This book focuses on the application of machine learning in slope stability assessment. The contents include: overview of machine learning approaches, the mainstream smart in-situ monitoring techniques, the applications of the main machine learning algorithms, including the supervised learning, unsupervised learning, semi- supervised learning, reinforcement learning, deep learning, ensemble learning, etc., in slope engineering and landslide prevention, introduction of the smart in-situ monitoring and slope stability assessment based on two well-documented case histories, the prediction of slope stability using ensemble learning techniques, the application of Long Short-Term Memory Neural Network and Prophet Algorithm in Slope Displacement Prediction, displacement prediction of Jiuxianping landslide using gated recurrent unit (GRU) networks, seismic stability analysis of slopes subjected to water level changes using gradient boosting algorithms, efficient reliability analysis of slopes in spatially variable soils using XGBoost, efficient time-variant reliability analysis of Bazimen landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area using XGBoost and LightGBM algorithms, as well as the future work recommendation.The authors also provided their own thoughts learnt from these applications as well as work ongoing and future recommendations.
Author(s): Zhanjun Zhang
Publisher: Springer
Year: 2023
Language: English
Pages: 187
City: Beijing
Preface
Contents
1: An Overview
1.1 The Importance and Significance of Brain Health
1.1.1 Brain Health and Active Aging
1.1.2 The Impact of an Unhealthy Brain on Individuals
1.2 The Current Aging Situation in China
1.2.1 Brief Overview of the Aging Population in China
1.2.2 Challenges with the Aging Population
1.3 Beijing Aging Brain Rejuvenation Initiative (BABRI)
1.4 Purpose of Writing This Book
1.5 Introductions of the Chapters
1.6 Summary
References
Part I: The Definition of Cognitive Aging
2: Cognitive Aging: How the Brain Ages?
2.1 The Concept of Cognitive Aging
2.1.1 Attention
2.1.2 Memory
2.1.3 Executive Function
2.1.4 Linguistic Ability
2.2 Study of Cognitive Aging: Past and Present
2.2.1 Support from the Development of Statistics
2.2.2 Trend of Differentiating Specific Domains
2.2.3 The Trend of Neuro Perspectives
2.3 Brain Aging and Its Relationship with Cognitive Aging
2.3.1 Aging in the Gray Matter
2.3.2 Aging in White Matter
2.3.3 Aging and Brain Functions
2.3.4 Aging and the Brain Network
2.4 The Significant Researches Related to Brain Aging
References
Part II: Aging and Cognition
3: Cognitive Decline Associated with Aging
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Age-Related Decline of Sensory Perception
3.2.1 Age-Related Vision Impairment
3.2.2 Age-Related Hearing Loss and Balance Impairment
3.2.3 Age-Related Olfaction Loss and Anosmia/Taste
3.2.4 Age-Related Loss of Time and Space Perception
3.2.5 Summary
3.3 Age-Related Memory Decline
3.3.1 Sensory Memory
3.3.1.1 Iconic Memory
3.3.1.2 Echoic Memory
3.3.2 Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
3.3.2.1 Short-Term Memory
3.3.2.2 Working Memory
3.3.3 Long-Term Memory
3.3.3.1 Episodic Memory
3.3.3.2 Autobiographical Memory
3.3.3.3 Semantic Memory
3.3.3.4 Implicit Memory
3.3.3.5 Procedural Memory
3.3.4 Summary
3.4 Age-Related Decline of Attention and Executive Function
3.4.1 Inhibitory Control
3.4.2 Attentional Control
3.4.3 Cognitive Flexibility
3.4.4 Working Memory
3.4.5 Attention
3.5 Age-Related Decline of Language and Reasoning
3.5.1 Language
3.5.2 Reasoning
3.5.3 Summary
3.6 Age-Related Decline of Spatial Navigation
3.6.1 Neural Basis of Spatial Navigation
3.6.2 Aging and Spatial Navigation
3.6.3 Virtual Reality Technology and Space Navigation
3.6.4 Summary
3.7 Conclusion
References
4: The Overview of Cognitive Aging Models
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Behavioral Models of Cognitive Aging
4.2.1 Psychological Theories of Cognitive Aging
4.2.1.1 Sensory Deficit Theory
4.2.1.2 Processing Speed Theory
4.2.1.3 Working Memory Theory
4.2.1.4 Inhibition Deficit Theory
4.2.1.5 Executive Decline Hypothesis
4.2.1.6 Summary
4.2.2 Educational Theories of Cognitive Aging
4.2.2.1 The Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC)
4.2.2.2 A Life Course Model of the Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition (STAC-R)
4.2.3 Biological Theories of Cognitive Aging
4.2.3.1 Stochastic Theories
4.2.3.2 Non-Stochastic Theories/Development–Genetic Theories
4.2.3.3 Evolutionary Theories
4.2.3.4 The Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theory
4.2.3.5 The Disposable Soma Theory
4.2.4 Sociological Theory of Cognitive Aging
4.2.5 Summary
4.3 Neural Mechanism Models of Cognitive Aging
4.3.1 Cognitive and Brain Reserve Theory
4.3.2 “Last in, first out” Theory
4.3.3 Posterior–Anterior Shift in Aging (PASA)
4.3.4 Hemispheric Asymmetry Reduction in Older Adults (HAROLD)
4.3.5 Compensation-Related Utilization of Neural Circuits Hypothesis (CRUNCH)
4.3.6 Summary
References
Part III: Sociological Studies of Cognitive Aging
5: Emotional and Affective Disorders in Cognitive Aging
5.1 Emotional and Affective Disorders in the Elderly
5.1.1 Emotional Function in the Elderly
5.1.2 Common Emotional and Affective Disorders in the Elderly
5.1.2.1 Late-Life Depression
5.1.2.2 Anxiety Disorder
5.2 Effects of Emotional and Affective Disorders on Cognitive Aging
5.2.1 Effects of Common Emotional and Affective Disorders on Cognitive Aging in the Elderly
5.2.1.1 Late-Life Depression
5.2.1.2 Anxiety Disorder
5.2.2 Possible Underlying Mechanism of the Effects of Emotional Disorders on Cognitive Aging
5.2.2.1 Vascular Disease
5.2.2.2 Cortisol–Hippocampal Pathway
5.2.2.3 Amyloid-β Plaque Formation
5.2.2.4 Inflammatory Changes
5.2.2.5 Nerve Growth Factors
References
6: The Mechanism of Socioeconomic Status Effects on Cognition
6.1 History and Definition
6.1.1 The Origin and Development of Socioeconomic Status
6.1.2 Indicators and Measurements of Socioeconomic Status
6.2 The Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Cognition in the Elderly
6.3 The Factors between Socioeconomic Status and Cognition
6.3.1 Functional and Structural Brain
6.3.2 Environmental Factors
6.3.3 Decision-Making Process: A New Perspective
References
Part IV: Neuroimaging Studies of Brain Aging
7: The Aging Patterns of Brain Structure, Function, and Energy Metabolism
7.1 Cortical Gray Matter Atrophy in Aging
7.1.1 Normal Atrophy of Cortical Gray Matter with Aging
7.1.2 The Pathological Processes Affect the Atrophy of Gray Matter during Aging
7.1.3 Protective Factors for Gray Matter Atrophy
7.2 Age-Related Changes in White Matter
7.2.1 Main Types of Age-Related White Matter Lesions
7.2.1.1 White Matter Atrophy
7.2.1.2 White Matter Hyperintensity
7.2.2 Differences in Brain Regions of White Matter Age-Related Damage
7.2.3 The Relationship between Changes in White Matter and Cognitive Function
7.3 Electroencephalogram and Magnetoencephalogram Recordings during Aging
7.3.1 Electroencephalogram Recordings
7.3.2 Magnetoencephalogram Recordings
7.4 Functional MRI Studies of Brain Activation in Aging
7.4.1 Changes in Task-Related Brain Activation Change during Aging
7.4.1.1 Memory Task fMRI Studies
7.4.1.2 Motor Task fMRI Studies
7.4.1.3 Other Task-Based fMRI Studies
7.4.2 The Posterior–Anterior Shift in Aging (PASA) Theory
7.5 Brain Amyloid and Tau Accumulation in Normal Aging
7.5.1 Amyloid-β in the Aging Brain
7.5.2 Tau in the Aging Brain
References
8: Brain Network Organization and Aging
8.1 Brain Structural Morphology Network Based on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
8.2 Changes in White Matter Structural Networks in the Brain During Cognitive Aging
8.2.1 White Matter Structural Networks in the Brain Change with Aging
8.2.2 The Effect of Brain Changes in White Matter Structural Networks Changes and Brain Function
8.3 Functional Brain Network
8.3.1 Functional Network Studies Based on fMRI
8.3.1.1 Resting-State fMRI and Functional Brain Network
8.3.1.2 Aging of the Default Mode Network
8.3.1.3 Other Networks Involved in Aging
8.3.1.4 Functional Brain Network Studies Using Graph Theory
8.3.2 Functional Brain Network Based on Other Neuroimaging Techniques
References
Part V: Neurobiological Mechanism of Brain Aging
9: Biomolecular Markers of Brain Aging
9.1 Genomic Instability
9.1.1 DNA Damages
9.1.2 RNA Alterations
9.2 Proteostasis
9.2.1 Autophagy
9.2.2 The Ubiquitin–Proteasome System (UPS)
9.2.3 The Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) in the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
9.3 Calcium Homeostasis
9.4 Neural Regulators
9.4.1 Neural Transmitter
9.4.2 Neuropeptide
9.4.3 Neurotrophic Factors
9.5 Mitochondrial Dysfunction
References
10: Neurobiological Mechanisms of Cognitive Decline Correlated with Brain Aging
10.1 Loss of Neural Circuits and Synaptic Plasticity
10.1.1 Synaptic Structure Deficit
10.1.2 Decreased Synaptic Plasticity
10.2 White Matter Abnormal Alterations
10.2.1 Vascular Pathology Changes
10.2.2 Demyelination
10.3 Neurovascular Unit Injury
References
Part VI: Clinical Studies of Abnormal Aging
11: The Early Stage of Abnormal Aging: Cognitive Impairment
11.1 The Syndrome of Cognitive Impairment
11.1.1 Subjective Cognitive Impairment
11.1.2 Mild Cognitive Impairment
11.2 Risk and Protective Factors for Cognitive Impairment
11.2.1 Cardiovascular Risk Factors
11.2.1.1 Diabetes, Mid-Life Hypertension, and Mid-Life Obesity
11.2.2 Genetic Factors
11.2.3 Lifestyle Risk Factors
11.2.3.1 Smoking
11.2.3.2 Diet
11.2.3.3 Physical Activity
11.2.4 Other Risk Factors
11.2.4.1 Years of Formal Education
11.2.4.2 Traumatic Brain Injury
11.2.4.3 Sleep Disorders
11.2.4.4 Hearing Loss
11.2.4.5 Mental Disorder
References
12: The Late Stage of Abnormal Aging: Dementia
12.1 Hypotheses of the Pathogenesis of Dementia
12.1.1 Amyloid Cascade Hypothesis
12.1.2 Hyperphosphorylated Tau Protein
12.1.3 The Role of Inflammation
12.1.4 Synaptic Pathology
12.1.5 Reactive Oxygen Species and Oxidative Stress
12.1.6 The Vascular Hypothesis
12.1.7 The Cholesterol Hypothesis
12.1.8 Hypothesis of Metal Accumulation in the Brain
12.1.9 Hypothesis of Impaired Insulin Signaling
12.1.10 Cell Cycle Hypothesis
12.1.11 Cholinergic Hypothesis
12.2 Status and Progress of Drug Therapy
12.2.1 Current Status of Drug Therapy
12.2.1.1 Improving Cognitive Function
Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Memantine
12.2.1.2 Control of Mental Symptoms
Antipsychotics for Agitation
Antihypertensive Drugs
12.2.2 Progress in AD Clinical Trials
12.2.2.1 Anti-Amyloid Agents
Decreasing Aβ Production
Prevention of Aβ Aggregation
Increasing Aβ Clearance
BACE1 Inhibitor
12.2.2.2 Aβ Vaccine
12.2.2.3 Tau Vaccine
12.2.2.4 Tau-Aggregation Inhibitor
References
Part VII: Cognitive Impairment Intervention
13: Cognitive Training Effect and Imaging Evidence
13.1 Cognitive Training Approaches
13.1.1 Traditional Cognitive Training Approaches
13.1.2 A Popular Cognitive Training Approach: Computer-Based Cognitive Training
13.1.3 Newly Developed Cognitive Training Approach: VR-Based Cognitive Training
13.2 The Effect of Cognitive Training
13.2.1 The Effect of Different Cognitive Domains
13.2.1.1 Memory
13.2.1.2 Executive Function
13.2.1.3 Processing Speed
13.2.1.4 Visuospatial Function
13.2.1.5 Language
13.2.2 The Effect of Different Training Approaches
13.2.3 The Effect on Groups with Different Cognitive Levels
13.2.3.1 Cognitive Maintenance in Older Adults with Normal Cognitive Function
13.2.3.2 Cognitive Rehabilitation for Older Adults with Cognitive Impairment
13.3 The Brain Mechanism Underlying Cognitive Training
13.3.1 Structural Plasticity of the Brain
13.3.1.1 The Plasticity of Brain Function
References
14: Lifestyle Adjustment: Influential Risk Factors in Cognitive Aging
14.1 Contribution of Diet to Cognitive Function
14.1.1 Mediterranean Diet Benefits
14.1.2 Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (Omega-3 PUFAs) Benefits
14.1.3 Negative Impacts of Oil, Salt, Sugar, and Fat on Cognition
14.2 Exercising Benefits
14.2.1 Physical Exercising: A Protective Factor
14.2.2 Mental Exercising: A Protective Factor
14.3 Habits and Aging
14.3.1 Smoking Habits
14.3.2 Alcohol Consumption
14.3.3 Social Activities
14.3.4 Learning Ability
14.4 Sleep and Aging
14.4.1 Negative Impacts of Insomnia
14.4.2 Excessive Daytime Sleepiness
14.5 Mental Health and Cognition
14.5.1 Negative Impacts of Loneliness
14.5.2 Negative Impacts of Depression
14.5.3 Negative Impacts of Anxiety
References
