Cognition and Addiction: A Researcher’s Guide from Mechanisms Towards Interventions

Cognition and Addiction
Copyright
Dedication
Contributors
Biographies
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Introduction
References
1 -
Cognition: the interface between nature and nurture in addiction
Introduction
Cognition to bridge the gap between neurobiological models and social accounts of addiction
Evidence for the double role of cognition in addiction vulnerability and consequences
Longitudinal studies
Endophenotype studies
Neurotoxicity-controlled studies
Dependent versus recreational users
Stimulant users versus gamblers
Cognition at the interface between nature and nurture
References
2 -
From impulses to compulsions
Introduction
Animal models of drug-seeking habits and compulsions
Neural circuits: transitioning from the ventral to dorsal striatum
Devolving from prefrontal to striatal control
Translating animal models to understand compulsivity in people with substance use disorders
Recommendations for future research
References
3 -
Dual models of drug addiction: the impaired response inhibition and salience attribution model
Dual models of addiction
Neuroimaging evidence for dual models
Conclusions
References
4 -
Decision-making deficits in substance use disorders: cognitive functions, assessment paradigms, and levels of evidence
Introduction
First dimension: cognitive functions of decision-making
Second dimension: assessment paradigms for decision-making
Self-reports
Barratt Impulsivity Scale
Monetary choice questionnaire
UPPS impulsive behavior scale
Eysenck impulsiveness scale (I7)
Sensation seeking scales
Temporal experience of pleasure scale
Effect expectancy questionnaire
Rewarding events inventory
Reinforcement survey schedule
Consideration of future consequences scale
Sensitivity to reinforcement of addictive and other primary rewards
Substance use risk profile scale
Concluding remarks for self-reports
Behavioral task
Delay discounting task
Balloon analogue risk task
Iowa gambling task
Cambridge gambling task/risk task
Game of dice task
Effort expenditure to reward task
Beads task, box task
Risk gains task
Concluding remarks on behavioral tasks
Computational modeling
Computational models of behavioral tasks
Concluding remarks on computational models
Neuroimaging
Task-based fMRI evidence in SUD
fMRI and delay discounting tasks
fMRI and balloon analogue risk task
fMRI and Iowa gambling task
fMRI and cambridge gambling task
Model-based fMRI approaches
Concluding remarks on the task-based fMRI
Third dimension: levels of evidence in decision-making studies
Three-dimensional matrix of evidence: cognitive functions, assessment paradigm, and levels of evidence
Summary and concluding remarks
References
5 -
Social cognition in addiction
Introduction
Definitions of socio-cognitive functions and their measurement
Studies on social cognition and interaction in substance use disorders
Alcohol
Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
Emotional empathy
Perspective-taking and ToM
Social decision-making
Moral decision-making
Cannabis
Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
Emotional empathy
Perspective-taking and ToM
Social decision-making
Social reward
Stimulants
Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
Emotional empathy
Perspective-taking and ToM
Social decision-making
Moral decision-making
Social reward
Entactogenes
Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
Emotional empathy
Perspective-taking and ToM
Social decision-making
Opioids
Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
Emotional empathy
Perspective-taking and ToM
Social decision-making
Polysubstance use
Emotion recognition and cognitive empathy
Emotional empathy
Perspective-taking and ToM
Moral decision-making
Discussion
Open questions
Relevance for treatment
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
6 -
A neurocognitive model of the comorbidity of substance use and personality disorders
Cross-sectional and longitudinal evidence
Broad symptoms dimensions and impulsive personality traits
Neurocognitive functioning
Personality disorder and executive functioning
Substance use disorder and executive functioning
Comorbidity and executive functioning
A preliminary neurocognitive model
Future directions
References
7 -
Cognitive risk factors for alcohol and substance addictions
Structure of cognitive function
Selective attention, working memory, and general executive function
Response inhibition
Delay discounting
Reward-based decision-making
Intelligence quotient
Discussion
References
8 -
Neuropsychological deficits in alcohol use disorder: impact on treatment
Introduction
Altered brain structure and function in alcohol use disorder
Attention, working memory, and executive functions
Episodic memory
Semantic memory
Procedural memory
Perceptive memory and visuospatial abilities
Emotional processes and theory of mind
Emotions
Social cognition
Reversibility of cognitive deficits and cerebral damage with abstinence
Brain recovery
Neuropsychological recovery
Apparent discrepancies
Episodic memory
Executive functions
Other functions
Factors influencing the recovery
Clinical implication and relapse factors
Motivation
Decision-making
New complex learning
Interpersonal relationships
Alcohol-related neurocognitive complications
Wernicke's encephalopathy
Korsakoff's syndrome
Marchiafava-Bignami disease
Hepatic encephalopathy
Central pontine myelinolysis
Recommendations for researchers and clinicians
Modalities of screening and assessment
Heterogeneity of the neuropsychological profile
Differential diagnosis
Age-alcohol use disorder interaction
Alzheimer's disease
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Treatment modifications
Neuropsychological rehabilitation
Conclusion
References
9 -
Tobacco addiction: cognition, reinforcement, and mood
Introduction
Scope of the problem
Smoking prevalence
Smoking-related morbidity and mortality
Smoking cessation
Electronic cigarettes
Tobacco policy in the United States and the world
Pharmacology
Chemicals in tobacco smoke
Acetylcholine system
Neural effects of nicotine
Addiction liability
Cognitive effects of nicotine and tobacco
Short-term effects
Long-term effects
Withdrawal effects
Nicotine reinforcement
Reinforcement enhancement
Neural mechanisms
The emotion-smoking relationship
Smoking as a maladaptive response to negative mood
Neural mechanisms
The role of the insular cortex
Cause, consequence, or shared underlying mechanism
Smoking cessation and mood
Recommendations for clinicians and researchers
Summary and conclusions
References
10 -
Cognitive sequelae of cannabis use
Introduction
Neuropharmacology of cannabis
Cognitive deficits associated with cannabis
Acute effects of cannabis intoxication on cognition
Reviews
Notable cross-sectional studies
Nonacute or residual/long-term effects of cannabis use on cognition
Reviews and meta-analyses
Longitudinal studies
Notable cross-sectional studies
Clinical significance of cognitive deficits associated with cannabis
Recommendations for researchers/clinicians interested in cognitive profiling in the context of cannabis
Conclusion
References
11 -
Cognitive deficits in people with stimulant use disorders
State of the problem
Neuroadaptive effects of stimulants
Cognitive profiles
Acute effects
Long-term effects
Recovery
Moderators
Age of onset
Cumulative exposure
Route of administration
Clinical significance of cognitive deficits associated with stimulants use
Memory
Attention
Working memory and executive functions
Impulsivity and decision-making
Summary
Recommendations for researchers and clinicians interested in cognitive assessment in the context of stimulants use
References
12 -
Cognitive consequences of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine use
Introduction-epidemiology of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine use
Neuropharmacological/neuroadaptive effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics
Animal research
Human imaging
Potential adverse effects and pharmacologically confounding factors
Cognitive deficits associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Functional imaging
Clinical significance of cognitive deficits associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine
Recommendations for researchers/clinicians interested in cognitive profiling in the context of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphet ...
Key points and conclusion
References
Further reading
13 -
Cognitive consequences of opioid use
Introduction
Long-term cognitive deficits associated with opioids
Neuropsychological functioning in mixed opioid using and dependent populations
Neuropsychological functioning in illicit heroin using and dependent populations
Neuropsychological functioning in abstinent former heroin-dependent populations
Neuropsychological functioning in methadone users
Neuropsychological functioning and use of buprenorphine
Combinations of opioids (morphine, tramadol, fentanyl, oxycodone buprenorphine, and/or methadone)
Methodological issues related with the study of the neuropsychological correlates of chronic opioid use, abuse, and depende ...
Context
The population studied
Recruitment
Sample size
Substance misuse and dependence
Effects of polysubstance use
Chronicity and severity of use
Time window (moment of evaluation)
Other relevant factors
Data gathering (diagnostic and screening instruments)
Type of neuropsychological tests
Defining the population
Data analysis
Conclusion
References
14 -
Predictors of problem gambling and other addictive behaviors: from context to genes
Introduction
Individual risk factors for problem gambling
Personality
(Neuro)cognitive factors
Genetic risk
Social and individual predictors of problem gambling: from family to friends and from alcohol to academic achievement
Summary and discussion
Conclusion
References
15 -
Cognitive factors in gambling disorder, a behavioral addiction
Introduction
The cognitive model of gambling
Neurocognitive correlates of gambling disorder
Specific cognitive distortions in gambling
Illusion of control
Anthropomorphism of gambling games
Immersion in the game
Treatment and intervention
Conclusion
Funding
Conflict of Interest statement
References
16 -
Cognitive factors associated with gaming disorder
From internet addiction to gaming disorder
Cognitive factors associated with gaming disorder
Cognitive deficits
Inhibitory control and other executive functions
Decision-making and related processes
Cognitive biases
Attentional biases
Dysfunctional cognitions about gaming
Key points and conclusion
Conflict of interest
References
17 -
Cognitive bias modification in the treatment of addiction
Introduction
Attentional bias modification
Approach bias modification
Memory bias modification-evaluative conditioning
Neurocognitive effects of cognitive bias modification
Toward optimized clinical applications of cognitive bias modification in addiction
References
18 -
Peer-reviewed working memory training: is it an effective intervention for addiction?
Introduction
Methods
Results
N-back (n=32); Kirchner (1958)
Jungle memory (n=2); Alloway (2009)
PSSCogRehab (n=1) Bracy (1994)
CogMed (n=31) Klingberg et al., (2002)
Lumosity (n=4) Lumos Labs (2005)
Neuroracer (n=1); Project:EVO (n=2); both versions of the same product founded by Gazzaley and Akili Interactive
NeuroNation (n=1); Ahmadi and Futorjanski (2011)
Curb Your Addiction (n=2); Brooks (2016).
Discussion
Peer-reviewed working memory training paradigms
Near and far transfer effects of peer-reviewed working memory training paradigms
Previous research into working memory training and implications for addiction
Limitations
Conclusions
References
19 -
Inhibitory control training
Introduction: alignment between the training and cognitive changes that characterize addiction
Description of the training and proposed mechanisms
Evidence for the efficacy of inhibitory control training
Efficacy in people with substance use disorder
Mechanisms of action of inhibitory control training
Conclusions and recommendations
References
20 -
Goal-based interventions for executive dysfunction in addiction treatment
Goal-based interventions for cognitive deficits associated with addiction
Intervention approaches and mechanisms
Evidence of the efficacy of the training
Discussion of the neurocognitive mechanisms in light of evidence
Recommendations for researchers and clinicians interested in using goal-based interventions
References
21 -
Neurocognitive mechanisms of mindfulness-based interventions for addiction
Introduction
Mindfulness as a means of targeting mechanisms of addiction
Clinical format and efficacy of mindfulness-based interventions for addiction
Neurocognitive mechanisms of mindfulness as a treatment for addiction
Effects of mindfulness on ``top-down'' mechanisms of cognitive control
Attentional control
Regulation of automaticity
Inhibitory control
Effects of mindfulness on enhancing cognitive regulation of reward, negative emotion, and cue reactivity
Amplifying reward and positive affect
Dampening negative affect and stress
Regulating craving and cue reactivity
Hypothesized roles of core mindfulness elements in addiction treatment
Future directions for mindfulness-based interventions and addiction
Funding
References
22 -
Brain stimulation as an emerging treatment for addiction
Noninvasive modulation of neural circuitry in humans
Preclinical foundation
Moving to the clinic
What is transcranial magnetic stimulation?
Using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to modulate cortical-striatal connectivity
Applications to substance use disorders
Applications to smoking
Application to alcohol
Application to cocaine
Application to other substance using populations
Application to compulsive eating and gambling
Integration of neuromodulation with cognitive and pharmacotherapies
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with cognitive therapy
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and pharmacotherapy
Summary
References
23 -
Pharmacological cognitive enhancers
Introduction
Cognitive function within the context of substance use disorder
Executive functioning
Automatic cognitive processes
Cognitive deficits in substance use disorders
Target mechanisms
Cholinergic medications
Galantamine
Rivastigmine
Donepezil
Varenicline
Monoamine transporter inhibitors
Modafinil
Methylphenidate
Oral methamphetamine/d-amphetamine
Atomoxetine
Antipsychotic
Haloperidol
Alpha2-adrenergic agonist
Guanfacine
Glutamatergic medications
Memantine
d-Cycloserine
Minocycline
N-Acetylcysteine
GABAergic medications
Tiagabine
Exogenous sex steroids
Estradiol
Progesterone
Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
24 -
Cognitive research on addiction in a changing policy landscape
Introduction
Cognitive research on addiction
Aberrant learning
Impulsivity to compulsivity
Impaired impulse inhibition
Cognitive research on addiction and its (so far) limited impact on policy
Potential policy impacts of cognitive accounts of addiction
Drug policy
Addiction treatment policy
Criminal justice policy
An avenue for a greater impact on mental health and criminal justice policy
Public policy can powerfully affect cognitive research
Loosening of restrictions on use of psychedelics in clinical research
Legalization of recreational cannabis
Conclusion
References
25 -
Population neuroscience in addiction research
Population neuroscience: an overview
Genes and gene regulation
Built and social environment
Brain structure and function
Population neuroscience: addiction research
The Saguenay Youth Study
IMAGEN study
Findings
Challenges and outlook
Where do we go next?
Acknowledgments
References
26 -
Drug use and self-awareness of treatment need: an exemplar of how population-based survey studies can address questions rel ...
Introduction
Methods
Sample
Outcome variable
Drug use variables
Sociodemographic and general health covariates
Statistical analyses
Results
Drug use predictors of TxUnaware status
Drug use predictors of TxAware status
Graded effects on treatment need awareness
Discussion
Acknowledgments
References
Appendix
27 -
Genetics, imaging, and cognition: big data approaches to addiction research
Cognition: online-based research
Big data and neuroimaging
Genetics and addiction: meta- and megaanalyses
General discussion
References
28 -
Modeling neurocognitive and neurobiological recovery in addiction
Modeling neurocognitive and neurobiological recovery in addiction
Neurocognitive deficits in addiction
Neurocognitive changes during abstinence
Neurobiological abnormalities in addiction
Neurobiological changes during abstinence
Conclusions and outlook
References
29 -
Clinical translation and implementation neuroscience for novel cognitive interventions in addiction medicine
Introduction
Neuroscience-based cognitive interventions
Neuroscience-informed psychoeducation and metacognitive training
Neuroscience-informed cognitive modifications
Attention bias interventions
Saliency-based interventions
Memory-based interventions
Interoceptive-based interventions
Inhibitory control interventions
Neurocognitive rehabilitation
Integrative cognitive interventions: introducing NEAT program
Other neuroscience-informed interventions
Future directions
Acknowledgments
References
30 -
Synergistic opportunities in combined interventions for addiction treatment
Introduction
Combining top-down and bottom-up approaches
Interventions tapping into decision-making
Conclusion
References
Index
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