Cloud computing is often described as providing computing resources the way electric utilities provide energy. In theory, anyone with an adequate connection to the Internet should be able to tap into a cloud provider and get exactly the computing resources they want when they want it, just like plugging into the electricity grid and getting exactly the energy you want when you want it. But to get that electricity, there are many standards: voltage, frequency, phase, motors constructed in standard ways there is a long list; there is an equally long list for cloud computing. Many of the standards are already in place. Others are being developed; some in contention. Cloud Standards is a broad discussion of important existing and future standards. For existing standards, the discussion focuses on how they are used, providing practical advice to engineers constructing clouds and services to be deployed on clouds. For future standards, the discussion is on why a standard is needed, what the benefits will be, and what is being done now to fill the gap. No current book provides this information in the depth and detail necessary for an engineer in his work, an architect in designing cloud systems, a product manager collecting and evaluating products, or an executive evaluating the feasibility of a project. A second benefit from this book is that it provides insight into cloud implementations. Cloud implementations can be seen as the culmination of many trends in software and hardware engineering. Much of the foundation for these developments have been crystallized in the form of standards like TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) and HTTP (Hypertext Transmission Protocol). The book leads readers to understand how these contribute to and affect cloud implementations. Unfortunately, emerging standards are often messy. Cloud implementers may need to choose between competing proposed standards. Sometimes i
Author(s): Marvin Waschke
Edition: 1
Publisher: Apress
Year: 2012
Language: English
Pages: 380
Tags: Библиотека;Компьютерная литература;Облачные вычисления и сервисы;
Cover......Page 1
Contents......Page 3
Foreword......Page 365
About the Author......Page 367
About the Technical Reviewer......Page 368
Acknowledgments......Page 369
Introduction......Page 4
1 Setting the Scene......Page 6
History: Evolution of the Cloud......Page 8
The Network and Distributed Systems......Page 9
Virtualization......Page 14
The Need for Clouds Today......Page 19
Backing Up......Page 20
Sharing Documents......Page 22
Cloud Scenarios for Enterprises......Page 23
Testing in the Cloud......Page 24
Customer Relations Management in the Cloud......Page 25
What Are Standards?......Page 27
Why Are Standards Hard to Read?......Page 28
The Scope of Standards......Page 29
The IBM PC......Page 31
Windows Operating System......Page 32
Representational State Transfer......Page 34
De Jure Standards......Page 36
De Jure Standards Administration......Page 38
Open Standards......Page 40
Public Standards Organizations......Page 43
National and International Standards Organizations......Page 44
Cloud SDOs......Page 45
3 Cloud......Page 47
Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)......Page 48
Service Models......Page 50
Deployment Scenarios......Page 51
Private Cloud......Page 52
Public Cloud......Page 53
Community Cloud......Page 55
Hybrid Cloud......Page 56
Consumer......Page 57
Provider......Page 59
Auditor......Page 60
Developer......Page 61
4 Security and Governance......Page 64
Governance......Page 65
Security......Page 67
The ISO/IEC 27001 Deming Cycle......Page 69
Plan Phase......Page 70
Do phase......Page 71
Statement on Audit Standards No. 70 (SAS 70)......Page 72
SAS 70 Example......Page 73
Loss......Page 74
De-perimeterization......Page 76
Cloud Security Practice......Page 78
PaaS Practice......Page 79
SaaS Practice......Page 80
Basic Authentication......Page 81
Digest Authentication......Page 84
Open Authorization......Page 85
OpenID......Page 88
Security Assertion Markup Language (SAML)......Page 89
Conclusion......Page 91
5 Cloud Implementation......Page 92
Functional and Management Interfaces......Page 93
Service Layer......Page 96
IaaS Service Layer......Page 97
paaS Service Layer......Page 100
Resource Abstraction Layer......Page 102
Physical Layer......Page 105
Energy......Page 106
Cloud Datacenter as Computer......Page 109
Processing Power in Cloud Architecture......Page 116
6 Cloud Storage and Cloud Network......Page 118
Cloud Storage......Page 119
Network Attached Storage......Page 120
Storage Area Networks......Page 122
Disk Arrays......Page 124
Parity......Page 125
Limitations......Page 126
ACID......Page 127
CAP......Page 128
Storage in the Cloud......Page 134
OSI Layers......Page 135
Physical Layer......Page 136
Data Link Layer......Page 138
Network Layer......Page 140
Transport Layer......Page 142
Session, Presentation, and Application Layers......Page 144
Cloud and Networks......Page 146
Conclusion......Page 147
7 A Map of Cloud Standards ......Page 148
Storage......Page 149
Internet and World Wide Web......Page 151
Cloud......Page 152
Service Management......Page 154
8 Storage Standards......Page 155
Serial vs. Parallel Interfaces......Page 156
ATA-1 (X3.221-1994)......Page 159
ATA-2 (X3.279-1996)......Page 162
ATA-3 (X3.298-1997)......Page 164
ATA/ATAPI-4 (NCITS 317-1998)......Page 166
ATA/ATAPI-5 (NCITS 340-2000)......Page 169
ATA/ATAPI-6 (NCITS 361-2002)......Page 170
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)......Page 172
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)......Page 176
Fibre Channel......Page 188
InfiniBand......Page 191
File Systems......Page 196
Network File System (NFS)......Page 197
Other File Systems......Page 199
Conclusion......Page 200
9 Network and Internet Standards......Page 201
Wide Area Networks (WANs)......Page 202
Voice and Data......Page 203
ATM Voice vs. Data Solution......Page 205
Current Use of ATM......Page 207
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI)......Page 208
Architecture......Page 209
Frame Relay......Page 210
Architecture......Page 211
Frame Relay Packets......Page 212
Multiprotocol Packet Label Switching (MPLS)......Page 213
Architecture......Page 214
Benefits......Page 216
Ethernet......Page 217
History......Page 218
Carrier Sense Protocol......Page 219
Ethernet Congestion......Page 220
Collision Domains and Ethernet Switches......Page 222
Internet Protocol (IP)......Page 224
Addressing......Page 225
Routing Considerations......Page 226
IPv4 and IPv6......Page 227
Transmission Control Protocol vs. Internet Protocol......Page 228
TCP Standard......Page 229
TCp Programming......Page 231
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)......Page 232
UDP programming......Page 233
ICMP Standard......Page 235
ICMpv6......Page 236
History......Page 237
Domain Names......Page 238
Implementation......Page 240
Conclusion......Page 241
10 The Internet Application Layer and the Cloud......Page 243
World Wide Web (WWW)......Page 245
Hypertext Transmission Protocol (HTTP)......Page 246
HTTp over TLS (HTTPS)......Page 259
Universal Resource Identifier (URI) and Universal Resource Locator (URL)......Page 261
International Resource Identifier (IRI)......Page 264
Data Transfer Languages......Page 266
XML......Page 267
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON)......Page 274
Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)......Page 275
Cascading Style Sheets (CSS)......Page 276
Programming......Page 277
Thin vs. Thick Clients......Page 278
Thin Clients and Clouds......Page 280
Gateways......Page 282
Web Services......Page 283
11 Cloud-Specific Standards......Page 291
Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface (CIMI)......Page 292
The CIMI Model......Page 294
Scope......Page 304
CIMI Status......Page 305
Core OCCI......Page 306
CIMI and OCCI......Page 308
Cloud Packaging Standards......Page 309
Open Virtualization Format (OVF)......Page 310
OVF Package Structure......Page 312
The OVF Descriptor......Page 313
The OVF Environment......Page 315
OVF Security......Page 316
Topology Orchestration Specification for Cloud Applications (TOSCA)......Page 317
TOSCA Structure......Page 320
Cloud Storage Standards......Page 322
Data Storage Service Challenges......Page 323
CDMI Structure......Page 326
Cloud Auditing Data Federation (CADF)......Page 331
The State of Cloud Standards......Page 332
12 Conclusion......Page 334
Cloud......Page 335
Service Management......Page 336
Consumerization of IT......Page 339
Programmability......Page 340
The Network......Page 342
The Global Internet......Page 343
The Role of Cloud Standards......Page 344
The Future of Cloud Standards......Page 345
A......Page 347
C......Page 348
D......Page 350
E......Page 351
H......Page 352
M......Page 353
N......Page 354
R......Page 355
S......Page 356
T......Page 358
W......Page 359
X, Y, Z......Page 360
