This book presents a typological survey and analysis of the co-compound construction. This understudied phenomenon is essentially a compound whose meaning is the result of coordinating the meanings of its components, as when in some varieties of English 'mother-father' denotes 'parents'. In the course of the work Dr W?lchi examines and discusses topics of great theoretical and linguistic interest. These include the notion of word, markedness, the syntax and semantics of coordination, grammaticalization, lexical semantics, the distinction between compounding and phrase formation, and the constructional meanings languages can deploy. The book makes many observations and points about typology and areal features and includes a wealth of unfamiliar data. It will be invaluable for typologists and of considerable interest to a variety of specialists including lexicologists, morphologists, construction grammarians, cognitive linguists, semanticists, field linguists, and syntacticians.
Author(s): Bernhard Walchli
Year: 2005
Language: English
Pages: 362
Contents......Page 6
Preface and Acknowledgements......Page 11
List of Figures......Page 13
List of Maps......Page 14
List of Tables......Page 15
Conventions......Page 16
1.1 Basics of co-compounds......Page 20
1.1.1 The form of co-compounds......Page 21
1.1.2 The meaning of co-compounds......Page 24
1.1.3 The use of co-compounds......Page 27
1.1.4 Differences and similarities with phrase-like tight coordination......Page 29
1.1.5 Are co-compounds a form of parallelism?......Page 34
1.2 Co-compounds in the linguistic literature......Page 36
1.3.1 Why this is not a classical typological study?......Page 41
1.3.2 Meaning in language......Page 45
1.3.3 The linguistic material considered in this study......Page 52
1.3.4 Summary......Page 53
1.4 Organization of the following chapters......Page 54
2.1 Different kinds of markedness......Page 57
2.2 Relational marking in natural coordination......Page 64
2.3 Non-relational marking in natural coordination......Page 67
2.3.1 Distinctive non-relational single marking......Page 68
2.3.2 Distinctive non-relational double marking......Page 70
2.3.3 Distinctive non-relational zero marking......Page 73
2.3.4 Iconicity of the distinctive non-relational marking strategies......Page 74
2.4 The syntax of single non-relational marking in coordination......Page 76
2.4.1 Group inflection......Page 77
2.4.3 Phonological-syntactic non-isomorphism......Page 79
2.5 Conclusions......Page 83
3.1 The first dimension: the length of the coordination......Page 86
3.2 The second dimension: the marking patterns of coordination......Page 88
3.3.1 Group vs. separate coordination......Page 93
3.3.2 Intersective vs. non-intersective coordination......Page 95
3.3.3 Overlapping vs. non-overlapping coordination......Page 96
3.3.4 Contrast......Page 97
3.3.6 Disjunction......Page 100
3.3.7 Explicative disjunction......Page 102
3.3.8 Repair and pseudo-repair......Page 103
3.3.10 Pseudo-coordination......Page 104
3.3.11 Conclusions......Page 105
3.4 Conclusions......Page 106
4.1 The traditional morphological (and indirectly syntactic) approach to compounding......Page 109
4.2.1 What is word? Laying out the problem......Page 111
4.2.2 Deconstructing the notion of word......Page 112
4.2.3 Criteria for the ‘wordhood’ of compounds (with special reference to co-compounds)......Page 116
4.3 An alternative approach to co-compounds: lexical classes......Page 124
4.3.1 The middle as a typical example for a lexical class type......Page 126
4.3.2 More examples of lexical class types......Page 129
4.3.3 Co-compounds as a lexical class type......Page 132
4.3.4 Reconsidering lexicalization and the lexicon......Page 133
4.3.5 Differences and similarities of lexical and grammatical classes......Page 136
4.4 The form of co-compounds and the problem of formal non-distinctiveness......Page 140
4.4.1 Distinguishing co-compounds and sub-compounds......Page 141
4.4.2 Distinguishing co-compounds and serial verbs......Page 143
4.4.3 Distinguishing co-compounds and coordination......Page 145
4.5 Meronomic structure......Page 149
4.6 Conclusions......Page 150
5 A Semantic Classification of Co-compounds......Page 154
5.1 The basis of the semantic classification......Page 155
5.2.1 Additive co-compounds......Page 156
5.2.2 Generalizing co-compounds......Page 158
5.2.3 Collective co-compounds......Page 160
5.2.4 Synonymic co-compounds......Page 162
5.2.5 Ornamental co-compounds......Page 165
5.2.6 Imitative co-compounds......Page 166
5.2.7 Figurative co-compounds......Page 168
5.2.8 Alternative and approximate co-compounds......Page 170
5.2.9 Scalar co-compounds......Page 171
5.2.10 Basic and non-basic co-compounds......Page 173
5.3 Contextual semantic sharpening in co-compounds......Page 177
5.4.1 Appositional compounds......Page 180
5.4.2 Intermediate-denoting compounds......Page 181
5.4.3 Comparative (or figurative-appositional) compounds......Page 182
5.4.4 Ideophones and ideophone compounds......Page 183
5.4.5 Reduplication......Page 185
5.4.6 Echo-words......Page 186
5.4.8 Conclusions......Page 189
5.5 Contextual motivation of co-compounds......Page 190
5.5.1 Additive contextual co-compounds......Page 192
5.5.2 Emphasis......Page 193
5.5.4 Contrast (in adversative sequences)......Page 194
5.5.5 Non-referential contexts and restricted evidence......Page 195
5.5.6 Distributivity......Page 199
5.5.7 Pictorial contexts......Page 200
5.5.8 Conclusions......Page 201
5.6 Conclusions......Page 202
6.1 Patterns of areal coherence......Page 205
6.2 Consideration of parallel texts......Page 206
6.3.1 Turkic, Mongolian, and Tungus......Page 217
6.3.2 The languages of the Caucasus......Page 220
6.3.3 Indo-European......Page 222
6.3.4 Uralic......Page 225
6.3.5 Dravidian......Page 226
6.3.6 Sino-Tibetan......Page 227
6.3.7 Austroasiatic......Page 229
6.3.8 Austronesian......Page 230
6.3.9 Language isolates......Page 231
6.3.10 Synthesis......Page 233
6.4 Language internal diversity: the example of Mordvin......Page 237
6.5 Diversity in co-compounding in Eurasia......Page 244
6.6.1 Head and dependent marking......Page 248
6.6.2 Isolating morphological type and monosyllabic words......Page 249
6.6.4 The type of ordinary coordination......Page 250
6.6.5 Dyad constructions and family group classifiers......Page 251
6.6.7 Conclusions......Page 254
6.7 Conclusions......Page 255
6.A Appendix: Beyond Eurasia......Page 256
7.1 The evolution of markers, patterns, and constructions vs. the evolution of classes......Page 262
7.2.1 The condensation hypothesis......Page 264
7.2.2 The introduction of new ‘heavy forms’......Page 269
7.2.3 Conclusions......Page 270
7.3 Co-compounds as a lexical class evolve gradually......Page 271
7.4 The role of textual markedness for the acceptability of co-compounds......Page 276
7.5 Co-compounds in folk poetry and desemantization......Page 283
7.6 Conclusions......Page 289
8 Conclusions......Page 293
Appendix A: Languages and their Linguistic Affiliation......Page 300
Appendix B: Map of Languages......Page 305
References......Page 307
C......Page 330
H......Page 331
L......Page 332
R......Page 333
W......Page 334
Z......Page 335
E......Page 336
K......Page 337
N......Page 338
T......Page 339
Z......Page 340
B......Page 342
C......Page 343
D......Page 344
F......Page 345
H......Page 346
L......Page 347
N......Page 348
P......Page 349
R......Page 350
S......Page 351
T......Page 352
Z......Page 353
