois, 1260s–1300
1.8 Thebes Mint: Petty Denomination Issues and Deniers Tournois after 1285
1.9 Minor Issues ca. 1291–1301: Karytaina, Corfu, Salona, Counterfeits
1.10 Post-1270s Greek Monetary Revolution
1.11 Post-1300: Byzantine Coins
1.12 Post-1300: Clarentza, Thebes, Naupaktos
1.13 Post-1300: Neopatra and Tinos
1.14 Monetary Output 1300–1310s
1.15 Currencies Associated with the Catalans. Serbia and Chios
1.16 Towards Mid-Century: Grossi and Tournois
1.17 Tournois of Chios, Damala, Arta
1.18 Greek Tournois Abroad
1.19 Closure of the Clarentza Mint
1.20 Soldino
1.21 Gold Coinages
1.22 Minority Coinages
1.23 Post-1350s Developments, the Tornesello and Its Derivatives
1.24 Profile of Coinages at the Turn of the Fifteenth Century
1.25 1400–1430
1.26 Overall Patterns 1350–1430
2 Site and Single Finds
2.1 Nature of the Evidence
2.2 Medieval Excavations
2.3 Classical and/or Bronze Age Excavations
2.4 Limits of the Medieval Greek Evidence
2.5 Extrapolating Meaning
2.6 Majority Coinages
2.7 Rates of Survival
2.8 Generations of Majority Silver-Based Coinages
2.9 Minority Coinages
2.10 Concentrations of Single Grossi
2.11 Establishing the Typical Medieval Greek Site(s)
2.12 Distinctive Site Developments
3 Hoarding and Non-retrieval of Hoards
3.1 Methodological Considerations
3.2 Hoards of Medieval Greece: Quantities
3.3 Hoards of Medieval Greece: Methods of Retrieval
3.4 Chronological Distribution
3.5 Contemporary Values of Hoards
3.6 Profiles of Hoarded Coinages and Denominations
3.7 Profiles of Hoarded Coinages and Denominations: Negative Evidence
3.8 Typological Make-Ups of Individual Coinages in Hoards
3.9 Typological Make-Up: Byzantine Denominations
3.10 Typological Make-Up: Sterlings and Grossi
3.11 Typological Make-Up: Petty Denomination Coins
3.12 Typological Make-Up: Tournois
3.13 Typological Make-Up: Gros Tournois and Carlini
3.14 Typological Make-Up: Soldini and Torneselli
3.15 Identifiable Causes for Hoarding and Non-retrieval of Hoards
4 Abandoned Coins: Graves and Dumps
4.1 Graves
4.2 Dumps
5 Monetary Functions Performed by Uncoined Fine and Base Metals: Ingots and Jewellery, Jettons and Tokens
5.1 Ingots and Other Silver Objects
5.2 Jewellery and Belts
5.3 Jettons and Lead Tokens
6 Control over and Manipulation of the Monetary Stock: Official Minting and Counterfeiting, Injection and Culling, Cancellation and Other Alterations
6.1 Coins Entering and Exiting Circulation
6.2 Altering and Counterfeiting Coins
6.3 1200–1260s
6.4 1200–1260s: Official Minting and Counterfeiting
6.5 1200–1260s: Imports
6.6 1200–1260s: Culling
6.7 1200–1260s: Imports and Withdrawals (or Lack Thereof ) of Grossi and Tournois
6.8 1260s–1350s
6.9 1260s–1350s: Tournois Production and Associated Cullings
6.10 1260s–1350s: Tournois Production and the Systems of Authority and Control
6.11 1260s–1350s: Tournois Injections, Counterfeiting and Targeted Withdrawals
6.12 1260s–1350s: Venetian and Serbian Grossi Arrivals and Withdrawals
6.13 1260s–1350s: Diverse Cash Injections and Withdrawals in the Greek Regions before 1350
6.14 1350s–1430: Introduction of Soldini and Torneselli, Culling and Counterfeiting of Tournois
6.15 1350s–1430: Control over Soldini and Torneselli
6.16 1350s–1430: Introduction and Withdrawal of Non-Venetian Currencies
7 The Quantity and Quality of the Monetary Stock
7.1 Methodology: Quantifying Supply and Wastage
7.2 1200–1260s
7.3 1260s–1350s
7.4 1350s–1430
7.5 Overall Trend
3 Storing Wealth, Paying Taxes, Services and Goods: the Issuers and Users of Coinage in Medieval Greece
1 The Geographical and Demographic Context
1.1 Territory
1.2 Ethnicity and Population Transfers
1.3 Overall Population Sizes
1.4 Urbanisation
1.5 Archaeology and Population Developments
1.6 Communication
2 The Geographical and Demographic Context: Monetary Implications
2.1 Overall Population and Monetisation
2.2 Ethnicity, Population Movements, Communication, and Money
2.3 Sudden Population Shifts as a Result of Natural Occurrences: Plagues and Earthquakes
2.4 Settlement Structures, Urbanisation, Land Occupation according to the Numismatic Evidence
3 The Money Market in Medieval Greece
4 1200–1259/1268: Political and Military History
4.1 Conquest and Resistance
4.2 Peloponnese and Eastern Mainland
4.3 Cyclades (and Crete)
4.4 Negroponte (Euboia)
4.5 Constitutional Constellations within Latin Greece
4.6 Epiros, Ionia, Thessaly, and the Nicaean Empire in Greece
4.7 Venetian Proto-Colonial Networks
4.8 Latin Empire, Achaïa, and Byzantium, 1259–1267
5 1200–1259/1268: Socio-Economic Trends
5.1 General Trends: Economic Policies and Governance, Hierarchies and Law
5.2 Feudal Structures
5.3 Byzantine Tradition in Epiros, Thessaly, and Lakonia
5.4 Constitutional and Administrative Character of the Venetian Network
5.5 Holding and Exploitation of Land
5.6 Middling or Marginal Social Classes
5.7 Trade and Production: the Byzantine Context
5.8 Trade and Production: Latin Greece
5.9 Trade and Production: Epiros
5.10 Trade and Production: Indirect Taxation and Fairs
5.11 Archaeology: Production and Trading Relations
6 1200–1259/1268: Money
6.1 Lack of Official Monetary Production in Greece: Byzantine and Western Legacies
6.2 Rapid Monetary Developments and Innovations in the Early Thirteenth Century
6.3 Warfare and Monetisation after ca. 1210: Byzantine-Style Coppers and Other Coinages
6.4 Warfare and Monetisation: the First Official Indigenous Coinages of Medieval Greece
6.5 Newly Minted Coinage – and the Lack of It – in the Political and Ideological Map of the Aegean
6.6 Quality and Quantity of Greek Monetisation in their Political and Economic Contexts
7 1259/1268–1347/1348: Political and Military History
7.1 Angevin Expansion
7.2 Byzantium in Greece
7.3 Angevins, Byzantines, and Venetians in Albania, Epiros, Peloponnese and the Aegean
7.4 Athens and Thessaly
7.5 Latin Greece, Epiros, and Byzantium during the 1290s and early 1300s
7.6 Athens, Thessaly and the Arrival of the Catalans
7.7 Negroponte and the Aegean Islands: Venice, Byzantium, and the Coming of the Turks
7.8 Catalan Eastern Mainland Greece
7.9 New Eastern Aegean Constellations after 1300
7.10 Piracy
7.11 Slavery
7.12 Greece in the First Half of the Fourteenth Century: Angevins and Orsini
7.13 Byzantine Epiros, Thessaly, Peloponnese and the Aegean after 1300
8 1259/1268–1347/1348: Socio-Economic Trends
8.1 Social Changes
8.2 Commerce: Broad Changes in Intensity and Orientation
8.3 Agricultural Exploitation and Production
8.4 Colonial and Military Administrations: Venice
8.5 Colonial and Military Administrations: Angevins
8.6 Colonial and Military Administrations: Byzantines
8.7 Colonial and Military Administrations: Catalans
8.8 Indirect Taxation and Seigniorage, Fines and Monopolies
8.9 Towards a More Nuanced Picture of Socio-Economic and Commercial Developments
9 1259/1268–1347/1348: Money
9.1 Monetisation of Greece in the Main Hyperpyron Systems of Account
9.2 Persistence and Renewals of Petty Coinages
9.3 Money in Urban Greece
9.4 Rise and Demise of Palaiologan Coinage in Greece
9.5 Angevin Administration and the Currency of Greece
9.6 Money in the Venetian Colonial Network
9.7 The Catalano-Aragonese-Sicilian Monetary Sphere
9.8 Money in Greece and the Commercial Revolution
9.9 Warfare and Violence and the Greek Currency between 1259 and 1348
10 1347/1348–1430: Political and Military History
10.1 Epiros and Thessaly between Latins, Byzantines, Serbs, Albanians, and Turks, 1348–ca. 1402
10.2 Peloponnese and Eastern Mainland Greece, 1348–ca. 1402
10.3 Epiros and Thessaly, ca. 1402–ca. 1430
10.4 Peloponnese and Eastern Mainland Greece, ca. 1402–ca. 1430
10.5 Venetian Empire
11 1347/1348–1430: Socio-Economic Trends
11.1 Feudal, Constitutional, and Administrative Systems in Southern Greece
11.2 Epiros and Thessaly: Administrative and Socio-Economic Developments
11.3 Venetian Administrative, Economic, and Military Structures
11.4 Commerce and Related Economic Activity in Late Medieval Greece
12 1347/1348–1430: Money
12.1 Monetisation
12.2 Petty Cash and Urbanisation
12.3 Venetian System
12.4 Elusive Contributors to the Monetisation of Greece
12.5 Economy and the Late Medieval Monetary Crisis in Greece
4 Coins in the Regions and Towns of Medieval Greece
1 Peloponnese, with Special Reference to Corinth, Argos, Sparta, and Clarentza
1.1 Corinth
1.2 Argos
1.3 Sparta
1.4 Clarentza
1.5 Other Towns and Landscapes
2 Eastern Mainland Greece, with Special Reference to Athens and Thebes
2.1 Athens
2.2 Thebes
2.3 Other Towns and Landscapes
3 Thessaly
4 Epiros, Aitoloakarnania, and the Ionian Islands, with Special Reference to Arta
4.1 Arta
4.2 Other Towns and Landscapes
5 Cycladic Islands
Conclusions. Medieval Greek Money in Context
1.1 Byzantium and Balkans
1.2 Italy and the Latin West
1.3 Anatolia and the Levant
1.4 Monetisation in the Waning Years of the Middle Ages
Bibliography
Volume 2
Contents
Appendix I. Coin Finds
1 Hoards in Greece, 1200–1430 (in Chronological Order)
1.1 Kaparelli 1927
1.2 Unknown Provenance
1.3 Mapsos 1991
1.4 Ithomi 1900
1.5 Naxos 1967
1.6 Paros 1999
1.7 Unknown Provenance
1.8 Philippiada 1929
1.9 Thebes 1993A
1.10 Thebes 1993B
1.11 Thebes 1993C
1.12 Thebes 1997A
1.13 Thebes 1997B
1.14 Thessaly 1973
1.15 Oreos 1935
1.16 Kastri 1952
1.17 Athenian Agora 1933
1.18 Antikereia ca. 1922
1.19 Peiraias 1926
1.20 Naxos 1947
1.21 Kephallonia 1932
1.22 Mikro Eleutherochori 1971
1.23 Livadi 1974
1.24 Livadi 1976
1.25 Brauron 1956
1.26 Athens 1933
1.27 Volos 1907
1.28 Metsovo 1979
1.29 Naousa 1927
1.30 Amorgos 1909
1.31 Thira 1910
1.32 Thessaly 1957
1.33 Arkadia 1958
1.34 Karatsol 1888
1.35 Sparta 1957
1.36 Corinth 15 July 1929
1.37 Corinth 15–16 June 1960
1.38 Argos 1984
1.39 Methana
1.40 Athens 1928
1.41 Agrinio 1978/1979
1.42 Albania
1.43 Corinth 1898
1.44 Thebes 1967
1.45 Erymantheia 1955
1.46 Patra before 1940
1.47 Seltsi 1938
1.48 Ioannina 1983
1.49 Eretria 1962A
1.50 Sparta 1926C
1.51 Athens 1963B
1.52 Xirochori 2001
1.53 Corinth 15 June 1925
1.54 Berbati 1953
1.55 Athens 1963A
1.56 Corinth 16 April 1929
1.57 Corinth 1938
1.58 Naxos ca. 1969
1.59 Argos 1988
1.60 Nemea 1936
1.61 Attica 1971
1.62 Trikala 1949
1.63 Kordokopi 1972
1.64 Ioannina 1821
1.65 Kirkizates Artas 1915
1.66 Arta 1923
1.67 Arta 1983
1.68 Ioannina
1.69 Capstan Navy Cut
1.70 Corinth 8 May 1934
1.71 Chasani ca. 1860
1.72 Bular
1.73 Mesopotam
1.74 Thebes 1998
1.75 Salamina
1.76 Corinth 20–21 August 1928
1.77 Corinth 1992
1.78 Sphaka
1.79 Athens 1982
1.80 Athens/Agios Andreas 1937
1.81 Troizina 1899
1.82 Larisa ca. 2001A
1.83 Xirochori 1957
1.84 Agrinio 1973
1.85 Unknown Provenance June 1975
1.86 Birmingham
1.87 Vourvoura
1.88 Delphi 1933
1.89 Epidauros 1904
1.90 Limnes 2006
1.91 Thebes 1987
1.92 Pylia 1968/1969
1.93 Apollonia
1.94 Naupaktos 1977
1.95 Kapandriti 1924
1.96 Kapandriti 1978
1.97 ANS Zara
1.98 Athens ca. 1999
1.99 Delphi 1927
1.100 Lamia 1983
1.101 Megara
1.102 Naupaktos 1970
1.103 Spata
1.104 Tatoï 1860
1.105 Thessaly 1992
1.106 Unknown Provenance
1.107 Unknown Provenance
1.108 Unknown Provenance 1975
1.109 Eleusina 1862
1.110 Arta 1985A
1.111 Athens Roman Agora (Lytsika) 1891B
1.112 Pikermi/Spata 1936
1.113 Unknown Provenance
1.115 Shën Dimitri
1.116 Amphissa ca. 1977
1.117 Uncertain Attica (?) 1972
1.118 Akarnania ca. 1960
1.119 Ioannina 1986
1.120 Athenian Agora 1939
1.121 Delphi 1894Δ
1.122 Thebes 1967
1.123 Sterea Ellada 1975
1.124 Attica 1950
1.125 Eleusina 1894
1.126 Attica (?) 1951
1.127 Roussaiïka Agriniou 1966
1.128 Thesprotia 1974
1.129 Aegean Area (?) 1858
1.130 Romanos Dodonis 1963
1.131 Attica (?) 1967
1.132 Nisi Ioanninon 1966
1.133 Birmingham
1.134 ANS 1952
1.135 Orio 1959
1.136 Lord Grantley Hoard A
1.137 Kafaraj
1.138 Tritaia 1933
1.139 Atalandi 1940
1.140 Ermitsa 1985A
1.141 Brussels without inventory
1.142 Patra 1955A
1.143 Limni Ioanninon 1965
1.144 Unknown Provenance
1.145 Unknown Provenance
1.146 Mesochori
1.147 Nivicë
1.148 Naupaktos 1976
1.149 Athens Roman Agora (Lytsika) 1891A
1.150 Elateia before 1885
1.151 Brussels 1904
1.152 Unknown Provenance ca. 1964
1.153 Larisa 1955
1.154 Delphi 1894Γ
1.155 Lepenou 1981
1.156 Shën Jan
1.157 Thebes 1990
1.158 Petsouri 1997
1.159 Patra 1955B
1.160 Patra 1955C
1.161 Thespies
1.162 Nea Sampsous 1982
1.163 ANS 1986
1.164 Kiras Vrisi
1.165 Agrinio 1967
1.166 Euboia
1.167 Kaparelli
1.168 Elis 1964
1.169 Ermitsa 1985B
1.170 Eleusina 1952
1.171 Thespies
1.172 Soudeli
1.173 Lamia 1985
1.174 Ancient Elis 2005
1.175 Pyrgos 1967
1.176 Achaïa
1.177 Unknown Provenance
1.178 Athenian Agora 1936
1.179 Velimachio
1.180 Mystras 1934
1.181 Thebes 1995
1.182 Troizina
1.183 Butrint
1.184 Eretria 1962B
1.185 Kalapodi
1.186 Epiros
1.187 Thebes 1973
1.188 Gastouni 1961
1.189 Unknown Provenance
1.190 Mesopotam
1.191 Ritzanoi
1.192 Corinth BnF
1.193 Naxos 2005
1.194 Sparta 1926A & B
1.195 Zakynthos 1978
1.196 Delphi 1894B
1.197 Kephallonia
1.198 Delphi 1894A
1.199 Sterea Ellada
1.200 Gortyna
1.201 Vasilitsi 2000
1.202 Unknown Provenance
1.203 Greenall
1.204 Leukada 1933
1.205 ANS 1983
1.206 Arta 1985B
1.207 ANS 1982
1.208 Morea 1849
2 Hoards in Greece, 1430–1500 (in Chronological Order)
2.209 Larisa ca. 2001B
2.210 Lord Grantley Hoard B
2.211 Chalkida
2.212 Corinth 10 November 1936
3 Coins in Graves in Greece, 1200–1430 (in Alphabetical Order)
3.213 Aliartos
3.214 Athenian Agora
3.215 Athens
3.216 Clarentza
3.217 Corinth 31 May 1932
3.218 Corinth
3.219 Naxos 1978
3.220 Neochorio
3.221 Palaiochora
3.222 Thira 1999
4 Excavation and Single Finds in Greece, 1200–1430 (in Alphabetical Order)
4.223 Acrocorinth
4.224 Agios Nikolaos
4.225 Agios Stephanos
4.226 Agrapidochori
4.227 Ai Lias
4.228 Aktaio
4.229 Amphissa
4.230 Andros
4.231 Andros
4.232 Apollonia
4.233 Argos
4.234 Argos
4.235 Argos
4.236 Argos
4.237 Arta
4.238 Athenian Agora
4.239 Athens
4.240 Athens
4.241 Athens
4.242 Athens
4.243 Athens
4.244 Athens
4.244 Athens
4.245 Athens
4.246 Athens
4.247 Athens
4.248 Athens
4.249 Athens
4.250 Athens
4.251 Athens
4.252 Athens
4.253 Ballsh
4.254 Berat
4.255 Bozika
4.256 Butrint
4.257 Butrint
4.258 Byllis
4.259 Chalkida
4.260 Chelidoni
4.261 Chloumoutzi
4.262 Clarentza
4.263 Corinth
4.264 Corinth
4.265 Corinth
4.266 Corinth
4.267 Corinth
4.268 Corinth
4.269 Corinth
4.270 Corinth
4.271 Corinth
4.272 Corinth
4.273 Corinth
4.274 Corinth
4.275 Corinth
4.276 Corinth
4.277 Corinth
4.278 Corinth
4.279 Corinth
4.280 Daphniotissa
4.281 Delos
4.282 Delphi
4.283 Delphi
4.284 Delphi
4.285. Delphi
4.286 Drovolos
4.287 Elassona
4.288 Epiros
4.289 Euboia
4.290 Eutresis
4.291 Gastouni
4.292 Glyki
4.293 Gortys
4.294 Ioannina
4.295 Ioannina
4.296 Isthmia
4.297 Kalavryta
4.298 Kallipolis
4.299 Kaninë
4.300 Karditsa
4.301 Karditsa
4.302 Karthaia
4.303 Karystos
4.304 Kato Vasiliki
4.305 Kenchreai
4.306 Kiato
4.307 Kladeos
4.308 Kleitoria
4.309 Kleonai
4.310 Krestena
4.311 Lakonia
4.312 Lamia
4.313 Lepreo/Strovitzi
4.314 Ligourio
4.315 Livadeia
4.316 Mashkieza
4.317 Mazi/Skillountia
4.318 Melitaia
4.319 Messene
4.320 Methoni
4.321 Nauplio
4.322 Naxos
4.323 Naxos
4.324 Naxos
4.325 Naxos
4.326 Naxos
4.327 Naxos
4.328 Naxos
4.329 Naxos
4.330 Naxos
4.331 Naxos
4.332 Naxos
4.333 Naxos
4.334 Nemea
4.335 Nikopolis
4.336 Olena
4.337 Olympia
4.338 Orchomenos
4.339 Orchomenos
4.340 Panakto
4.341 Pantanassa
4.342 Paos
4.343 Patra
4.344 Petalia
4.345 Peta
4.346 Pharsala
4.347 Plakoti
4.348 Platykampos
4.349 Pylos in Elis
4.350 Skotoussa
4.351 Sparta
4.352 Sparta
4.353 Tegea
4.354 Thebes
4.355 Thebes
4.356 Thebes
4.357 Thebes
4.358 Thebes
4.359 Thebes
4.360 Thebes
4.361 Thebes
4.362 Thebes
4.363 Thebes
4.364 Thebes
4.365 Thebes
4.366 Thebes
4.367 Thebes
4.368 Thebes
4.369 Thebes
4.370 Thebes
4.371 Thebes
4.372 Thebes
4.373 Thebes
4.374 Thessaly
4.375 Thessaly
4.376 Thessaly
4.377 Thessaly
4.378 Tigani
4.379 Tinos
4.380 Trianta Zourtsas
4.381 Τrikala
4.382 Troizina
4.383 Tyrnavos
4.384 Ypati
4.385 Zaraka
5 Deniers Tournois in Hoards in Italy (in Chronological Order)
5.386 Castelforte
5.387 Vibo Valentia
5.388 Filignano
5.389 Roca Vecchia
5.390 Martano
5.391 Gallipoli
5.392 Puglia
5.393 Bitonto
5.394 Cosa
5.395 Paracopio di Bova
5.396 S. Vito Dei Normanni
5.397 Manduria 1916
5.398 Taranto Celestini
5.399 Naples 1886
5.400 Sicily
5.401 Santa Croce Di Magliano
5.402 Sant’Agata De’ Goti
5.403 Muro Leccese
6 Deniers Tournois in Graves in Italy (in Alphabetical Order)
6.404 Capaccio Vecchia
6.405 Monopoli
6.406 Policoro
7 Deniers Tournois and Greek Petty Denomination Issues as Excavation and Single Finds in Italy (in Alphabetical Order)
7.407 Alezio
7.408 Alezio
7.409 Apigliano
7.410 Bagnoli Del Trigno
7.411 Barletta
7.412 Bitonto
7.413 Brindisi
7.414 Brindisi
7.415 Campobasso
7.416 Capaccio Vecchia
7.417 Capo Colonna
7.418 Castel Fiorentino
7.419 Castello Di Scarlino
7.420 Cavallino
7.421 Collecorvino
7.422 Cosenza
7.423 Crotone
7.424 Crotone
7.425 Gerace
7.426 Gravina
7.427 Guardiano
7.428 Ischia
7.429 Lagopesole
7.430 Loreto
7.431 Mesagne
7.432 Mileto
7.433 Ordona
7.434 Ostuni
7.435 Otranto
7.436 Paestum
7.437 Paestum
7.438 Paestum
7.439 Piedimonte Matese
7.440 Quattro Macine
7.441 Ripafratta
7.442 Roca Vecchia
7.443 Roca Vecchia
7.444 Rome
7.445 Salerno
7.446 Salerno
7.447 Santa Severina
7.448 Santa Severina
7.449 Satriano
7.450 Scolacium
7.451 Scribla
7.452 Squillace
7.453 Squillace
7.454 Sepino
7.455 Taranto
7.456 Tropea
7.457 Tufara
7.458 Velia
7.459 Venice
8 Deniers Tournois, Sterling Pennies, Venetian Soldini and Torneselli in Hoards in the Eastern Aegean, Asia Minor, the Near East, and Crete (in Chronological Order) (For Crete, Venetian Soldini and Torneselli Have Not Been Listed)
8.460 Belmont Castle 1987
8.461 ‘Barbarossa’ Hoard
8.462 Lindos 1902
8.463 Paphos ca. 1995
8.464 Samos 1932
8.465 Ras Shamira 1966
8.466 Plakes before ca. 1971
8.467 Patsos ca. 1968
8.468 Izmir 1968
8.469 Rhodes ca. 1927
8.470 Tel Akko
9 Deniers Tournois, Greek Petty Denomination Issues, Sterling Pennies, Venetian Soldini and Torneselli as Excavation and Single Finds in the Eastern Aegean, Asia Minor, the Near East, and Crete (in Alphabetical Order) (For Crete, Venetian Soldini and Torneselli Have Not Been Listed)
9.471 Acre
9.472 Antioch
9.473 Caesarea Maritima
9.474 Ephesos
9.475 Irakleion
9.476 Jaffa
9.477 Jerusalem
9.478 Khirbet Bureikut
9.479 Kyzikos
9.480 Nabi Samwil
9.481 Nahariyya
9.482 Paphos
9.483 Pergamon
9.484 Pilgrim’s Castle
9.485 Priene
9.486 Safed
9.487 Sardis
9.488 Troy
10 Deniers Tournois, Medieval Greek Coins, Venetian Soldini and Torneselli in Hoards in the Balkans (in Chronological Order)
10.489 Dolna Kabda 1961
10.490 Kărdžali
10.491 Istanbul 1871
10.492 Tărnovo
10.493 Prilep
10.494 Thessalonike
10.495 Vidin 1962
11 Deniers Tournois, Medieval Greek Coins, Venetian Soldini and Torneselli as Excavation and Single Finds in the Balkans (in Alphabetical Order)
10.496 Balkan 1987
10.497 Istanbul Belgratkapı 1987
10.498 Silistra 1932
11.499 Agathopolis
11.500 Agios Achilleios
11.501 Ainos
11.502 Baniska
11.503 Čerenča
11.504 Červen
11.505 Drobeta-Turnu Severin
11.506 Edirne
11.507 Istanbul
11.508 Istanbul
11.509 Jantra
11.510 Kasrici
11.511 Košarica
11.512 Ljutica
11.513 Nesebăr
11.514 Ohrid
11.515 Olynthos
11.516 Păcuiul Lui Soare
11.517 Pepelina
11.518 Perperikon
11.519 Plovdiv
11.520 Rahovec
11.521 Rentina
11.522 Seuthopolis
11.523 Shkodër
11.524 Šumen
11.525 Tărnovo
11.526 Thasos
11.527 Thessalonike
12 Greek Deniers Tournois in Hoards in Western and Northern Europe (in Chronological Order)
12.528 Skrivergade
12.529 Dieuze
12.530 Aurimont
12.531 Saint-Marcel-De-Felines
12.532 Puylaurens
12.533 Saint-Maixent
12.534 Villeneuve
12.535 Manderen
12.536 Riec-Sur-Belon
12.537 Mairé
12.538 Champagne-Mouton
12.539 Weissenthurm
12.540 Limerle
13 Medieval Coins in Stratigraphical Fills at Ancient Corinth
14 Medieval Coins in Stratigraphical Fills in the Athenian Agora
15 Alphabetical List of Hoards Contained in Appendix I.1, 2, 5, 8, 10
Appendix II. Coinages
1 Byzantine and Byzantine-Style Coinages
1.A Tetartera
1.A.1 Byzantine Tetartera in Post-1200 Greece
1.A.2 Counterfeit Tetartera
1.A.3 Tetartera of the Thirteenth-Century Successor States
1.B Billon Trachea
1.B.1 Byzantine Billon Trachea in Post-1200 Greece
1.B.2 Faithful Copies or ‘Bulgarian’ Imitative Billon Trachea
1.B.3 Billon Trachea of the Latin Empire 1204–1261
1.B.4 Counterfeit Billon Trachea
1.B.5 Billon Trachea of the Byzantine Empire at Nicaea 1204–1261
1.B.6 Billon Trachea of the Byzantine Empire at Thessalonike 1224–1261
1.B.7 Billon Trachea of the Despots at Arta
1.B.8 Billon Trachea of the Byzantine Empire after 1261
1.B.9 Billon Trachea of the Bulgarian Empire
1.C Electrum and Silver Trachea
1.C.1 Byzantine Electrum Trachea in Post-1200 Greece
1.C.2 Silver Trachea of the Byzantine Empires at Nicaea (1204–1261), Thessalonike (1224–1261) and Constantinople (after 1261), and of Arta
1.D Hyperpyra
1.D.1 Byzantine Hyperpyra in Post-1200 Greece
1.D.2 The International Profile of the Hyperpyron Coinage after 1200
1.D.3 Hyperpyra of the Byzantine Empire at Nicaea 1204–1261
1.D.4 Hyperpyra of the Latin Empire at Constantinople 1204–1261
1.D.5 Counterfeit Hyperpyra
1.D.6 Hyperpyra of the Byzantine Empire after 1261
1.E Tornesi
1.E.1 Earlier Byzantine Tornesi from the Constantinople Mint
1.E.2 Later Byzantine Tornesi from the Constantinople Mint
1.E.3 Later Byzantine Tornesi from a Lakonian Mint
1.E.4 Byzantine Tornesi from the Thessalonike Mint
1.F Late Byzantine Silver
2 English and Related Sterling Pennies
3 French Deniers Tournois
3.A Deniers Tournois of the Abbey of Tours
3.B Deniers Tournois of the Kingdom of France
3.C Deniers Tournois of Alphonse of France (1249–1271)
3.D Deniers Tournois of Charles of Anjou, Count of Provence (1246–1285)
3.E French Denier Tournois Counterfeits
4 Venetian and Related Coinages
4.A Pennies and their Multiples
4.B Grossi
4.C Serbian Grossi
4.D Ducats and Florins
4.D.1 Distribution of Ducats and Florins
4.D.2 Ducats and Florins in the Documentary Sources
4.D.3 Was There a Peloponnesian Ducat Issue?
4.D.4 Was There a Peloponnesian Florin Issue?
4.E Soldini
4.E.1 Distribution of Venetian Soldini
4.E.2 Was There a Peloponnesian Soldino Issue?
4.E.3 Counterfeit Venetian Soldini
4.E.4 Hungarian Denars
4.E.5 Lesbian Soldini
4.F Torneselli
4.F.1 Distribution of Venetian Torneselli
4.F.2 Counterfeit Venetian Torneselli
5 Western European Pennies
5.A France
5.B Kingdom of Sicily (Naples)
5.C Ancona
5.D Northern and Central Italy
5.E Iberia
5.F Hungary
6 Miscellaneous Eastern Coins
6.A Crusader States in Palestine and Cyprus
6.B Armenia
6.C Golden Horde
6.D Rhodes
6.E Chios
6.F Lesbos
6.G Islamic States
7 Billon Trachea of Manfred of Hohenstaufen
8 Petty Denomination Issues of Athens and Achaïa
8.A Athens
8.A.1 Issues of the Athenian Lordship (Metcalf Types 1 and 2)
8.A.2 Early Ducal Issues of William (1280–1287) and / or Guy II de la Roche (1287–1308) (Metcalf Types 3, 4, 5)
8.A.3 Late Ducal Issues (Metcalf Types 6, 7, 7a)
8.B Achaïa
8.B.1 Negropontine Issue of William II of Villehardouin (Metcalf Type 11)
8.B.2 Corinthian Issues of William II of Villehardouin (Metcalf Types 8, 9, 10)
8.B.3 Clarentzan Issues (Metcalf Types 12 and 13)
8.C Counterfeits
9 Deniers Tournois of Greece and Related Issues
9.A Achaïa
9.A.1 Sources
9.A.2 William II of Villehardouin (1246–1278)
9.A.3 Charles I and II of Anjou (1278–1289)
9.A.4 Florent of Hainaut (1289–1297)
9.A.5 Isabelle of Villehardouin (1297–1301)
9.A.6 Philip of Savoy (1301–1304/6)
9.A.7 Philip of Taranto (1304/6–1313)
9.A.8 Louis of Burgundy (1313–1316)
9.A.9 Ferdinand of Majorca (1314–1316)
9.A.10 Mahaut of Hainaut (1316–1321)
9.A.11 John of Gravina (1321–1332)
9.A.12 Robert of Taranto (1332–1364)
9.A.13 Possible Later Princes
9.B Athens
9.C Karytaina
9.D Corfu
9.E Salona
9.F Naupaktos
9.G Neopatra
9.H Tinos
9.I Chios and Damala
9.J Arta
9.K Italian Tournois
9.L Catalan Company in Attikoboiotia
9.M Counterfeits
9.N Late Fourteenth- and Fifteenth-Century Tournois of the Aegean
10 Tornesi of Naxos
11 Western Large Silver Coinages
11.A Gros Tournois of France
11.B Saluti and Gigliati of Sicily (Naples)
11.C Gigliati of the Counts of Provence
11.D Gigliati of the Popes at Avignon
11.E Pierreali of Sicily
12 Fifteenth-Century Latin Copper Coinages
Appendix III. Monies of Account
1 Hyperpyron of Constantinople
1.1 Early Evolution after 1204
1.2 Values of Metropolitan Hyperpyra
1.3 Gold Hyperpyra in Thirteenth- and Fourteenth-Century Greece
1.4 Gold Hyperpyra and Related Currencies in Late Byzantium
2 Byzantine Electrum Trachy
3 Hyperpyra of South Greece and Associated Units: Grosso, Sterling, Manus, Tournois, Soldo
3.1 Development of Local Greek Hyperpyra in the Early Years of the Thirteenth Century
3.2 Early Link Coins and Relative Values of the Different Hyperpyra
3.3 Hyperpyra and their Divisions to ca. 1300: Sterling, Manus, Tournois, Grosso
3.4 Greek Hyperpyra, Gros and Deniers Tournois, in the Angevin System of Ounces, Tarì, Grains
3.5 Value Relations of the Greek Currencies, Sterlings, Grossi, Tournois, Petty Denomination Issues
3.6 Greek Hyperpyra, Their Link Coins and Weights, in the Early 1300s
3.7 Accounting in Catalan Territories
3.8 Moreote Accounting from the 1330s to the 1350s
3.9 Late Medieval Southern Greek Accounting Systems: Spreads
3.10 Late Medieval Southern Greek Accounting Systems: General Features
3.11 Late Medieval Southern Greek Accounting Systems: Angevin Land Regime
3.12 Late Medieval Southern Greek Accounting Systems: Venetian Colonies
4 Hyperpyra of Sclavonia and “De Cruce”
4.1 Early Local Hyperpyron Changes
4.2 Coming of Venetian Grossi
4.3 Tornesi and Piccoli
4.4 Hyperpyron Rates at the Height of Angevin Power
4.5 Fourteenth-Century Hyperpyra: Tornesi and Venetian Grossi
4.6 Fourteenth-Century Hyperpyra “De Cruce”
4.7 Towards the Late Medieval Period: Hyperpyra, Grossi, Tornesi, Ducats, Soldini
5 Other Regional Hyperpyra: Crete, Chios, and Macedonia
5.1 Crete
5.2 Chios
5.3 Thessalonike
6 Venetian Systems of Account
6.1 Venetian Coins in the Accounting Systems of Romania
6.2 Pounds and Shillings of Piccoli and Grossi in the Thirteenth Century
6.3 Fourteenth-Century Metallic Separations
6.4 Venetian Systems of Account in the Greek Context
7 Units of Silver and Gold
7.1 Byzantine Pound and Its Units
7.2 Italian and Greek Weight Units
7.3 Gold Ounce of the Regno
7.4 Marks
7.5 Pounds, Marks, and Ounces in Greece
8 Summary of Value Relations
Maps
Map 1. General overview
Map 2. Corinth
Map 3. Athens
Map 4. Thebes
Coin Illustrations
Indices
1 Geographical, Political, and Ethnic Index (General, Ancient, Medieval, and Modern)
2 Prosopographical Index (Medieval)
3 Prosopographical Index (Modern)
4 General Index
