CO2 Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration Strategies

Cover
Half Title
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Author
Chapter 1 Sources of Carbon Dioxide Emission and Possible Treatment Strategies
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Sources of Carbon Dioxide Emission
1.2 Physical and Chemical Properties of CO[sub(2)] and Thermodynamic Limitations for Its Conversion
1.3 Challenges for Treatment of Carbon Dioxide Emission
1.4 Treatment Strategies for CO[sub(2)]
1.5 Organization of the Book
References
Chapter 2 Methods for Carbon Dioxide Capture/Concentrate, Transport/Storage, and Direct Utilization
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Physical and Chemical Separations and Capture/ Concentrate Technologies
2.2.1 Membrane Separation Process
2.2.2 Adsorbent-Based Systems
2.2.2.1 Chemical Looping Systems
2.2.3 Solvent-Based Scrubbing Process
2.2.3.1 First Generation of Amine Based Scrubbing
2.2.3.2 Second-Generation Amine Scrubbing
2.2.3.3 Aqueous Ammonia Scrubbing of CO[sub(2)]
2.2.3.4 Water-Lean Solvents
2.2.3.5 Multiphase Solvents
2.2.3.6 Scientific Challenges
2.2.4 Hydrate-Based Separation
2.2.5 Cryogenic Separation Process
2.3 Transportation of Captured CO[sub(2)]
2.4 CO[sub(2)] Sequestration Methods
2.4.1 Geological Sequestration of CO[sub(2)]
2.4.2 Sequestration in Saline Aquifers
2.4.3 CO[sub(2)] Sequestration into Deep Ocean
2.4.4 Tar-Sand CO[sub(2)] Sequestration
2.4.5 Opportunities and Challenges of CCS
2.5 Direct Utilization of CO[sub(2)]
2.5.1 Use of CO[sub(2)] for EOR
2.5.2 Recent Advancements in Direct Use CO[sub(2)] for Enhanced Shale Gas Recovery
2.5.3 ECBM Recovery Using CO[sub(2)]
References
Chapter 3 Carbon Capture by Mineral Carbonation and Production of Construction Materials
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Thermochemistry and Possible Drivers for Mineralization
3.3 Methods of Carbonation
3.3.1 In Situ Carbonation
3.3.1.1 Peridotites
3.3.1.2 Basalts
3.3.2 Ex Situ Carbonation
3.3.2.1 Direct Carbonation
3.3.2.2 Indirect Carbonation
3.3.3 Comparison of MC Options
3.4 Raw Materials and Associated Technologies
3.5 Challenges and Perspectives for Carbonation Processing
3.5.1 Required High Levels of pH in the Solution
3.5.2 Availability and Suitability of CO[sub(2)] Streams
3.5.3 Issues Related to Feedstock, Precursors, and Products
3.5.4 Feedstock Effects on Physical and Chemical Barriers for Carbonation
3.5.5 Construction Codes and Standards for Products
3.5.6 MC Cost and Commercial Viability
3.5.7 Factors Affecting Carbonation Dynamics
3.5.8 Additional Impeding Factors
3.6 Mineral Carbonation Products and Their Utilization
3.7 Demonstration and Commercial Projects and Their Challenges
3.8 Future Requirements for Mineral Carbonation
References
Chapter 4 Biological Conversion of Carbon Dioxide
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Photosynthetic CO[sub(2)] Reduction by Algae
4.2.1 Role of Algae
4.2.2 Green Algae
4.2.3 Microalgae for CO[sub(2)] Fixation and Biofuel/Co-Products Generation
4.2.4 Biorefinery Concept of Microalgal Biomass
4.2.4.1 Biodiesel
4.2.4.2 Biogas
4.2.4.3 Bioethanol
4.2.4.4 Biobutanol
4.2.4.5 Value-Added Products
4.2.4.6 System Approach to Biorefinery
4.2.5 Challenges and Benefits in Using Algae
4.2.6 Factors Affecting Commercialization of Microalgal Technologies
4.3 Reduction of CO[sub(2)] Using Photosynthetic Cyanobacteria
4.4 Factors and Issues Affecting Photosynthesis
4.5 Hybrid Biological Processes for Conversion of CO[sub(2)]
4.5.1 Biophotosynthesis/Microbial Biomethanation in the Presence of Solar Energy
4.5.2 Biophotoelectrocatalysis
4.5.3 Microbial Electrosynthesis
4.6 Pathways for CO[sub(2)] Fixation and Conversion
4.6.1 Calvin Cycle for the Phototrophic Reduction of CO[sub(2)]
4.6.2 Reverse TCA (Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle) Cycle
4.6.3 Reverse Acetyl- CoA Cycle
4.6.4 3- Hydroxypropionate Bicycle
4.6.5 3HP- 4HB and DC- 4HB Cycles
4.7 Anaerobic and Gas Fermentations of CO[sub(2)] for Value Addition
4.7.1 Anaerobic Fermentation of CO[sub(2)]
4.7.2 Gas Fermentation of CO[sub(2)]
4.7.2.1 Commercialization and Lifecycle Analysis of Gas Fermentation
4.8 Natural Bacteria and Microbes for CO[sub(2)] Conversions
4.8.1 Perspectives on Microbial Synthesis of CO[sub(2)] Conversion
4.9 Synthetic Biology and Genetic Engineering for the Conversion of CO[sub(2)]
4.9.1 Synthetic Biology for Single- Carbon Compounds
4.9.2 Electrofuel Host Development for Autotroph and Heterotroph
4.9.3 Synthetic Biology Tools for Green Algae
4.9.4 Gene Expression and Its Constraints for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria Molecular Cell Physiology
4.9.4.1 Barriers for Transfer Foreign DNA into Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
4.9.4.2 Transformation of Eukaryotic Microalgae
4.9.4.3 New Transformation Strategies for Microalgae and Cyanobacteria
4.9.4.4 Selection and Reporter Markers Genes
4.9.5 Genome Scale Models
4.9.6 Limitations of Synthetic Biology
4.10 Future Prospects
References
Chapter 5 CO[sub(2)] Conversion to Fuels and Chemicals by Thermal and Electro-Catalysis
5.1 Introduction
5.2 C[sub(1)] Chemistry for CO[sub(2)] Conversion by Thermal Catalysis
5.2.1 CO[sub(2)] Conversion to Carbon Monoxide—Reverse Water-Gas Shift Reaction
5.2.2 CO[sub(2)] Methanation
5.2.3 CO[sub(2)] Hydrogenation to Methanol and Formic Acid
5.2.3.1 Homogenous Catalytic Conversion
5.2.3.2 Heterogeneous Catalytic Conversion
5.3 Methods to Produce Hydrocarbons, Acids, Alcohols, C[sub(2+)] Olefins, Aromatics, and Fuels from CO[sub(2)]
5.3.1 CO[sub(2)] Conversion to Products by FTS-Based CO[sub(2+)] Catalysis
5.3.2 C[sub(5+)] Products by Direct Hydrogenation of CO[sub(2)] with FTS-Based Catalysis
5.3.3 CO[sub(2)] Hydrogenation to Produce Higher Alcohols Based on FTS Catalysis
5.3.4 CO[sub(2)] Hydrogenation Followed by FT Synthesis to Produce Hydrocarbon Fuels
5.3.5 Syngas Formation by Dry Reforming of Methane
5.3.5.1 Role of Catalysts, Supports, and Promoters
5.3.6 Fuel (Hydrocarbon) Production from Syngas by FT Synthesis
5.3.7 Methanol-Based Economy
5.3.8 Use of Methanol for Productions of Higher Hydrocarbons and Fuels
5.3.9 Role of Bifunctional Catalysts for CO[sub(2)] to Higher Hydrocarbons by RWGS or Methanol Route
5.3.10 CO[sub(2)] Insertion with Other Chemicals
5.3.11 Polymer Production
5.4 Major Commercial and Pilot-Scale Chemical and Fuel Productions by Heterogeneous Catalysis and Possible Barriers
5.5 Challenges and Innovations in Catalyst Development
5.6 Carbon Dioxide Conversion by Electrochemical Catalysis
5.7 Chemicals from CO[sub(2)] by Electrocatalysis
5.7.1 Carbon Monoxide
5.7.2 Formic Acid
5.7.3 Methane
5.7.4 Ethylene
5.7.5 Oxalate and Oxalic Acid
5.7.6 Methanol, Ethanol, and Propanol
5.7.7 Carbon Nanotube Production
5.7.8 Future Outlook
5.8 Strategies to Improve Product Selectivity of Catalysts, Electrolytic Cell/Electrolyte, and Electrodes
5.8.1 Strategies Used for Catalyst Improvement
5.8.2 Strategies to Improve Electrolyzer/Electrolyte Performance
5.8.3 Strategies for Improved Electrode Design
5.9 Barriers and Possibilities for Commercialization of Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO[sub(2)]
5.10 CCUS Strategy Using Fuel-Cell Technology
5.10.1 Integrated Carbon Capture and Utilization
5.10.1.1 Levelized Cost of Electricity
5.10.1.2 Net GHG Emission
References
Chapter 6 Carbon Dioxide Conversion Using Solar Thermal and Photo Catalytic Processes
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Thermochemical Conversion of CO[sub(2)] and CH[sub(4)] Using Solar Energy
6.2.1 Solar Energy-B ased Dry Reforming
6.2.2 Solar Energy Based CO[sub(2)] Dissociation to CO
6.2.2.1 Ceria for Two- Step CO[sub(2)] Splitting Cycle
6.2.2.2 Concept of Membrane Reactor
6.2.2.3 Syngas from CO[sub(2)]- H[sub(2)] O Reaction Using Solar Energy
6.2.3 Syngas Production by Thermochemical Conversion of CO[sub(2)] and H[sub(2)] O Using a High-Temperature Heat Pipe-Based Reactor
6.3 Photothermal Catalytic Conversion of CO[sub(2)] with Hydrogen
6.3.1 Mechanisms for Photothermal Activations
6.3.2 Industrial Implications
6.3.3 Challenges for Photothermal Catalytic CO[sub(2)] Reduction
6.3.4 Future Potential
6.4 Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis for Conversion of CO[sub(2)]
6.4.1 Heterogeneous and Homogeneous Photocatalytic Conversion of CO[sub(2)]
6.4.2 Enzyme Coupled to Photocatalysis
6.4.3 Photoelectrocatalysis
6.4.4 Electrolysis with Immobilized Molecular Catalysts
6.4.5 Photoelectrocatalysis with Biocatalysts (PEC)
6.5 PV/EC (or PV+EC) Concept
6.6 PC, PEC and PV/EC Comparisons
6.7 Closing Perspectives
References
Chapter 7 Plasma- Activated Catalysis for CO[sub(2)] Conversion
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Perspectives on Plasma- Activated Catalysis
7.3 Synergy between Plasma and Catalyst
7.4 Types of Plasma Set- Ups Used for CO[sub(2)] conversion
7.5 Role of Plasma Chemistry and Reactor Design Considerations
7.6 Effectiveness of Various Types of Plasma for CO[sub(2)] Dissociation
7.7 Artificial Photosynthesis
7.8 CO[sub(2)] Hydrogenation
7.8.1 Aspects of CO[sub(2)] Hydrogenation Mechanisms
7.8.2 Methane and CO Productions
7.8.3 Methanol Production
7.9 Dry Reforming of Methane
7.9.1 Role of Plasma Pretreatment of the Catalyst for DRM
7.9.2 Thermal versus Plasma Catalysis for DRM
7.9.2.1 Limitations of DBD Reactor
7.9.3 Selectivity Improvements in Plasma Activated DRM
7.9.4 DRM Using Other Plasma Reactors
7.10 Comparison of Plasma- Activated Catalysis with Other CO[sub(2)] Conversion Strategies
References
Index