Cogeneration and Polygeneration Systems

Cogeneration and Polygeneration Systems
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Cogeneration and polygeneration
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Fundamental of cogeneration
1.3 Analysis of combined heat and power system
1.4 Trigeneration
1.5 Comparison of combined cooling, heating, and power and stand-alone system
1.6 History of cogeneration
1.7 Importance of deployment
1.8 Polygeneration
1.9 Conclusion
References
2 Main components of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Steam turbines
2.3 Gas turbine
2.4 Combined cycle-based cogeneration plants
2.5 Internal combustion engine
2.6 Stirling engines
2.7 Fuel cell
References
3 Applications of cogeneration and polygeneration
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Main application
3.2.1 Industrial
3.2.2 Commercial
3.2.3 Institutional
3.3 Prospects for cogeneration in Europe
3.3.1 Fiona Riddoch, COGEN Europe, Belgium
3.3.2 Germany—aiming to double cogeneration by 2020
3.3.3 Spain—Upbeat for combined heat and power
3.3.4 Austria—The Green Approach
3.4 Japan
3.5 China
3.6 The United States
3.7 Other countries
References
4 Thermodynamic modeling and simulation of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 The first law of thermodynamics
4.1.2 The second law of thermodynamics
4.2 Modeling of CGAM cogeneration plant
4.3 Thermodynamic modeling of a combined
4.4 Thermodynamic modeling of a polygeneration system
4.5 Thermodynamic modeling of a hybrid
References
5 Exergy and thermoeconomic evaluation of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Definition of exergy
5.2.1 Dead state
5.2.2 Dead state limited
5.2.3 Definition of the environment from the perspective of exergy analysis
5.2.4 Exergy
5.2.5 Thermoeconomic
5.3 Exergy and thermoeconomic modeling
5.3.1 Physical exergy
5.3.2 Chemical exergy
5.3.3 Exergy destruction
5.3.4 Exergoeconomic modeling
5.3.5 Exergy destruction level and exergy cost destruction level concept
5.4 Case studies
5.4.1 Exergy and exergoeconomic modeling of CGAM cogeneration plant
5.4.2 Exergy and exergoeconomic modeling of a CCHP
5.4.3 Exergy and exergoeconomic modeling of a polygeneration system
References
6 Advanced exergetic evaluation of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Advanced exergy-based variables
6.2.1 Endogenous/exogenous
6.2.2 Avoidable/unavoidable
6.3 Methodology for splitting the variables
6.3.1 Unavoidable and avoidable parts
6.3.2 Endogenous and exogenous parts
6.3.2.1 Simple approach
6.3.2.2 Thermodynamic approach
6.3.2.3 Engineering approach
6.4 Advanced exergy destruction Level representation
6.5 Application of advanced exergy-based analysis
6.5.1 CGAM problem
6.5.2 Liquefied natural gas cogeneration
References
7 Total Site integration and cogeneration systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Total Site integration
7.3 Total Site profiles
7.4 Total Site procedure
7.5 Case studies
7.5.1 Case 1. A conventional Total Site analysis
7.5.2 Case 2. Integration of site utility and thermal power plant
References
8 Desalinated water production in cogeneration and polygeneration systems
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Main desalination technologies
8.2.1 Multistage flash distillation desalination
8.2.2 Multiple-effect distillation desalination
8.2.3 Reverse osmosis desalination
8.3 Integration with thermal power plants
8.4 Integration with of gas turbines
8.5 Integration with site utility industrial plants
References
9 Cogeneration and polygeneration targets
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Cogeneration issues
9.3 Significant models
9.3.1 Exergetic model
9.3.2 T–H model
9.3.3 Turbine hardware model
9.3.4 Harell method
9.3.5 Sorin and Hammache method
9.3.6 Medina-Flores and Picón-Núñez model
9.3.7 Bandyopadhyay model
9.3.8 Iterative bottom-to-top model
9.3.9 Kapil model
9.3.10 Actual steam level temperature model
9.3.11 Automated targeting method
9.3.12 Ren et al. model
9.3.13 Other models
9.3.14 Software
9.4 Comparison of different methods
9.5 Case study
9.6 Conclusion
References
10 R-curve tool
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Notation of R-curve
10.3 R-curve tool
10.3.1 Ideal R-curve or grassroots R-curve
10.3.2 Actual R-curve
10.4 Developing the extended R-curves
10.4.1 Cogeneration targeting
10.4.2 R-ratio against ED, CD, and BD
10.4.3 Advanced representation of Exergy Destruction Level
10.4.4 The algorithm proposed for advanced analyses
10.5 Extended R-curve using in liquefied natural gas cogeneration
10.6 Integrating the desalination systems with the help of R-curve
10.6.1 Reverse osmosis desalination
10.6.2 Multieffect distillation desalination system
10.6.3 Integration effect on cogeneration efficiency factor
10.6.4 Case studies
10.6.4.1 Specifications of desalination systems
10.6.4.2 First case study
10.6.4.3 Second case study
References
11 Environmental impacts consideration
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Life cycle assessment
11.2.1 Stages of life cycle assessment framework
11.2.2 Applications of life cycle assessment
11.2.3 Benefits of life cycle assessment
11.2.4 Design a life cycle assessment project
11.2.5 Real planning and process management
11.2.6 How is life cycle assessment done?
11.3 Eco-indicator 99
11.4 Exergoenvironmental analysis
11.5 Estimation of greenhouse gas emissions
11.6 Footprint
11.6.1 Carbon footprint
11.6.2 Emission footprint
11.6.3 Energy footprint
11.6.4 Water footprint
11.7 Environmental targeting
11.8 Case studies
11.8.1 Case 1
11.8.2 Case 2
References
12 Combined heating, cooling, hydrogen, and power production
12.1 Introduction
12.2 System description
12.3 Modeling and analysis
12.3.1 Assumptions
12.3.2 Modeling and analysis
12.3.2.1 Ejector modeling
12.3.2.2 Proton-exchange membrane electrolyzer
12.3.2.3 Energy and exergy analysis
12.3.2.4 Exergoeconomic modeling
12.3.2.5 Overall performance evaluation
12.4 Validation of model
12.4.1 Performance evaluation
References
13 Modern polygeneration systems
13.1 Introduction
13.1.1 Fuel cell
13.1.2 Solar energy
13.2 Fuell cell integration
13.2.1 Fuel cell+thermoelectric generator
13.2.1.1 Fuel cell—gas turbine
13.2.2 Fuel cell+heat pump/refrigeration
13.3 Fuel cell+absorption chillers
13.3.1 Fuel cell—desalination systems
13.3.2 Microbial cell integration
13.4 Solar energy
13.4.1 General overview
13.4.2 Polygeneration with solar energy
13.4.2.1 The parabolic trough type
13.4.2.2 Solar power tower–driven systems
13.4.2.3 Parabolic dish–driven systems
13.4.3 Photovoltaic/thermal/CPVT collector–driven systems
13.5 Hybrid solar polygeneration systems
13.5.1 Integrated solar–biomass-driven devices
13.5.1.1 Hybrid parabolic trough collectors–biomass
13.5.1.2 Hybrid solar power tower–biomass
13.5.1.3 Hybrid CPVT collectors–biomass
13.5.2 Hybrid solar–geothermal
13.5.2.1 Hybrid parabolic trough collectors–geothermal
13.5.2.2 Hybrid solar power tower–geothermal
13.5.2.3 Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal/CPVT collectors–geothermal
13.5.3 Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal–ocean
13.5.4 Hybrid solar power tower–wind turbines
13.5.5 Hybrid solar–wind/ocean
13.5.6 Other hybrid models
References
14 Optimization of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Optimization problem
14.2.1 System boundaries
14.2.2 Objective functions and system criteria
14.2.3 Decision variables
14.2.4 Constraints
14.3 Optimization techniques
14.3.1 Classical optimization
14.3.2 Numerical optimization techniques
14.3.3 Metaheuristic optimization techniques
14.4 Multiobjective optimization
14.5 Case studies
14.5.1 Case 1: Solar hybrid cogeneration plant
14.5.1.1 General overview
14.5.1.2 Solar field design
14.5.1.3 Optimization
14.5.1.4 Physical constraints
14.5.1.5 Optimization runs
14.5.1.5.1 Conventional case
14.5.1.5.2 Solar hybrid case
14.5.2 Case 2: Optimal design of utility systems using targeting strategy
14.5.3 Grassroots case study
14.5.4 Optimization results
14.5.5 Case 3: Optimal design of thermoelectric generator-parabolic trough collector-driven polygeneration system
14.5.5.1 General overview
14.5.5.2 Multiobjective optimization method
14.5.6 Case 4: Biomass–solar-driven polygeneration system
14.5.6.1 General overview
14.5.6.2 Optimization
References
15 Reliability and availability of cogeneration and polygeneration systems
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Definitions
15.3 Reliability modeling of utility system
15.4 Case studies
15.4.1 Case 1
15.4.2 Case 2
References
16 Software tools
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Power plants
16.1.1.1 GT PRO
16.1.1.2 GT MASTER
16.1.1.3 STEAM PRO
16.1.1.4 STEAM MASTER
16.1.1.5 THERMOFLEX
16.1.1.6 GateCycle
16.1.1.7 EBSILON
16.1.1.8 Cycle-Tempo
16.1.2 Process industries
16.1.2.1 Aspen Plus
16.1.2.2 Aspen HYSYS
16.1.2.3 Petro-SIM
16.1.2.4 UniSim
16.1.2.5 ProMAX
16.1.2.6 AVEVA PRO/II
16.1.2.7 i-Steam
16.1.2.8 STAR
16.1.3 Renewable energy
16.1.3.1 TRNSYS
16.1.3.2 HOMER Pro
16.1.3.3 RETScreen
16.1.3.4 System Advisor Model
16.1.4 Computer code
16.1.4.1 EES
16.1.4.2 Thermolib
16.1.4.3 MATLAB
References
Appendix A A
A Calculation of thermodynamic properties for several substances
B Seawater properties correlations
B.1 Specific volume and density of seawater
B.2 Specific enthalpy of seawater and pure water
B.3 Specific entropy of seawater and pure water
C Cost functions
D Weight function
E Eco-indicator for some components
References
Index