Coastal Disaster Surveys and Assessment for Risk Mitigation

Cover
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
About the editors
Contributors
Chapter 1: Introduction: What are coastal disasters?
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Tsunamis
1.2.1 Tsunami measurements and damage mechanisms
1.2.2 Tsunami propagation
1.2.3 Recent advances in understanding tsunamis
1.2.4 Tsunami reconstruction and build back better philosophy
1.3 Storm surges and high waves
1.3.1 Storm surges
1.3.2 High waves
Reference
Chapter 2: Field surveys of tsunami disasters around the world
2.1 The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Survey at Banda Aceh, Indonesia
2.1.2.1 Damage patterns along the northern coast of Banda Aceh
2.1.2.2 Riting
2.1.2.3 Leupung
2.1.3 Survey at southern coasts of Sri Lanka
2.1.3.1 Kirinda fishery port
2.1.3.2 Polhena
2.1.3.3 Gin River
2.1.4 Conclusions
2.2 The 2006 Java Tsunami
2.2.1 Introduction
2.2.2 Field survey
2.2.3 Situation in Pangandaran
2.2.4 Conclusions
2.3 The 2009 Samoan Tsunami
2.3.1 Introduction
2.3.2 First field survey
2.3.2.1 Tsunami inundation and run-up
2.3.2.2 Interview survey to residents
2.3.2.3 Numerical simulation
2.3.3 Second field survey
2.3.4 Conclusion
2.4 The 2010 Chile tsunami
2.4.1 Introduction
2.4.2 Field surveys
2.4.3 Analysis of 2010 tsunami behaviour
2.4.4 Conclusions
2.5 The 2010 Mentawai Tsunami
2.5.1 Introduction
2.5.2 Survey methods and results
2.5.2.1 Methodology
2.5.2.2 Tsunami height distribution
2.5.2.3 Damage to villages
2.5.2.3.1 Damage at Masokut
2.5.2.3.2 Damage at Beriulou
2.5.3 Risk management strategy
2.5.3.1 Geographic conditions
2.5.3.2 Resilience of buildings and infrastructures
2.5.3.3 Preparedness against future tsunamis
2.5.4 Conclusions
2.6 The 2011 Tohoku Tsunami
2.6.1 Introduction
2.6.2 Inundation and run-up heights in the 2011 tsunami
2.6.3 Field survey of the 2011 tsunami
2.6.3.1 Rias coastal area
2.6.3.2 Coastal plain area
2.6.4 Mitigation strategy and reconstruction after the 2011 tsunami
2.6.5 Conclusions
2.7 The 2018 Sulawesi tsunami
2.7.1 Introduction
2.7.2 Post-disaster field survey
2.7.3 Conclusions
2.8 The 2018 Sunda Strait tsunami
2.8.1 Introduction
2.8.2 Methodology
2.8.3 Results
2.8.3.1 Run-up heights
2.8.3.2 Volume of the collapsed slope
2.8.4 Discussion
2.9 Conclusions
References
Chapter 3: Field surveys of storm surge disasters around the world
3.1 Hurricane Katrina in 2005
3.1.1 Introduction
3.1.2 Survey results of JSCE team
3.1.2.1 Waveland
3.1.2.2 Northeast part of New Orleans
3.1.2.3 Lower parts of the Mississippi delta
3.1.2.4 Gulfport
3.1.2.5 Gautier and Graveline Bay
3.1.3 Conclusions
3.2 Cyclone Sidr in 2007
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Cyclone Sidr: Damage and impact
3.2.3 Post cyclone field surveys
3.2.4 Disaster risk management
3.2.5 Conclusions
3.3 Cyclone Nargis in 2008
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 Field survey
3.3.2.1 Yangon City
3.3.2.2 Yangon suburbs
3.3.3 Unusualness of the cyclone track
3.3.4 Influence of awareness on disaster risk management
3.3.5 Conclusions
3.4 Hurricane Sandy in 2012
3.4.1 Introduction
3.4.2 Storm surge field survey
3.4.2.1 Southern Manhattan
3.4.2.2 Southeastern Coast of Manhattan
3.4.2.3 Northwestern Coast of Manhattan
3.4.2.4 Staten Island
3.4.3 Conclusions
3.5 Typhoon Haiyan in 2013
3.5.1 Overview of Typhoon Haiyan
3.5.2 Storm surge heights and damage
3.5.3 People’s awareness of storm surges
3.5.4 Conclusions
3.6 Storm Surge in Nemuro, 2014
3.6.1 Introduction
3.6.2 Post-disaster field survey
3.6.3 Numerical simulations
3.6.3.1 Meso-scale simulations
3.6.3.2 Street-scale storm surge simulations
3.6.4 Conclusions
3.7 Typhoon Jebi in 2018
3.7.1 Introduction
3.7.2 Storm surge and preparedness
3.7.3 Field surveys
3.7.4 Disaster risk management lessons learnt
3.7.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4: High wave attacks and coastal flooding: Case studies from Japan
4.1 Typhoon Jongdari in 2018
4.1.1 Introduction
4.1.2 Typhoon Jongdari
4.1.3 Recent changes in behaviour of typhoons around the Japanese archipelago
4.1.4 Conclusions
4.2 Typhoon Faxai, 2019
4.2.1 Typhoon synopsis and high wave attack over Fukuura Coast
4.2.2 Field survey of Fukuura Coast and wave hindcasting
4.2.3 Generation of strong gust-winds and their potential effect on overtopping
4.2.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5: Mechanics of tsunamis and storm surges: The driving forces and hydrodynamics
5.1 Tsunamis
5.1.1 Causes and generation mechanism of tsunami
5.1.2 Heights of tsunami
5.1.3 Physical characteristics of tsunami waves
5.1.3.1 Propagation speed
5.1.3.2 Wave shoaling and breaking
5.1.3.3 Wave reflection
5.1.3.4 Wave refraction
5.1.3.5 Wave diffraction
5.1.3.6 Tsunami waveforms and physical characteristics
5.1.4 Conclusions
5.2 Storm surges and wind waves
5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 Characteristics of TCs and ETCs
5.2.2.1 Tropical cyclones
5.2.2.2 Extra-tropical cyclones
5.2.3 Storm surge mechanisms
5.2.3.1 Increased water level due to low pressure
5.2.3.2 Wind-induced increase in water levels
5.2.3.3 Astronomical tide
5.2.3.4 Wave set-up due to high waves
5.2.3.5 Other factors influencing the height of a storm surge
5.2.4 High wind waves
5.2.4.1 Definitions of wind wave heights and periods
5.2.4.2 Estimation of oceanic wave height and period
5.2.4.2.1 SMB method
5.2.4.2.2 Wave action balance equation
5.2.4.3 Deformation of wind waves in the nearshore area
5.2.4.4 Special types of waves
5.2.5 Conclusions
5.3 Sloshing of closed water-numerical analysis of seismic water level oscillations
5.3.1 Introduction
5.3.2 Wave generating mechanism
5.3.3 Selection of analytical method
5.3.4 Case examples of reproducibility of calculations
5.3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Mechanics of disasters and the damage to coastal settlements
6.1 Coastal dykes and flooding over land
6.1.1 Introduction
6.1.2 Overflowing tsunami behaviour around coastal dykes
6.1.3 Physical characteristics of overflowing tsunamis
6.1.4 Conclusions
6.2 Debris loading
6.2.1 Introduction
6.2.2 Case studies
6.2.2.1 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami
6.2.2.2 2011 Tohoku Tsunami
6.2.2.3 2018 Indonesian Tsunami
6.2.3 Theoretical background
6.2.3.1 Debris impact
6.2.3.2 Debris damming
6.2.4 Design standards
6.2.5 Discussion
6.2.6 Conclusions
6.3 Local and Overtopping Scour
6.3.1 Introduction
6.3.2 Field observations
6.3.3 Existing scour depth predictive models
6.3.4 Laboratory experiments at the University of East London
6.3.4.1 Case study I: Leeward toe scour (overtopping) at coastal structures
6.3.4.2 Case study II: Seaward toe scour (local) at building foundations
6.3.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 7: Numerical simulations and future predictions
7.1 Tsunami simulation
7.1.1 Introduction
7.1.1.1 Governing equations
7.1.1.2 Numerical method
7.1.1.3 Initial conditions
7.1.1.4 Boundary conditions
7.1.1.5 Bathymetry/topography data
7.1.2 Application examples of two-dimensional tsunami simulation
7.1.3 Three-dimensional fluid dynamics simulation
7.1.4 Conclusions
7.2 Storm Surge Simulation and Global Warming
7.2.1 Introduction
7.2.1.1 Storm surge simulation schemes
7.2.1.1.1 Atmospheric numerical simulation model
7.2.1.1.2 Ocean circulation models (storm surge models)
7.2.1.1.3 Mesoscale simulation
7.2.1.1.4 Street scale simulation
7.2.1.1.5 Coupling with astronomical tide and the sea surface wave model
7.2.1.1.6 Analysis of the impacts of storm surges
7.2.2 Summary of global warming
7.2.2.1 Global warming scenarios in the IPCC
7.2.2.2 Representative impacts on atmospheric and ocean extremes
7.2.2.2.1 Tropical cyclones under pseudo global warming fields
7.2.2.2.2 Simulation of storm surges under PGW fields
7.2.3 Conclusions
7.3 Wind wave simulation and global warming
7.3.1 Introduction
7.3.2 Simulation of future wind waves under global warming conditions
7.3.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 8: Disaster mitigation and the protection of residents
8.1 Evacuation simulation and planning
8.1.1 Introduction
8.1.2 Recent progress in the development of agent-based evacuation simulation models
8.1.3 Development and application of an agent-based tsunami evacuation simulation model
8.1.4 Conclusions
8.2 Recovery process and disaster mitigation efforts
8.2.1 Introduction
8.2.2 Case of Banda Aceh, Indonesia Recovery from Indian Ocean Tsunami
8.2.2.1 Tsunami and damages
8.2.2.2 Urban planning
8.2.2.3 Issues with disaster mitigation strategies
8.2.3 Recovery from the storm surge of Typhoon Haiyan
8.2.3.1 Storm surge and damage
8.2.3.2 Recovery planning for a safer city
8.2.3.3 Land use regulation and relocation
8.2.3.4 Construction of the seawall
8.2.3.5 Discussion
8.2.4 Conclusion
8.3 Gradual change of land use for risk reduction
8.3.1 Introduction
8.3.2 Calculation of disaster risk in Japan
8.3.3 Introduction of disaster zoning
8.3.4 Conclusions
References
Chapter 9: Case reports of selected countries
9.1 East and Southeast Asia
9.1.1 Coastal erosion problems in Vietnam: Present status, causes and proposed solutions
9.1.1.1 Introduction
9.1.1.2 Erosion status of the Vietnamese coastline
9.1.1.2.1 Northern coastal area (from Quang Ninh to Ninh Binh)
9.1.1.2.2 Central coastal area (from Thanh Hoa to Binh Thuan)
9.1.1.2.3 Southern coastal area (from Vung Tau to Kien Giang)
9.1.1.3 Countermeasures to prevent erosion
9.1.1.3.1 Structural solutions (hard solutions)
9.1.1.3.2 Non-structural solutions (soft solutions)
9.1.1.3.3 Combined hard and soft solutions
9.1.1.4 Conclusions
9.1.2 Numerical modelling of boundary conditions for Typhoon Haiyan (2013) driving forces on a public school building
9.1.2.1 Introduction
9.1.2.2 Numerical modelling
9.1.2.3 Analysis and discussion
9.1.2.4 Conclusions
9.1.3 Coastal hazards in Myanmar
9.1.3.1 Introduction
9.1.3.2 Tropical cyclone Nargis
9.1.3.3 Conclusions
9.1.4 Indonesia
9.1.4.1 Introduction
9.1.4.2 Post-tsunami surveys and lessons learnt
9.1.4.2.1 Java (Pangandaran) post-tsunami survey
9.1.4.2.2 Mentawai post-tsunami survey
9.1.4.2.3 Sulawesi (Palu) post-tsunami survey
9.1.4.2.4 Sunda strait post-tsunami survey
9.1.4.3 Risk management coordination in Indonesia
9.1.4.4 Conclusions
9.1.5 Coastal erosion in Thailand
9.1.5.1 Introduction
9.1.5.2 Coastal erosion in Thailand
9.1.5.2.1 Natural factors
9.1.5.2.2 Human factors
9.1.5.3 Countermeasures to prevent coastal erosion
9.1.5.4 Conclusions
9.1.6 Storm disasters in China
9.1.6.1 Introduction
9.1.6.2 Damage due to typhoon events
9.1.6.3 Conclusions
9.1.7 Prevention of coastal erosion in Korean beaches
9.1.7.1 Introduction
9.1.7.2 Agreement with the residents and application techniques
9.1.7.2.1 Development project of Donghae Port
9.1.7.2.2 Resident complaints and countermeasures
9.1.7.2.3 Oblique detached breakwater
9.1.7.2.4 Proposal for installation of the jetty moving to South
9.1.7.2.5 Seasonal changes and total volume changes of sediment
9.1.7.3 Conclusions
9.1.8 History of tsunami and storm surge in Japan
9.1.8.1 Introduction
9.1.8.2 Tsunami
9.1.8.2.1 History
9.1.8.2.2 Tsunami countermeasures
9.1.8.3 Storm surge
9.1.8.3.1 History
9.1.8.3.2 Storm surge countermeasures
9.1.8.4 Conclusions
9.2 South Asia
9.2.1 Bangladesh
9.2.1.1 Introduction
9.2.1.2 Case study of a recent coastal disaster: cyclone Sidr (November 2007)
9.2.1.3 Current state of disaster management preparedness
9.2.1.4 Challenges posed by climate change to coastal resilience in Bangladesh
9.2.1.5 Conclusions
9.2.2 Natural hazards in Bhutan Himalaya: climate change impacts, efforts, and challenges
9.2.2.1 Introduction
9.2.2.2 Methodology
9.2.2.3 Landslides
9.2.2.3.1 The 2021 Landslide Hazard Scenario Map (LHSM)
9.2.2.3.2 Response efforts and challenges
9.2.2.4 Flood hazards
9.2.2.5 Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOF) hazard
9.2.2.6 Conclusions
9.2.3 Coastal disasters and mitigation measures in Sri Lanka
9.2.3.1 Introduction
9.2.3.1.1 Tsunamis in Sri Lanka
9.2.3.1.2 Cyclones and storm surges
9.2.3.1.3 Coastal pollution due to marine accidents
9.2.3.1.4 Coastal erosion
9.2.3.2 Coastal disaster mitigation measures
9.2.3.3 Conclusions
9.3 West Asia
9.3.1 A study on the tropical cyclones in the North Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman
9.3.1.1 Introduction
9.3.1.2 Recent and historical TCs in the North Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman
9.3.1.3 Cyclone Gonu 2007
9.3.1.4 Numerical simulations
9.3.1.5 Conclusions
9.4 North America
9.4.1 Tsunami hazards in Canada
9.4.1.1 Introduction
9.4.1.2 Case studies
9.4.1.2.1 The 1908 Notre-Dame-de-la-Salette Tsunami
9.4.1.2.2 The 1917 Halifax port explosion
9.4.1.2.3 The 1929 Burin Peninsula
9.4.1.3 Tsunami risk for the Canadian West Coast
9.4.1.4 Conclusions
9.4.2 Analysis of beach nourishment and coastal structures: shoreline stabilization alternatives for a highly erosive beach in the USA
9.4.2.1 Introduction
9.4.2.2 Shoreline stabilization alternatives
9.4.2.3 Numerical modelling
9.4.2.3.1 Application of effective waves
9.4.2.3.2 Sediment transport model
9.4.2.3.3 Shoreline morphology model
9.4.2.4 Results of the analysis
9.4.2.5 Conclusions
9.5 South America
9.5.1 Overview of the South American continent
9.5.2 Natural hazards
9.5.2.1 Hurricanes
9.5.2.2 Extratropical cyclones
9.5.2.3 Coastal erosion
9.5.2.4 Earthquakes and tsunamis
9.5.3 Conclusions
9.6 Europe
9.6.1 Estonia
9.6.1.1 Introduction
9.6.1.2 General history of coastal disasters
9.6.1.3 Damage due to ETC Gudrun in 2005
9.6.1.4 Countermeasures employed along the Estonian coastline
9.6.1.5 Conclusions
9.6.2 Germany
9.6.2.1 Introduction
9.6.2.2 Storm surges in Hamburg
9.6.2.3 The HafenCity: construction and protection on the dyke’s waterside
9.6.2.4 Lessons and outlook in the context of future sea-level rise
9.6.2.5 Conclusions
9.6.3 The UK
9.6.3.1 Introduction
9.6.3.2 Episodic natural disasters
9.6.3.2.1 The 1607 floods
9.6.3.2.2 The 1755 Lisbon earthquake and tsunami
9.6.3.2.3 The storm of 1953
9.6.3.2.4 The 2013–2014 winter storms
9.6.3.2.5 The 2020 floods
9.6.3.3 Present countermeasures, and climate change effects
9.6.3.4 Conclusions
9.7 Africa
9.7.1 Tanzania
9.7.1.1 Introduction
9.7.1.2 Flooding in Msimbazi river catchment, Dar es Salaam
9.7.1.2.1 Description of the study area
9.7.1.2.2 Trends of extreme rainfall in the Msimbazi River Catchment
9.7.1.2.3 Land use/cover changes in the Msimbazi River catchment
9.7.1.2.4 Changes in the peak flow magnitudes and flooding behaviour
9.7.1.3 Flood analysis in Kilosa, Morogoro – Mkondoa catchment
9.7.1.3.1 Kilosa district
9.7.1.3.2 Flood mapping in Kilosa district
9.7.1.4 Conclusion
9.8 The Arctic
9.8.1 Introduction
9.8.2 Met-ocean drivers
9.8.3 Emerging Arctic: wave and surge climate
9.8.4 Impact on the coastline and communities
9.8.5 Conclusion
References
Index