Cover
Title
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Key Features
Extensive Art Program
Clinical Blue Boxes
The Bottom Line Summaries
Anatomy Described in a Practical, Functional Context
Surface Anatomy and Medical Imaging
Videos, Case Studies, and Board Review-style Questions
Terminology
Retained and Improved Features
Commitment to Educating Students
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
Contents
List of Clinical Blue Boxes
List of Tables
Figure Credits
Chapter 1: Overview and Basic Concepts
Approaches to Studying Anatomy
Regional Anatomy
Systemic Anatomy
Clinical Anatomy
Anatomicomedical Terminology
Anatomical Position
Anatomical Planes
Terms of Relationship and Comparison
Terms of Laterality
Terms of Movement
Anatomical Variations
Integumentary System
Clinical Box: Integumentary System
Skin Color Signs in Physical Diagnosis
Skin Incisions and Scarring
Stretch Marks in Skin
Skin Injuries and Wounds
Fascias, Fascial Compartments, Bursae, and Potential Spaces
Clinical Box: Fascias
Fascial Planes and Surgery
Skeletal System
Cartilage and Bones
Classifcation of Bones
Bone Markings and Formations
Bone Development
Vasculature and Innervation of Bones
Clinical Box: Bones
Accessory (Supernumerary) Bones
Heterotopic Bones
Trauma to Bone and Bone Changes
Osteoporosis
Sternal Puncture
Bone Growth and Assessment of Bone Age
Effects of Disease and Diet on Bone Growth
Displacement and Separation of Epiphyses
Avascular Necrosis
Joints
Classification of Joints
Joint Vasculature and Innervation
Muscle Tissue and Muscular System
Types of Muscle (muscle Tissue)
Skeletal Muscles
Form, Features, and Naming of Muscles
Contraction of Muscles
Functions of Muscles
Nerves and Arteries to Muscles
Clinical Box: Skeletal Muscles
Muscle Testing
Muscle Dysfunction and Paralysis
Absence of Muscle Tone
Muscle Soreness and “pulled” Muscles
Growth and Regeneration of Skeletal Muscle
Cardiac Striated Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Clinical Box: Cardiac and Smooth Muscle
Hypertrophy of the Myocardium and Myocardial Infarction
Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia of Smooth Muscle
Cardiovascular System
Vascular Circuits
Blood Vessels
Arteries
Veins
Blood Capillaries
Clinical Box: Cardiovascular System
Arteriosclerosis: Ischemia and Infarction
Varicose Veins
Lymphoid System
Nervous System
Central Nervous System
Peripheral Nervous System
Types of Nerves
Somatic and Visceral Fibers
Clinical Box: Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
Damage to the CNS
Rhizotomy
Nerve Degeneration and Ischemia of Nerves
Somatic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
Sympathetic (thoracolumbar) Division of Autonomic Nervous System
Parasympathetic (craniosacral) Division of Autonomic Nervous System
Enteric Nervous System
Functions of Divisions of Autonomic Nervous System
Visceral Sensation
Medical Imaging Techniques
Conventional Radiography
Computed Tomography
Ultrasonography
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Nuclear Medicine Imaging
Chapter 2: Back
Overview of Back and Vertebral Column
Vertebrae
Structure and Function of Vertebrae
Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae
Ossifcation of Vertebrae
Variations in Vertebrae
Clinical Box: Vertebrae
Vertebral Body Osteoporosis
Laminectomy
Dislocation of Cervical Vertebrae
Fracture and Dislocation of Atlas
Fracture and Dislocation of Axis
Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Cervical Ribs
Caudal Epidural Anesthesia
Injury of Coccyx
Abnormal Fusion of Vertebrae
Effect of Aging on Vertebrae
Anomalies of Vertebrae
Vertebral Column
Joints of Vertebral Column
Movements of Vertebral Column
Curvatures of Vertebral Column
Vasculature of Vertebral Column
Nerves of Vertebral Column
Clinical Box: Vertebral Column
Aging of Intervertebral Discs
Back Pain
Herniation of Nucleus Pulposus (herniation of IV Disc)
Spinal Fusion and Intervertebral Disc Replacement
Injury and Disease of Zygapophysial Joints
Fractures and Dislocations of Vertebrae
Fracture of Dens of Axis
Rupture of Transverse Ligament of Atlas
Rupture of Alar Ligaments
Abnormal Curvatures of Vertebral Column
Muscles of Back
Extrinsic Back Muscles
Intrinsic Back Muscles
Surface Anatomy of Back Muscles
Suboccipital and Deep Neck Muscles
Clinical Box: Muscles of Back
Back Strains, Sprains, and Spasms
Reduced Blood Supply to the Brainstem
Contents of Vertebral Canal
Spinal Cord
Spinal Nerves and Nerve Roots
Spinal Meninges and Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)
Spinal Dura Mater
Spinal Arachnoid Mater
Spinal Pia Mater
Subarachnoid Space
Vasculature of Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerve Roots
Arteries of Spinal Cord and Nerve Roots
Veins of Spinal Cord
Clinical Box: Contents of Vertebral Canal
Compression of Lumbar Spinal Nerve Roots
Myelography
Development of Meninges and Subarachnoid Space
Lumbar Spinal Puncture
Spinal Anesthesia
Epidural Anesthesia (Blocks)
Ischemia of Spinal Cord
Spinal Cord Injuries
Chapter 3: Upper Limb
Overview of Upper Limb
Comparison of Upper and Lower Limbs
Bones of Upper Limb
Clavicle
Scapula
Humerus
Bones of Forearm
Ulna
Radius
Bones of Hand
Ossification of Bones of Hand
Surface Anatomy of Upper Limb Bones
Clinical Box: Bones of Upper Limb
Fracture of Clavicle
Ossifcation of Clavicle
Fracture of Scapula
Fractures of Humerus
Fractures of Radius and Ulna
Fracture of Scaphoid
Fracture of Hamate
Fracture of Metacarpals
Fracture of Phalanges
Fascia, Efferent Vessels, Cutaneous Innervation, and Myotomes of Upper Limb
Fascia of Upper Limb
Venous Drainage of Upper Limb
Superficial Veins of Upper Limb
Deep Veins of Upper Limb
Lymphatic Drainage of Upper Limb
Cutaneous Innervation of Upper Limb
Motor Innervation (myotomes) of Upper Limb
Pectoral and Scapular Regions
Anterior Axio-appendicular Muscles
Posterior Axio-Appendicular and Scapulohumeral Muscles
Superficial Posterior Axio-Appendicular (Extrinsic Shoulder) Muscles
Deep Posterior Axio-Appendicular (Extrinsic Shoulder) Muscles
Scapulohumeral (Intrinsic Shoulder) Muscles
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Surface Anatomy of Pectoral, Scapular, and Deltoid Regions
Clinical Box: Pectoral, Scapular, and Deltoid Regions
Congenital Absence of a Body Part, Organ, or Tissue (Agenesis)
Injury of Long Thoracic Nerve and Paralysis of Serratus Anterior
Triangle of Auscultation
Injury of Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Injury of Thoracodorsal Nerve
Injury to Dorsal Scapular Nerve
Injury to Axillary Nerve
Fracture–Dislocation of Proximal Humeral Epiphysis
Rotator Cuff Injuries
Axilla
Axillary Artery
Axillary Vein
Axillary Lymph Nodes
Brachial Plexus
Clinical Box: Axilla
Arterial Anastomoses Around Scapula
Compression of Axillary Artery
Aneurysm of Axillary Artery
Injuries to Axillary Vein
The Axillary Vein in Subclavian Vein Puncture
Infection of Axillary Lymph Nodes
Dissection of Axillary Lymph Nodes
Variations of Brachial Plexus
Brachial Plexus Injuries
Brachial Plexus Block
Arm
Muscles of Arm
Biceps Brachii
Brachialis
Coracobrachialis
Triceps Brachii
Anconeus
Brachial Artery
Profunda Brachii Artery
Humeral Nutrient Artery
Superior Ulnar Collateral Artery
Inferior Ulnar Collateral Artery
Veins of Arm
Superficial Veins
Deep Veins
Nerves of Arm
Musculocutaneous Nerve
Radial Nerve
Median Nerve
Ulnar Nerve
Cubital Fossa
Surface Anatomy of Arm and Cubital Fossa
Clinical Box: Arm and Cubital Fossa
Bicipital Myotatic Reflex
Biceps Tendinitis/tendinosis
Dislocation of Tendon of Long Head of Biceps Brachii
Rupture of Tendon of Long Head of Biceps Brachii
Interruption of Blood Flow in Brachial Artery
Nerve Injury in Fracture of Humeral Shaft
Injury to Musculocutaneous Nerve
Injury to Radial Nerve in Arm
Venipuncture in Cubital Fossa
Forearm
Compartments of Forearm
Muscles of Forearm
Flexor–Pronator Muscles of Forearm
Extensor Muscles of Forearm
Arteries of Forearm
Ulnar Artery
Radial Artery
Veins of Forearm
Superficial Veins
Deep Veins
Nerves of Forearm
Median Nerve in Forearm
Ulnar Nerve in Forearm
Radial Nerve in Forearm
Lateral and Medial Cutaneous Nerves of Forearm
Surface Anatomy of Forearm
Clinical Box: Forearm
Elbow Tendinitis/Tendinosis or Lateral Epicondylitis
Mallet or Baseball Finger
Fracture of Olecranon
Synovial Cyst of Wrist
High Division of Brachial Artery
Superfcial Ulnar Artery
Measuring Pulse Rate
Variations in Origin of Radial Artery
Median Nerve Injury
Pronator Syndrome
Communications Between Median and Ulnar Nerves
Injury of Ulnar Nerve at Elbow and in Forearm
Cubital Tunnel Syndrome
Injury of Radial Nerve in Forearm (Superficial or Deep Branches)
Hand
Fascia and Compartments of Palm
Muscles of Hand
Thenar Muscles
Adductor Pollicis
Hypothenar Muscles
Short Muscles of Hand
Long Flexor Tendons and Tendon Sheaths in Hand
Arteries of Hand
Ulnar Artery in Hand
Radial Artery in Hand
Veins of Hand
Nerves of Hand
Median Nerve in Hand
Ulnar Nerve in Hand
Radial Nerve in Hand
Surface Anatomy of Hand
Clinical Box: Hand
Dupuytren Contracture of Palmar Fascia
Hand Infections
Tenosynovitis
Laceration of Palmar Arches
Ischemia of Digits (Fingers)
Lesions of Median Nerve
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
Trauma to Median Nerve
Ulnar Canal Syndrome
Handlebar Neuropathy
Radial Nerve Injury in Arm and Hand Disability
Dermatoglyphics
Palmar Wounds and Surgical Incisions
Joints of Upper Limb
Sternoclavicular Joint
Articulation of Sternoclavicular Joint
Joint Capsule of Sternoclavicular Joint
Ligaments of Sternoclavicular Joint
Movements of Sternoclavicular Joint
Blood Supply of Sternoclavicular Joint
Nerve Supply of Sternoclavicular Joint
Acromioclavicular Joint
Articulation of Acromioclavicular Joint
Joint Capsule of Acromioclavicular Joint
Ligaments of Acromioclavicular Joint
Movements of Acromioclavicular Joint
Blood Supply of Acromioclavicular Joint
Nerve Supply of Acromioclavicular Joint
Glenohumeral Joint
Articulation of Glenohumeral Joint
Joint Capsule of Glenohumeral Joint
Ligaments of Glenohumeral Joint
Movements of Glenohumeral Joint
Muscles Moving Glenohumeral Joint
Blood Supply of Glenohumeral Joint
Innervation of Glenohumeral Joint
Bursae Around Glenohumeral Joint
Subtendinous Bursa of Subscapularis
Subacromial Bursa
Elbow Joint
Articulation of Elbow Joint
Joint Capsule of Elbow Joint
Ligaments of Elbow Joint
Movements of Elbow Joint
Muscles Moving Elbow Joint
Blood Supply of Elbow Joint
Nerve Supply of Elbow Joint
Bursae Around Elbow Joint
Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Articulation of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Joint Capsule of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Ligaments of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Movements of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Muscles Moving Proximal Radio-Ulnar joint
Blood Supply of Proximal Radio-Ulnar joint
Innervation of Proximal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Articulation of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Joint Capsule of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Ligaments of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Ligaments of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Movements of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Muscles Moving Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Blood Supply of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Innervation of Distal Radio-Ulnar Joint
Wrist Joint
Articulation of Wrist Joint
Joint Capsule of Wrist Joint
Ligaments of Wrist Joint
Movements of Wrist Joint
Muscles Moving Wrist Joint
Blood Supply of Wrist Joint
Innervation of Wrist Joint
Intercarpal Joints
Joint Capsule of Intercarpal Joints
Ligaments of Intercarpal Joints
Movements of Intercarpal Joints
Blood Supply of Intercarpal Joints
Innervation of Intercarpal Joints
Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
Articulations of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
Joint Capsule of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
Ligaments of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
Movements of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
Blood Supply of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
Innervation of Carpometacarpal and Intermetacarpal Joints
Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
Articulations of Metacarpophalangealand Interphalangeal Joints
Joint Capsules of Metacarpophalangealand Interphalangeal Joints
Ligaments of Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
Movements of Metacarpophalangeal and Interphalangeal Joints
Blood Supply of Metacarpal and Interphalangeal Joints
Innervation of Metacarpal and Interphalangeal Joints
Clinical Box: Joints of Upper Limb
Dislocation of Sternoclavicular Joint
Ankylosis of Sternoclavicular Joint
Dislocation of Acromioclavicular Joint
Calcific Tendinitis of Shoulder
Rotator Cuff Injuries
Dislocation of Glenohumeral Joint
Glenoid Labrum Tears
Adhesive Capsulitis of Glenohumeral Joint
Bursitis of Elbow
Avulsion of Medial Epicondyle
Ulnar Collateral Ligament Reconstruction
Dislocation of Elbow Joint
Subluxation and Dislocation of Radial Head
Wrist Fractures and Dislocations
Bull Rider’s Thumb
Skier’s Thumb
Chapter 4: Thorax
Overview of Thorax
Thoracic Wall
Skeleton of Thoracic Wall
Ribs, Costal Cartilages, and Intercostal Spaces
Thoracic Vertebrae
The Sternum
Thoracic Apertures
Superior Thoracic Aperture
Inferior Thoracic Aperture
Joints of Thoracic Wall
Costovertebral Joints
Sternocostal Joints
Movements of Thoracic Wall
Clinical Box: Thoracic Wall
Chest Pain
Rib Fractures
Flail Chest
Thoracotomy, Intercostal Space Incisions, and Rib Excision
Supernumerary Ribs
Protective Function and Aging of Costal Cartilages
Ossifed Xiphoid Process
Sternal Fractures
Median Sternotomy
Sternal Biopsy
Sternal Anomalies
Thoracic Outlet Syndrome
Dislocation of Ribs
Separation of Ribs
Paralysis of Diaphragm
Muscles of Thoracic Wall
Fascia of Thoracic Wall
Nerves of Thoracic Wall
Typical Intercostal Nerves
Atypical Intercostal Nerves
Vasculature of Thoracic Wall
Arteries of Thoracic Wall
Veins of Thoracic Wall
Breasts
Female Breasts
Vasculature of Breast
Nerves of Breast
Clinical Box: Breasts
Changes in Breasts
Breast Quadrants
Carcinoma of the Breast
Visualizing Breast Structure and Pathology
Surgical Incisions of Breast and Surgical Removal of Breast Pathology
Polymastia, Polythelia, and Amastia
Breast Cancer in Men
Gynecomastia
Clinical Box: Muscles and Neurovasculature of Thoracic Wall
Dyspnea: Difficult Breathing
Extrapleural Intrathoracic Surgical Access
Herpes Zoster Infection of Spinal Ganglia
Intercostal Nerve Block
Surface Anatomy of Thoracic Wall
Viscera of Thoracic Cavity
Pleurae, Lungs, and Tracheobronchial Tree
Pleurae
Lungs
Tracheobronchial Tree
Vasculature of Lungs and Pleurae
Nerves of Lungs and Pleurae
Surface Anatomy of Pleurae and Lungs
Clinical Box: Pleurae, Lungs, and Tracheobronchial Tree
Injuries of Cervical Pleura and Apex of Lung
Injury to Other Parts of Pleurae
Pulmonary Collapse
Pneumothorax, Hydrothorax, and Hemothorax
Thoracentesis
Insertion of a Chest Tube
Pleurectomy and Pleurodesis
Thoracoscopy
Pleuritis (Pleurisy)
Variations in Lobes of Lung
Appearance of Lungs and Inhalation of Carbon Particles and Irritants
Auscultation of Lungs and Percussion of Thorax
Aspiration of Foreign Bodies
Bronchoscopy
Lung Resections
Segmental Atelectasis
Pulmonary Embolism
Lymphatic Drainage and Pleural Adhesion
Hemoptysis
Bronchogenic Carcinoma
Lung Cancer and Mediastinal Nerves
Pleural Pain
Chest X-ray
Overview of Mediastinum
Pericardium
Clinical Box: Mediastinum Overview and Pericardium
Levels of Viscera Relative to Mediastinal Divisions
Mediastinoscopy and Mediastinal Biopsies
Widening of Mediastinum
Surgical Signifcance of Transverse Pericardial Sinus
Exposure of Venae Cavae
Pericarditis, Pericardial Rub, and Pericardial Effusion
Cardiac Tamponade
Pericardiocentesis
Positional Abnormalities of Heart
Heart
Right Atrium
Right Ventricle
Left Atrium
Left Ventricle
Semilunar Valves
Vasculature of Heart
Stimulating, Conducting, and Regulating Systems of Heart
Clinical Box: Heart
Cardiac Catheterization
Embryology of Right Atrium
Septal Defects
Atrial Septal Defects
Ventricular Septal Defects
Percussion of Heart
Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident
Basis for Naming Cusps and Sinuses of Aortic and Pulmonary Valves
Valvular Heart Disease
Mitral Valve Insufficiency (Mitral Valve Prolapse)
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
Pulmonary Valve Incompetence
Aortic Valve Stenosis
Aortic Valve Insufficiency
Echocardiography
Coronary Angiography
Coronary Artery Disease or Coronary Heart Disease
Myocardial Infarction
Coronary Atherosclerosis
Slowly Progressive Coronary Artery Disease
Angina Pectoris
Coronary Bypass Graft
Coronary Angioplasty
Collateral Circulation Via the Smallest Cardiac Veins
Electrocardiography
Coronary Occlusion and Conducting System of Heart
Artifcial Cardiac Pacemaker
Restarting Heart
Fibrillation of Heart
Defbrillation of Heart
Cardiac Referred Pain
Superior Mediastinum and Great Vessels
Thymus
Great Vessels
Nerves in the Superior Mediastinum
Trachea
Esophagus
Posterior Mediastinum
Thoracic Aorta
Esophagus
Thoracic Duct and Lymphatic Trunks
Vessels and Lymph Nodes of Posterior Mediastinum
Nerves of Posterior Mediastinum
Anterior Mediastinum
Surface Anatomy of Heart and Mediastinal Viscera
Auscultatory Areas
Clinical Box: Superior, Posterior, and Anterior Mediastinum
Variations of Great Arteries
Branches of Arch of Aorta
Anomalies of Arch of Aorta
Aneurysm of Ascending Aorta
Coarctation of Aorta
Injury to Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves
Blockage of Esophagus
Laceration of Thoracic Duct
Variations of Thoracic Duct
Alternate Venous Routes to Heart
Age Changes in Thymus
Aortic Angiography
Radiography of Mediastinum
CT and MRI of Mediastinum
Chapter 5: Abdomen
Overview: Walls, Cavities, Regions, and Planes
Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Fascia of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
External Oblique Muscle
Internal Oblique Muscle
Transversus Abdominis Muscle
Rectus Abdominis Muscle
Pyramidalis
Rectus Sheath, Linea Alba, and Umbilical Ring
Functions and Actions of Anterolateral Abdominal Muscles
Neurovasculature of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Dermatomes of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Nerves of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Vessels of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Clinical Box: Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Fascia and Muscles of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Clinical Signifcance of Fascia and Fascial Spaces of Abdominal Wall
Protuberance of Abdomen
Abdominal Hernias
Neurovasculature of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Palpation of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Superficial Abdominal Reflexes
Injury to Nerves of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Abdominal Surgical Incisions
Longitudinal Incisions
Oblique and Transverse Incisions
High-Risk Incisions
Incisional Hernia
Minimally Invasive (Endoscopic) Surgery
Reversal of Venous Flow and Collateral Pathways of Superficial Abdominal Veins
Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Inguinal Region
Inguinal Ligament and Iliopubic Tract
Inguinal Canal
Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testes
Spermatic Cord
Scrotum
Testes
Surface Anatomy of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall
Clinical Box: Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Region. Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testes
Internal Surface of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall and Inguinal Region
Undescended (Cryptorchid) Testis
Postnatal Patency of Umbilical Vein
Metastasis of Uterine Cancer to Labium Majus
Spermatic Cord, Scrotum, and Testes
Inguinal Hernias
Cremasteric Reflex
Cysts and Hernias of the Processus Vaginalis
Hydrocele of Spermatic Cord and/or Testis
Hematocele of Testis
Torsion of Spermatic Cord
Anesthetizing Scrotum
Spermatocele and Epididymal Cyst
Vestigial Remnants of Embryonic Genital Ducts
Varicocele
Cancer of Testis and Scrotum
Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
Embryology of Peritoneal Cavity
Peritoneal Formations
Subdivisions of Peritoneal Cavity
Clinical Box: Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity
Patency and Blockage of Uterine Tubes
The Peritoneum and Surgical Procedures
Peritonitis and Ascites
Peritoneal Adhesions and Adhesiotomy
Abdominal Paracentesis
Peritoneal Dialysis
Functions of Greater Omentum
Abscess Formation
Spread of Pathological Fluids
Flow of Ascitic Fluid and Pus
Fluid in Omental Bursa
Internal Hernia Through Omental Foramen
Temporary Control of Hemorrhage From Cystic Artery
Abdominaldominal Visceraisc
Overview of Abdominal Viscera and Digestive Tract
Esophagus
Stomach
Position, Parts, and Surface Anatomy of Stomach
Interior of Stomach
Relations of Stomach
Vessels and Nerves of Stomach
Small Intestine
Duodenum
Jejunum and Ileum
Large Intestine
Cecum and Appendix
Colon
Rectum and Anal Canal
Clinical Box
Esophagus and Stomach
Esophageal Varices
Pyrosis
Bariatric Surgery
Displacement of Stomach
Hiatal Hernia
Pylorospasm
Congenital Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis
Carcinoma of Stomach
Gastrectomy and Lymph Node Resection
Gastric Ulcers, Peptic Ulcers, Helicobacter Pylori, and Vagotomy
Visceral Referred Pain
Small and Large Intestine
Duodenal Ulcers
Developmental Changes in Mesoduodenum
Paraduodenal Hernias
Brief Review of Embryological Rotation of Midgut
Navigating Small Intestine
Ischemia of Intestine
Ileal Diverticulum
Position of Appendix
Appendicitis
Appendectomy
Mobile Ascending Colon
Colitis, Colectomy, Ileostomy, and Colostomy
Colonoscopy, Sigmoidoscopy, and Colorectal Cancer
Diverticulosis
Volvulus of Sigmoid Colon
Spleen
Pancreas
Liver
Surface Anatomy, Surfaces, Peritoneal Reflections, and Relationships of Liver
Anatomical Lobes of Liver
Functional Subdivision of Liver
Blood Vessels of Liver
Lymphatic Drainage and Innervation of Liver
Biliary Ducts and Gallbladder
Bile Duct
Gallbladder
Hepatic Portal Vein and Portal–Systemic Anastomoses
Clinical Box: Spleen and Pancreas. Liver, Biliary Ducts, and Gallbladder
Spleen and Pancreas
Rupture of Spleen
Splenectomy and Splenomegaly
Accessory Spleen(s) and Splenosis
Splenic Needle Biopsy and Splenoportography
Blockage of Hepatopancreatic Ampulla and Pancreatitis
Cholangiopancreatography
Accessory Pancreatic Tissue
Rupture of Pancreas
Subtotal Pancreatectomy
Pancreatic Cancer
Liver, Biliary Ducts, and Gallbladder
Palpation of Liver
Subphrenic Abscesses
Hepatic Lobectomies and Segmentectomy
Rupture of Liver
Aberrant Hepatic Arteries
Variations in Relationships of Hepatic Arteries
Hepatomegaly
Cirrhosis of Liver
Liver Biopsy
Mobile Gallbladder
Variations in Cystic and Hepatic Ducts
Accessory Hepatic Ducts
Gallstones
Gallstones in Duodenum
Cholecystectomy
Portal Hypertension
Portosystemic Shunts
Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands
Kidneys
Ureters
Suprarenal Glands
Vessels and Nerves of Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands
Clinical Box: Kidneys, Ureters, and Suprarenal Glands
Palpation of Kidneys
Perinephric Abscess
Nephroptosis
Renal Transplantation
Renal Cysts
Pain in Pararenal Region
Accessory Renal Vessels
Renal Vein Entrapment Syndrome
Congenital Anomalies of Kidneys and Ureters
Renal and Ureteric Calculi
Summary of Innervation of Abdominal Viscera
Sympathetic Innervation
Parasympathetic Innervation
Extrinsic Autonomic Plexuses
Intrinsic Plexuses: the Enteric Nervous System
Visceral Sensory Innervation
Diaphragm
Vessels and Nerves of Diaphragm
Diaphragmatic Apertures
Caval Opening
Esophageal Hiatus
Aortic Hiatus
Small Openings in Diaphragm
Actions of Diaphragm
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Fascia of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Muscles of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Psoas Major
Iliacus
Quadratus Lumborum
Nerves of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Vessels of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Abdominal Aorta
Veins of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Nodes of Posterior Abdominal Wall
Clinical Box: Diaphragm. Posterior Abdominal Wall
Diaphragm
Hiccups
Section of a Phrenic Nerve
Referred Pain From Diaphragm
Rupture of Diaphragm and Herniation of Viscera
Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia
Posterior Abdominal Wall
Psoas Abscess
Posterior Abdominal Pain
Partial Lumbar Sympathectomy
Pulsations of Aorta and Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm
Collateral Routes for Abdominopelvic Venous Blood
Sectional Medical Imaging of Abdomen
Chapter 6: Pelvis and Perineum
Introduction to Pelvis and Perineum
Pelvic Girdle
Bones and Features of Pelvic Girdle
Orientation of Pelvic Girdle
Pelvic Girdle Sexual Differences
Joints and Ligaments of Pelvic Girdle
Sacro-Iliac Joints
Pubic Symphysis
Lumbosacral Joints
Clinical Box: Pelvic Girdle
Variations in Male and Female Pelves
Pelvic Diameters (Conjugates)
Pelvic Fractures
Relaxation of Pelvic Ligaments and Increased Joint Mobility in Late Pregnancy
Spondylolysis and Spondylolisthesis
Pelvic Cavity
Walls and Floor of Pelvic Cavity
Antero-Inferior Pelvic Wall
Lateral Pelvic Walls
Posterior Wall (Posterolateral Wall and Roof)
Pelvic Floor
Peritoneum and Peritoneal Cavity of Pelvis
Pelvic Fascia
Membranous Pelvic Fascia: Parietal and Visceral
Endopelvic Fascia: Loose and Condensed
Clinical Box: Pelvic Cavity
Injury to Pelvic Floor
Neurovascular Structures of Pelvis
Pelvic Arteries
Internal Iliac Artery
Ovarian Artery
Median Sacral Artery
Superior Rectal Artery
Pelvic Veins
Lymph Nodes of Pelvis
Pelvic Nerves
Obturator Nerve
Lumbosacral Trunk
Sacral Plexus
Coccygeal Plexus
Pelvic Autonomic Nerves
Visceral Afferent Innervation in Pelvis
Clinical Box: Neurovascular Structures of Pelvis
Iatrogenic Injury of Ureters
Injury During Ligation of Uterine Artery
Injury During Ligation of Ovarian Artery
Ligation of Internal Iliac Artery and Collateral Circulation in Pelvis
Injury to Pelvic Nerves
Pelvic Viscera
Urinary Organs
Ureters
Proximal (Pelvic) Male Urethra
Female Urethra
Rectum
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of Rectum
Innervation of Rectum
Clinical Box: Urinary Organs and Rectum
Iatrogenic Compromise of Ureteric Blood Supply
Ureteric Calculi
Cystocele, Urethrocele, and Urinary Incontinence
Suprapubic Cystotomy
Rupture of Bladder
Cystoscopy
Clinically Signifcant Differences Between Male and Female Urethrae
Rectal Examination
Resection of Rectum
Male Internal Genital Organs
Ductus Deferens
Seminal Glands
Ejaculatory Ducts
Prostate
Bulbo-Urethral Glands
Innervation of Internal Genital Organs of Male Pelvis
Clinical Box: Male Internal Genital Organs
Male Sterilization
Abscesses in Seminal Glands
Hypertrophy of Prostate
Female Internal Genital Organs
Ovaries
Uterine Tubes
Uterus
Vagina
Arterial Supply and Venous Drainage of Vagina
Innervation of Vagina and Uterus
Clinical Box: Female Internal Genital Organs
Infections of Female Genital Tract
Patency of Uterine Tubes
Hysterosalpingography
Endoscopy
Female Sterilization
Tubal Sterilization
Hysteroscopic Sterilization
Ectopic Tubal Pregnancy
Remnants of Embryonic Ducts
Bicornate Uterus
Disposition of Uterus
Manual Examination of Uterus
Lifetime Changes in Anatomy of Uterus
Cervical Cancer Screening
Hysterectomy
Distension of Vagina
Digital Pelvic Examination
Vaginal Fistulae
Culdocentesis
Laparoscopic Examination of Pelvic Viscera
Anesthesia for Childbirth
Lymphatic Drainage of Pelvic Viscera
Perineum
Fasciae and Pouches of Urogenital Triangle
Perineal Fasciae
Superficial Perineal Pouch
Deep Perineal Pouch
Features of Anal Triangle
Ischio-Anal Fossae
Pudendal Canal and Its Neurovascular Bundle
Anal Canal
Clinical Box: Perineum
Pelvic Organ Prolapse
Episiotomy
Rupture of Urethra in Males and Extravasation of Urine
Starvation and Rectal Prolapse
Pectinate Line: A Clinically Important Landmark
Anal Fissures; Ischio-Anal and Peri-Anal Abscesses
Hemorrhoids
Anorectal Incontinence
Male Urogenital Triangle
Distal Male Urethra
Scrotum
Penis
Lymphatic Drainage of Male Perineum
Perineal Muscles of Male
Erection, Emission, Ejaculation, and Remission
Clinical Box: Male Urogenital Triangle
Urethral Catheterization
Distension of Scrotum
Palpation of Testes
Hypospadias
Phimosis, Paraphimosis, and Circumcision
Impotence and Erectile Dysfunction
Female Urogenital Triangle
Female External Genitalia
Lymphatic Drainage of Female Perineum
Perineal Muscles of Female
Clinical Box: Female Urogenital Triangle
Female Genital Cutting
Vulvar Trauma
Infection of Greater Vestibular Glands
Pudendal and Ilio-Inguinal Nerve Blocks
Exercises for Strengthening of Female Perineal Muscles
Vaginismus
Sectional Imaging of Pelvis and Perineum
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Chapter 7: Lower Limb
Overview of Lower Limb
Development of Lower Limb
Bones of Lower Limb
Arrangement of Lower Limb Bones
Hip Bone
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Obturator Foramen
Acetabulum
Anatomical Position of Hip Bone
Femur
Surface Anatomy of Pelvic Girdle and Femur
Patella
Tibia and Fibula
Tibia
Fibula
Surface Anatomy of Tibia and Fibula
Bones of Foot
Tarsus
Metatarsus
Phalanges
Surface Anatomy of Bones of Foot
Clinical Box: Bones of Lower Limb
Lower Limb Injuries
Injuries of Hip Bone
Coxa Vara and Coxa Valga
Dislocated Epiphysis of Femoral Head
Femoral Fractures
Tibial Fractures
Fractures Involving Epiphysial Plates
Fibular Fractures
Bone Grafts
Intraosseous Infusion
Calcaneal Fractures
Fractures of Talar Neck
Fractures of Metatarsals
Os Trigonum
Fracture of Sesamoid Bones
Fascia, Veins, Lymphatics, Efferent Vessels, and Cutaneous Nerves of Lower Limb
Subcutaneous Tissue and Fascia
Fascia Lata
Deep Fascia of Leg
Venous Drainage of Lower Limb
Superficial Veins of Lower Limb
Deep Veins of Lower Limb
Lymphatic Drainage of Lower Limb
Cutaneous Innervation of Lower Limb
Motor Innervation of Lower Limb
Clinical Box: Fascia, Veins, Lymphatics, and Cutaneous Nerves of Lower Limb
Compartment Syndromes and Fasciotomy
Varicose Veins, Thrombosis, and Thrombophlebitis
Saphenous Vein Grafts
Saphenous Cutdown and Saphenous Nerve Injury
Enlarged Inguinal Lymph Nodes
Regional Nerve Blocks of Lower Limbs
Abnormalities of Sensory Function
Posture and Gait
Standing at Ease
Walking: The Gait Cycle
Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh
Organization of Proximal Lower Limb
Anterior Thigh Muscles
Pectineus
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Quadriceps Femoris
Medial Thigh Muscles
Adductor Longus
Adductor Brevis
Adductor Magnus
Gracilis
Obturator Externus
Actions of Adductor Muscle Group
Adductor Hiatus
Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Anteromedial Thigh
Femoral Triangle
Femoral Nerve
Femoral Sheath
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
Adductor Canal
Surface Anatomy of Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh
Clinical Box: Anterior and Medial Regions of Thigh
Hip and Thigh Contusions
Psoas Abscess
Paralysis of Quadriceps
Chondromalacia Patellae
Patellar Fractures
Abnormal Ossifcation of Patella
Patellar Tendon Reflex
Transplantation of Gracilis
Groin Pull
Injury to Adductor Longus
Palpation, Compression, and Cannulation of Femoral Artery
Laceration of Femoral Artery
Potentially Lethal Misnomer
Saphenous Varix
Location of Femoral Vein
Cannulation of Femoral Vein
Femoral Hernias
Replaced or Accessory Obturator Artery
Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
Gluteal Region: Buttocks and Hip Region
Gluteal Ligaments
Muscles of Gluteal Region
Gluteus Maximus
Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus
Tensor Fasciae Latae
Piriformis
Obturator Internus and Gemelli
Quadratus Femoris
Obturator Externus
Posterior Thigh Region
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
Biceps Femoris
Neurovascular Structures of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
Clunial Nerves
Deep Gluteal Nerves
Arteries of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
Veins of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
Lymphatic Drainage of Gluteal and Thigh Regions
Surface Anatomy of Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
Clinical Box: Gluteal and Posterior Thigh Regions
Trochanteric Bursitis
Ischial Bursitis
Hamstring Injuries
Injury to Superior Gluteal Nerve
Anesthetic Block of Sciatic Nerve
Injury to Sciatic Nerve
Intragluteal Injections
Popliteal Fossa and Leg
Popliteal Region
Fascia of Popliteal Fossa
Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Popliteal Fossa
Anterior Compartment of Leg
Organization of Leg
Muscles of Anterior Compartment of Leg
Nerve of Anterior Compartment of Leg
Artery in Anterior Compartment of Leg
Lateral Compartment of Leg
Muscles in Lateral Compartment of Leg
Nerves in Lateral Compartment of Leg
Blood Vessels in Lateral Compartment of Leg
Posterior Compartment of Leg
Superficial Muscle Group in Posterior Compartment
Deep Muscle Group in Posterior Compartment
Nerves in Posterior Compartment
Arteries in Posterior Compartment
Surface Anatomy of Leg
Clinical Box: Popliteal Fossa and Leg
Popliteal Abscess and Tumor
Popliteal Pulse
Popliteal Aneurysm and Hemorrhage
Injury to Tibial Nerve
Containment and Spread of Compartmental Infections in Leg
Tibialis Anterior Strain (Shin Splints)
Fibularis Muscles and Evolution of Human Foot
Injury to Common Fibular Nerve and Footdrop
Deep Fibular Nerve Entrapment
Superfcial Fibular Nerve Entrapment
Fabella in Gastrocnemius
Calcaneal Tendinitis
Ruptured Calcaneal Tendon
Calcaneal Tendon Reflex
Absence of Plantarflexion
Gastrocnemius Strain
Calcaneal Bursitis
Venous Return From Leg
Accessory Soleus
Posterior Tibial Pulse
Foot
Skin and Fascia of Foot
Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue
Deep Fascia of Foot
Muscles of Foot
Neurovascular Structures and Relationships in Foot
Nerves of Foot
Arteries of Foot
Arteries of Sole of Foot
Venous Drainage of Foot
Lymphatic Drainage of Foot
Surface Anatomy of Ankle and Foot Regions
Clinical Box: Foot
Plantar Fasciitis
Infections of Foot
Contusion of Extensor Digitorum Brevis
Sural Nerve Grafts
Anesthetic Block of Superfcial Fibular Nerve
Plantar Reflex
Medial Plantar Nerve Entrapment
Palpation of Dorsalis Pedis Pulse
Hemorrhaging Wounds of Sole of Foot
Lymphadenopathy
Joints of Lower Limb
Hip Joint
Articular Surfaces of Hip Joint
Joint Capsule of Hip Joint
Movements of Hip Joint
Blood Supply of Hip Joint
Nerve Supply of Hip Joint
Knee Joint
Articulations, Articular Surfaces, and Stability of Knee Joint
Joint Capsule of Knee Joint
Extracapsular Ligaments of Knee Joint
Intra-articular Ligaments of Knee Joint
Movements of Knee Joint
Blood Supply of Knee Joint
Innervation of Knee Joint
Bursae Around Knee Joint
Tibiofbular Joints
Tibiofibular Joint
Tibiofibular Syndesmosis
Ankle Joint
Articular Surfaces of Ankle Joint
Joint Capsule of Ankle Joint
Ligaments of Ankle Joint
Movements of Ankle Joint
Blood Supply of Ankle Joint
Nerve Supply of Ankle Joint
Foot Joints
Major Ligaments of Foot
Arches of Foot
Surface Anatomy of Joints of Knee, Ankle, and Foot
Clinical Box: Joints of Lower Limb
Bipedalism and Congruity of Articular Surfaces of Hip Joint
Fractures of Femoral Neck
Surgical Hip Replacement
Necrosis of Femoral Head in Children
Dislocation of Hip Joint
Genu Valgum and Genu Varum
Patellar Dislocation
Patellofemoral Syndrome
Knee Joint Injuries
Arthroscopy of Knee Joint
Aspiration of Knee Joint
Bursitis in Knee Region
Popliteal Cysts
Knee Replacement
Ankle Injuries
Tibial Nerve Entrapment
Hallux Valgus
Hammer Toe
Claw Toes
Pes Planus (Flat Feet)
Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus)
Chapter 8: Head
Overview of Head
Cranium
Facial Aspect of Cranium
Lateral Aspect of Cranium
Occipital Aspect of Cranium
Superior Aspect of Cranium
External Surface of Cranial Base
Internal Surface of Cranial Base
Anterior Cranial Fossa
Middle Cranial Fossa
Posterior Cranial Fossa
Walls of Cranial Cavity
Regions of Head
Clinical Box: Cranium
Head Injuries
Headaches and Facial Pain
Injury to Superciliary Arches
Malar Flush
Fractures of Maxillae and Associated Bones
Fractures of Mandible
Resorption of Alveolar Bone
Fractures of Calvaria
Surgical Access to Cranial Cavity: Bone Flaps
Development of Cranium
Age Changes in Face
Obliteration of Cranial Sutures
Age Changes in Cranium
Craniosynostosis and Cranial
Malformations
Face and Scalp
Face
Scalp
Muscles of Face and Scalp
Muscles of Scalp, Forehead, and Eyebrows
Muscles of Mouth, Lips, and Cheeks
Muscles of Orbital Opening
Muscles of Nose and Ears
Nerves of Face and Scalp
Cutaneous Nerves of Face and Scalp
Ophthalmic Nerve
Maxillary Nerve
Mandibular Nerve
Nerves of Scalp
Motor Nerves of Face
Facial Nerve
Superfcial Vasculature of Face and Scalp
Superficial Arteries of Face
Arteries of Scalp
External Veins of Face
Veins of Scalp
Lymphatic Drainage of Face and Scalp
Surface Anatomy of Face
Clinical Box: Face and Scalp
Facial Lacerations and Incisions
Scalp Injuries
Scalp Wounds
Scalp Infections
Sebaceous Cysts
Cephalohematoma
Flaring of Nostrils
Paralysis of Facial Muscles
Infra-orbital Nerve Block
Mental and Incisive Nerve Blocks
Buccal Nerve Block
Trigeminal Neuralgia
Lesions of Trigeminal Nerve
Herpes Zoster Infection of Trigeminal Ganglion
Testing Sensory Function of CN V
Injuries to Facial Nerve
Compression of Facial Artery
Pulses of Arteries of Face and Scalp
Stenosis of Internal Carotid Artery
Scalp Lacerations
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Lip
Cranial Meninges
Dura Mater
Dural Infoldings or Reflections
Dural Venous Sinuses
Vasculature of Dura Mater
Nerve Supply of Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater and Pia Mater
Meningeal Spaces
Clinical Box: Cranial Cavity and Meninges
Fracture of Pterion
Thrombophlebitis of Facial Vein
Blunt Trauma to Head
Tentorial Herniation
Bulging of Diaphragma Sellae
Occlusion of Cerebral Veins and Dural Venous Sinuses
Metastasis of Tumor Cells to Dural Venous Sinuses
Fractures of Cranial Base
Dural Origin of Headaches
Leptomeningitis
Head Injuries and Intracranial Hemorrhage
Brain
Parts of Brain
Ventricular System of Brain
Ventricles of Brain
Subarachnoid Cisterns
Secretion of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Circulation of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Absorption of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Arterial Blood Supply to Brain
Internal Carotid Arteries
Vertebral Arteries
Cerebral Arteries
Cerebral Arterial Circle
Venous Drainage of Brain
Clinical Box: Brain
Cerebral Injuries
Cisternal Puncture
Hydrocephalus
Leakage of Cerebrospinal Fluid
Anastomoses of Cerebral Arteries and Cerebral Embolism
Variations of Cerebral Arterial Circle
Strokes
Brain Infarction
Transient Ischemic Attacks
Eye, Orbit, Orbital Region, and Eyeball
Orbits
Eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus
Eyelids
Lacrimal Apparatus
Eyeball
Fibrous Layer of Eyeball
Vascular Layer of Eyeball
Inner Layer of Eyeball
Refractive Media and Compartments of Eyeball
Extra-Ocular Muscles of Orbit
Levator Palpebrae Superioris
Movements of Eyeball
Recti and Oblique Muscles
Supporting Apparatus of Eyeball
Nerves of Orbit
Vasculature of Orbit
Arteries of Orbit
Veins of Orbit
Surface Anatomy of Eye and Lacrimal Apparatus
Orbital Region, Orbit, and Eyeball
Fractures of Orbit
Orbital Tumors
Injury to Nerves Supplying Eyelids
Inflammation of Palpebral Glands
Hyperemia of Conjunctiva
Subconjunctival Hemorrhages
Development of Retina
Retinal Detachment
Pupillary Light Reflex
Uveitis
Ophthalmoscopy
Papilledema
Presbyopia and Cataracts
Coloboma of Iris
Glaucoma
Hemorrhage Into Anterior Chamber
Artifcial Eye
Corneal Reflex
Corneal Abrasions and Lacerations
Corneal Ulcers and Transplants
Horner Syndrome
Paralysis of Extra-Ocular Muscles/palsies of Orbital Nerves
Oculomotor Nerve Palsy
Abducent Nerve Palsy
Blockage of Central Retinal Artery
Blockage of Central Retinal Vein
Parotid and Temporal Regions, Infratemporal Fossa, and Temporomandibular Joint
Parotid Region
Parotid Gland
Innervation of Parotid Gland and Related Structures
Temporal Region
Infratemporal Fossa
Temporomandibular Joint
Muscles of Mastication
Neurovasculature of Infratemporal Fossa
Clinical Box: Parotid and Temporal Regions, Infratemporal Fossa, and Temporomandibular Joint
Parotidectomy
Infection of Parotid Gland
Abscess in Parotid Gland
Sialography of Parotid Duct
Blockage of Parotid Duct
Accessory Parotid Gland
Mandibular Nerve Block
Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block
Dislocation of Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Arthritis of TMJ
Oral Region
Oral Cavity
Lips, Cheeks, and Gingivae
Lips and Cheeks
Gingivae
Teeth
Parts and Structure of Teeth
Vasculature of Teeth
Innervation of Teeth
Palate
Hard Palate
Soft Palate
Superficial Features of Palate
Muscles of Soft Palate
Vasculature and Innervation of Palate
Tongue
Parts and Surfaces of Tongue
Muscles of Tongue
Innervation of Tongue
Vasculature of Tongue
Salivary Glands
Submandibular Glands
Clinical Box: Oral Region
Cleft Lip
Cyanosis of Lips
Large Labial Frenulum
Gingivitis
Dental Caries, Pulpitis, and Tooth Abscesses
Supernumerary Teeth (Hyperdontia)
Extraction of Teeth
Dental Implants
Nasopalatine Block
Greater Palatine Block
Cleft Palate
Gag Reflex
Paralysis of Genioglossus
Injury to Hypoglossal Nerve
Sublingual Absorption of Drugs
Lingual Carcinoma
Lingual Frenectomy
Excision of Submandibular Gland and Removal of a Calculus
Sialography of Submandibular Ducts
Pterygopalatine Fossa
Pterygopalatine Part of Maxillary Artery
Maxillary Nerve
Clinical Box: Pterygopalatine Fossa
Transantral Approach to Pterygopalatine Fossa
Nose
External Nose
Skeleton of External Nose
Nasal Septum
Nasal Cavities
Boundaries of Nasal Cavities
Features of Nasal Cavities
Vasculature and Innervation of Nose
Paranasal Sinuses
Frontal Sinuses
Ethmoidal Cells
Sphenoidal Sinuses
Maxillary Sinuses
Clinical Box: The Nose
Nasal Fractures
Deviation of Nasal Septum
Rhinitis
Epistaxis
Sinusitis
Infection of Ethmoidal Cells
Infection of Maxillary Sinuses
Relationship of Teeth to Maxillary Sinus
Transillumination of Sinuses
Ear
External Ear
Auricle
External Acoustic Meatus and Tympanic Membrane
Middle Ear
Walls of Tympanic Cavity
Pharyngotympanic Tube
Auditory Ossicles
Internal Ear
Bony Labyrinth
Membranous Labyrinth
Internal Acoustic Meatus
Clinical Box: Ear
External Ear Injury
Otoscopic Examination
Acute Otitis Externa
Otitis Media
Perforation of Tympanic Membrane
Mastoiditis
Blockage of Pharyngotympanic Tube
Paralysis of Stapedius
Motion Sickness
Dizziness and Hearing Loss
Ménière Syndrome
High-Tone Deafness
Otic Barotrauma
Chapter 9: Neck
Overview
Bones of Neck
Cervical Vertebrae
Hyoid Bone
Bones of Neck
Cervical Pain
Injuries of Cervical Vertebral Column
Fracture of Hyoid Bone
Fascia of Neck
Cervical Subcutaneous Tissue and Platysma
Platysma
Deep Cervical Fascia
Investing Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
Pretracheal Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
Prevertebral Layer of Deep Cervical Fascia
Clinical Box: Cervical Fascia
Paralysis of Platysma
Spread of Infections in Neck
Superficial Structures of Neck: Cervical Regions
Sternocleidomastoid Region
Posterior Cervical Region
Lateral Cervical Region
Muscles in Lateral Cervical Region
Arteries in Lateral Cervical Region
Veins in Lateral Cervical Region
Nerves of Lateral Cervical Region
Lymph Nodes in Lateral Cervical Region
Anterior Cervical Region
Muscles in Anterior Cervical Region
Arteries in Anterior Cervical Region
Nerves in Anterior Cervical Region
Surface Anatomy of Cervical Regions and Triangles of Neck
Superficial Structures of Neck: Cervical Regions
Congenital Torticollis
Spasmodic Torticollis
Subclavian Vein Puncture
Right Cardiac Catheterization
Prominence of External Jugular Vein
Severance of External Jugular Vein
Lesions of Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Severance of Phrenic Nerve, Phrenic Nerve Block, and Phrenic Nerve Crush
Nerve Blocks in Lateral Cervical Region
Injury to Suprascapular Nerve
Ligation of External Carotid Artery
Surgical Dissection of Carotid Triangle
Carotid Occlusion and Endarterectomy
Carotid Pulse
Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity
Role of Carotid Bodies
Internal Jugular Pulse
Internal Jugular Vein Puncture
Deep Structures of Neck
Prevertebral Muscles
Root of Neck
Arteries in Root of Neck
Veins in Root of Neck
Nerves in Root of Neck
Clinical Box: Deep Structures of Neck
Cervicothoracic Ganglion Block
Lesion of Cervical Sympathetic Trunk
Viscera of Neck
Endocrine Layer of Cervical Viscera
Thyroid Gland
Parathyroid Glands
Respiratory Layer of Cervical Viscera
Larynx
Trachea
Alimentary Layer of Cervical Viscera
Pharynx
Esophagus
Surface Anatomy of Endocrine and Respiratory Layers of Cervical Viscera
Lymphatics of Neck
Clinical Box: Viscera and Lymphatics of Neck
Thyroid Ima Artery
Thyroglossal Duct Cysts
Aberrant Thyroid Gland
Accessory Thyroid Glandular Tissue
Pyramidal Lobe of Thyroid Gland
Enlargement of Thyroid Gland
Thyroidectomy
Injury to Recurrent Laryngeal Nerves
Inadvertent Removal of Parathyroid Glands
Fractures of Laryngeal Skeleton
Laryngoscopy
Valsalva Maneuver
Aspiration of Foreign Bodies and Heimlich Maneuver
Cricothyrotomy
Tracheostomy
Injury to Laryngeal Nerves
Superior Laryngeal Nerve Block
Cancer of Larynx
Age Changes in Larynx
Foreign Bodies in Laryngopharynx
Tonsillectomy
Adenoiditis
Branchial Fistula
Branchial Sinuses and Cysts
Esophageal Injuries
Tracheo-Esophageal Fistula
Esophageal Cancer
Zones of Penetrating Neck Trauma
Radical Neck Dissections
Chapter 10: Summary of Cranial Nerves
Overview
Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
Optic Nerve (CN II)
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1)
Maxillary Nerve (CN V2)
Mandibular Nerve (CN V3)
Abducent Nerve (CN VI)
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Somatic (Branchial) Motor
Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor
Somatic (General) Sensory
Special Sensory (Taste)
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Somatic (Branchial) Motor
Visceral (Parasympathetic) Motor
Somatic (General) Sensory
Special Sensory (Taste)
Visceral Sensory
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Spinal Accessory Nerve (XN XI)
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
Clinical Box: Cranial Nerves
Cranial Nerve Injuries
Olfactory Nerve (CN I)
Anosmia: Loss of Smell
Olfactory Hallucinations
Optic Nerve (CN II)
Demyelinating Diseases and Optic Nerves
Optic Neuritis
Visual Field Defects
Oculomotor Nerve (CN III)
Injury to Oculomotor Nerve
Compression of Oculomotor Nerve
Aneurysm of Posterior Cerebral or Superior Cerebellar Artery
Trochlear Nerve (CN IV)
Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)
Injury to Trigeminal Nerve
Dental Anesthesia
Abducent Nerve (CN VI)
Facial Nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear Nerve (CN VIII)
Injuries to Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Deafness
Acoustic Neuroma
Trauma and Vertigo
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (CN IX)
Lesions of Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia
Vagus Nerve (CN X)
Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)
Hypoglossal Nerve (CN XII)
Appendix A: References and Suggested Reading
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
