Clinical Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3rd Edition (3-Volume Set)

COVER......Page 1
ISBN 0721603068......Page 2
Table of Contents......Page 3
1.HISTORY OF MRI......Page 5
2.OVERVIEW OF THE HISTORY OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE......Page 6
3.A GUIDED TOUR OF THE FOURIER TRANSFORM......Page 23
4.DEVELOPMENT OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 27
5.CONCLUSION......Page 38
1.Basic Principles 01......Page 43
2.ORIGIN OF THE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SIGNAL......Page 44
3.BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAGNETIC RESONANCE SIGNAL......Page 55
4.SPATIAL LOCALIZATION OF THE MR SIGNAL TO FORM AN IMAGE......Page 69
5.BASIC FORMS OF IMAGE CONTRAST......Page 93
6.CONCLUSION......Page 101
Practical Considerations and Image optimization......Page 103
THE FACILITY......Page 104
3.PREPARING A PATIENT FOR MRI......Page 113
4.SELECTING AN IMAGING PROTOCOL......Page 117
5.IMAGE ACQUISITION......Page 139
6.HOW TO OPTIMIZE IMAGE QUALITY......Page 150
7.SPECIAL TECHNIQUES......Page 163
1.Instrumentation Magnet, Gradients, and Coils......Page 176
2.INTRODUCTION......Page 179
3.SITING......Page 182
4.MAGNET TECHNOLOGIES......Page 186
5.GRADIENT SUBSYSTEM......Page 201
6.RADIOFREQUENCY SUBSYSTEM......Page 210
7.PULSE SEQUENCE GENERATION......Page 226
8.SYSTEM CALIBRATION......Page 229
1.Pulse Sequence Design......Page 232
2.INTRODUCTION......Page 233
3.SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND PHYSICS......Page 234
4.PULSE SEQUENCE DESIGN......Page 238
5.SOME SPECIFIC PULSE SEQUENCE TYPES......Page 267
6.CONCLUSION......Page 287
1.Biochemical Basis of the MRI Appearance of Cerebral hemorrhage......Page 292
2.BIOCHEMICAL EVOLUTION OF IRON IN CEREBRAL HEMATOMA......Page 293
3.INTEGRITY OF THE BLOOD-BRAIN BARRIER......Page 298
4.RELAXATION MECHANISMS......Page 299
5.SENSITIVITIES OF MRI PULSE SEQUENCES......Page 300
6.FIELD STRENGTH DEPENDENCE......Page 303
7.EVALUATION OF HEMORRHAGE WITH MRI......Page 305
8.CONCLUSION......Page 307
9.APPENDIX Magnetic Properties of Biologic Tissues......Page 311
1.Advanced Imaging Techniques, Including Fast Imaging......Page 316
2.PULSE SEQUENCES FOR FAST IMAGING......Page 317
3.TIME-RESOLVED IMAGING......Page 340
4.METHODS FOR MOTION CORRECTION......Page 358
5.METHODS FOR ALTERING TISSUE CONTRAST......Page 364
1.Parallel Imaging Methods......Page 385
2.HISTORY OF PARALLEL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 386
3.BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PARALLEL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 388
4.PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 394
5.MANUFACTURER IMPLEMENTATIONS......Page 400
6.CLINICAL APPLICATIONS AND IMPACT......Page 402
7.LIMITS OF PARALLEL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 407
8.CONCLUSION......Page 414
1.Basic Principles of Functional MRI......Page 419
2.THE PHYSIOLOGIC BASIS OF fMRI......Page 422
3.THE BOLD EFFECT......Page 431
4.DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF BOLD-fMRI EXPERIMENTS......Page 442
5.ARTIFACTS AND NOISE......Page 451
6.MEASURING CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW, CEREBRAL METABOLIC RATE OF OXYGEN, AND CEREBRAL BLOOD VOLUME......Page 460
7.EXPLORING THE HEMODYNAMIC RESPONSE TO BRAIN ACTIVATION WITH MRI......Page 465
1.Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 483
2.INTRODUCTION......Page 484
3.MATHEMATICAL-PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING......Page 486
4.BASIC PULSE SEQUENCES FOR DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING......Page 488
5.DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING......Page 490
6.DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING BEYOND TENSORS......Page 493
7.DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING IN STROKE......Page 498
8.DIFFUSION IN THE PRESENCE OF PHYSIOLOGIC MOTION......Page 500
9.PULSE SEQUENCES......Page 504
10.EDDY CURRENTS AND CORRECTION SCHEMES......Page 513
11.NONUNIFORMITIES IN DIFFUSION ENCODING......Page 516
12.DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING OUTSIDE THE NEUROCRANIUM......Page 517
13.CONCLUSION AND FUTURE OUTLOOK......Page 528
1.Diffusion-Tensor MR Imaging Fundamentals......Page 535
2.DIFFUSION AND DIFFUSION-TENSOR MRI......Page 536
3.GEOMETRIC REPRESENTATION OF TRANSLATIONAL DIFFUSION IN 3-D......Page 538
4.QUANTITATIVE PARAMETERS PROVIDED BY DTI......Page 542
5.SIZE OF DIFFUSION ELLIPSOID......Page 543
6.SHAPE OF DIFFUSION ELLIPSOID......Page 545
7.ORIENTATION OF DIFFUSION ELLIPSOIDS AND THEIR SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION......Page 547
8.DTI FIBER TRACTOGRAPHY......Page 548
9.DWI ARTIFACTS......Page 550
10.ISSUES IN INFERRING TISSUE MICROSTRUCTURE FROM NMR SIGNAL......Page 552
11.BEYOND DTI......Page 553
12.LONGITUDINAL AND MULTI-SITE STUDIES......Page 554
13.LONGITUDINAL AND MULTI-SITE STUDIES......Page 555
1.Perfusion Imaging of the Brain Contribution to Clinical MRI......Page 559
2.PERFUSION IMAGING WITH CONTRAST AGENTS......Page 561
3.ARTERIAL SPIN LABELING......Page 574
4.CONCLUSION......Page 587
1.Contrast Agents Basic Principles......Page 592
2.HISTORICAL BACKGROUND......Page 593
3.MAGNETIC PROPERTIES AND NUCLEAR RELAXATION......Page 594
4.DISTINCTION BETWEEN T1 AND T2 AGENTS......Page 596
5.GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MRI CONTRAST AGENTS......Page 597
6.T1 AGENTS......Page 599
7.BIODISTRIBUTION......Page 614
8.CHEMICAL EXCHANGE SATURATION TRANSFER......Page 621
9.HYPERPOLARIZED CONTRAST AGENTS......Page 623
10.CONTRAST AGENT USE AT HIGH FIELD......Page 624
1.Tissue-Specific Contrast Agents......Page 628
2.TISSUE SPECIFICITY......Page 629
3.EXPERIMENTAL CONCEPTS......Page 633
4.COST-EFFECTIVENESS AND COMPARISON OF LIVER MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING WITH TISSUE-SPECIFIC CONTRAST MEDIA......Page 682
5.CONCLUSION......Page 683
1.Molecular and Cellular Imaging......Page 699
2.EMERGING OPPORTUNITIES FOR MOLECULAR IMAGING USING MAGNETIC RESONANCE......Page 700
3.CONTRAST AGENTS FOR MOLECULAR IMAGING......Page 701
4.TRANSLATION OF LABORATORY TECHNIQUES......Page 704
5.DELIVERY OF CONTRAST AGENTS......Page 707
6.DETECTION SYSTEMS FOR IMAGING AT THE CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LEVEL......Page 709
7.CLINICAL IMAGING OPPORTUNITIES......Page 711
8.TARGET SITES AND CLINICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 713
9.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES......Page 720
1.Functional Body MRI......Page 723
2.EVALUATION OF PHYSIOLOGIC FUNCTION BY MRI......Page 724
3.EVALUATION OF MECHANICAL FUNCTION......Page 761
4.OTHER RECENT DEVELOPMENTS......Page 769
1.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Basic Principles......Page 785
2.BASICS OF NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE......Page 787
3.CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT, CHEMICAL SHIFT......Page 793
4.DATA ACQUISITION- TIME DOMAIN VERSUS FREQUENCY DOMAIN......Page 800
5.VOLUME SELECTION......Page 809
6.QUANTITATION......Page 817
7.MRS BEYOND N-ACETYL-ASPARTATE......Page 823
1.High-Field Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 844
2.ADVANCES IN MAGNET DESIGN......Page 845
3.THE FIELD DEPENDENCE OF RADIOFREQUENCY INHOMOGENEITIES......Page 846
4.THE FIELD DEPENDENCE OF THE RELAXATION TIMES OF HUMAN TISSUES......Page 848
4.THE IMPACT OF HIGH FIELD ON CONTRAST AGENT RELAXIVITIES AND THEIR CLINICAL EFFICACY......Page 852
5.ANATOMIC AND CLINICAL NEUROIMAGING AT HIGH FIELD......Page 854
6.PERFUSION AND DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE OF THE BRAIN AT HIGH FIELD......Page 855
7.HIGH-FIELD FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 857
8.MUSCULOSKELETAL IMAGING AT HIGH FIELD......Page 858
9.MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE BODY AT HIGH FIELD......Page 859
10.PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY AT HIGH FIELD......Page 869
11.MULTINUCLEAR IMAGING AND SPECTROSCOPY AT HIGH FIELD......Page 872
12.CONCLUSION......Page 875
1.Interventional and Intraoperative Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 883
2.TECHNICAL ASPECTS......Page 884
3.CLINICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 899
4.FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 925
5.CONCLUSION......Page 928
1.MRI-Guided Endovascular Interventions......Page 935
2.REQUIREMENTS FOR ENDOVASCULAR INTERVENTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PROCEDURES......Page 936
3.CATHETER-DIRECTED MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 940
4.DEVICE TRACKING......Page 949
5.INTERVENTIONS......Page 966
6.LIMITATIONS......Page 967
7.CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 976
1.Screening Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 984
2.SCREENING DEFINITIONS AND PREREQUISITES......Page 986
3.WHY SCREENING WITH MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 990
4.MAGNETIC RESONANCE SCREENING TODAY- INDICATIONS AND METHODS......Page 991
5.COMPREHENSIVE MAGNETIC RESONANCE SCREENING PROTOCOLS......Page 1002
6.DECISION STRATEGIES......Page 1008
7.MAGNETIC RESONANCE SCREENING IN THE FUTURE......Page 1010
1.22 Artifacts and Solutions......Page 1014
2.ACQUISITION-RELATED ARTIFACTS......Page 1016
3.PHYSIOLOGY- AND SUBJECT-RELATED ARTIFACTS......Page 1026
4.TECHNIQUE-SPECIFIC ARTIFACTS......Page 1053
5.HARDWARE- AND SOFTWARE-RELATED ARTIFACTS......Page 1094
1.Image Processing Principles, Techniques, and Applications......Page 1111
2.DYNAMIC RANGE ADJUSTMENT AND FILTERS......Page 1112
3.SEGMENTATION......Page 1115
4.THREE-DIMENSIONAL REFORMATTING AND RENDERING......Page 1125
5.CASE STUDIES......Page 1135
6.CONCLUSION......Page 1144
1.Magnetic Resonance Bioeffects, Safety, and Patient management......Page 1147
2.BIOEFFECTS OF STATIC MAGNETIC FIELDS......Page 1148
3.BIOEFFECTS OF GRADIENT MAGNETIC FIELDS......Page 1149
4.ACOUSTIC NOISE......Page 1150
5.BIOEFFECTS OF RADIOFREQUENCY FIELDS......Page 1152
6.MAGNETIC RESONANCE SAFETY AND PATIENT MANAGEMENT......Page 1154
7.MAGNETIC RESONANCE PROCEDURES AND IMPLANTS AND DEVICES......Page 1165
8.CONCLUSION......Page 1175
25.The Magnetic Resonance Imaging Center......Page 1185
1.Measuring the Capacity, Productivity, and Costs of Service of an MRI centre- the service activy costing approach......Page 1196
2.COST ACCOUNTING IN HEALTHCARE......Page 1197
3.COMMONLY USED COSTING SYSTEMS IN HEALTHCARE......Page 1198
4.THE CONCEPT OF ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING......Page 1200
5.ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING IN HEALTHCARE......Page 1201
6.THE PRINCIPLES OF ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING IN MRI......Page 1202
7.APPLICATIONS OF ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING IN RADIOLOGY......Page 1203
8.THE LIMITATIONS OF USING ACTIVITY-BASED COSTING SYSTEMS BASED ON HISTORICAL DATA......Page 1204
9.USING BUDGETED CAPACITY TO ESTIMATE ACTIVITY COSTS AND ACTIVITY COST DRIVER RATES......Page 1206
ABC + CAPACITY COST = SERVICE ACTIVITY COSTING (MEASURING THE TRUE COST OF MRI CAPACITY)......Page 1207
11.LINKING CLINICAL SERVICE LEVELS AND CAPACITY IN A SERVICE ACTIVITY COSTING SYSTEM......Page 1208
12.MEASURING THE PRACTICAL COSTS AT THE LIMIT......Page 1210
13.EXCEEDING THE LIMIT- WHEN DEMAND EXCEEDS THE PRACTICAL CAPACITY......Page 1212
14.APPLYING SERVICE ACTIVITY COSTING TO MEASURE THE SUCCESS OF MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES......Page 1213
15.FROM A SERVICE ACTIVITY COSTING RESOURCE USAGE MODEL TO DECISIONS ABOUT RESOURCE SUPPLY......Page 1217
16.APPENDIX What is a Death Spiral......Page 1218
1. Magnetic Resonance Angiography Basic Principles......Page 1222
2.BEHAVIOR OF BLOOD FLOW......Page 1224
3.TECHNIQUES FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 1227
4.TIME-OF-FLIGHT......Page 1228
5.SEGMENTED k-SPACE ACQUISITIONS......Page 1237
6.PHASE-CONTRAST ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 1241
7.CONTRAST-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 1253
8.TEMPORAL INTERPOLATION SCHEMES......Page 1260
9.DISPLAY AND INTERPRETATION......Page 1261
10.PATTERNS OF BLOOD FLOW AND THEIR APPEARANCE ON MR ANGIOGRAMS......Page 1268
11.SUMMARY......Page 1272
1.Basic Principles and Clinical Applications of Flow Quantification......Page 1277
2.BASIC PRINCIPLES OF PHASE CONTRAST VELOCITY MAPPING......Page 1278
3.CLINICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 1291
4.CONCLUSION......Page 1306
1.Principles and Optimization of Contrast-Enhanced Three-dimentional MRA......Page 1312
2.CONTRAST-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY -THEORY......Page 1313
3.GADOLINIUM CHELATES......Page 1314
4.PULSE SEQUENCE......Page 1315
5.CONTRAST DOSE AND T1......Page 1316
6.FOURIER (k-SPACE) CONSIDERATIONS......Page 1318
7.CONTRAST MATERIAL INJECTION RATE......Page 1319
8.BOLUS TIMING CONSIDERATIONS......Page 1320
9.BEST GUESS TECHNIQUE......Page 1323
10.TEST BOLUS TECHNIQUE......Page 1324
11.MAGNETIC RESONANCE FLUOROSCOPY......Page 1325
12.TEMPORALLY RESOLVED 3D CONTRAST MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 1326
13.ARTIFACTS......Page 1327
14.DETERMINING IMAGING TIME......Page 1330
15.PATIENT PREPARATION......Page 1332
16.CONTRAST INJECTION......Page 1333
17.IMAGING DIFFERENT VASCULAR PHASES......Page 1334
18.POST-PROCESSING AND DISPLAY......Page 1335
19.DIRECT MAGNETIC RESONANCE VENOGRAPHY......Page 1337
20.FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 1341
21.CONCLUSION......Page 1348
1.Magnetic Resonance Angiography Body Applications......Page 1353
2.INDICATIONS AND COMMON APPLICATIONS......Page 1354
3.RUNNING A SUCCESSFUL CLINICAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY SERVICE......Page 1356
4.PRINCIPLES OF BODY MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 1358
5.APPLICATIONS......Page 1372
6.APPENDIX Protocols......Page 1476
1.Magnetic Resonance Venography of the Body......Page 1481
2.IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 1482
3.FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 1492
4.PITFALLS AND ARTIFACTS......Page 1493
5.NORMAL ANATOMY AND ANATOMIC VARIANTS......Page 1495
6.CLINICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 1496
7.CONCLUSION......Page 1508
1.Cardiac Imaging Techniques......Page 1510
2.PULSE SEQUENCES......Page 1512
3.SYNCHRONIZATION STRATEGIES......Page 1518
4.ANATOMIC LOCALIZATION......Page 1522
5.CARDIOVASCULAR MORPHOLOGY......Page 1523
6.CARDIAC FUNCTION AND FLOW......Page 1530
7.PERFUSION......Page 1541
8.CORONARY MR ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 1549
9.CORONARY ARTERY WALL IMAGING......Page 1567
1.Coronary Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 1581
2.CORONARY MRI- TECHNICAL CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS......Page 1582
3.CORONARY MRI ACQUISITION SEQUENCES......Page 1589
4.CORONARY MRI -ADVANCED METHODS......Page 1597
5.CORONARY MRI CLINICAL STUDIES......Page 1613
6.SUMMARY......Page 1629
1.Myocardial Perfusion Imaging......Page 1639
2.CLINICAL INDICATIONS......Page 1650
3.NOVEL THERAPIES......Page 1658
4.MR CONTRAST AGENTS......Page 1659
5.CLINICAL PERFUSION IMAGE INTERPRETATION......Page 1661
6.CLINICAL INTERPRETATION CRITERIA......Page 1665
7.CLINICAL CASES- MR FIRST-PASS PERFUSION IMAGING AT STRESS AND REST......Page 1667
8.FUTURE ASPECTS......Page 1676
1.Assessment of Myocardial Viability......Page 1683
2.DELAYED ENHANCEMENT MRI (DE-MRI) TECHNIQUE......Page 1688
3.PATHOPHYSIOLOGIC VALIDATION......Page 1698
4.PREDICTION OF FUNCTIONAL IMPROVEMENT......Page 1719
5.COMPARISON TO OTHER VIABILITY TECHNIQUES......Page 1727
6.IMPORTANCE OF VISUALIZING BOTH VIABLE AND NONVIABLE MYOCARDIUM......Page 1731
7.CLINICAL IMAGE INTERPRETATION......Page 1736
8.NOVEL APPLICATIONS......Page 1750
9.SUMMARY......Page 1760
1.Valvular Heart Disease......Page 1768
2.STANDARD CVMR EXAMINATION......Page 1769
3.USE OF CVMR IN SPECIFIC CONDITIONS......Page 1783
4.CONCLUSION......Page 1802
1.INTRODUCTION......Page 1806
2.PERICARDIAL DISEASE......Page 1807
3.MYOCARDIAL DISEASE......Page 1813
4.CARDIAC MASSES......Page 1832
5.AORTIC DISEASE......Page 1840
6.CONCLUSION......Page 1847
1.Pediatric Heart Disease......Page 1851
2.INDICATIONS FOR MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING EVALUATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE......Page 1852
3.PATIENT PREPARATION, SEDATION, AND MONITORING......Page 1854
4.PRINCIPLES OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING EVALUATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE......Page 1856
5.MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING EVALUATION OF CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE......Page 1863
6.APPENDIX MRI Scan Protocols......Page 1901
1.Brain Indications, Technique, and Atlas......Page 1909
2.CLINICAL INDICATIONS......Page 1910
3.IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 1912
4.ATLAS......Page 1915
1.Supratentorial Adult Brain Tumors......Page 1937
2.CLASSIFICATION OF BRAIN TUMORS......Page 1938
3.CEREBRAL GLIOMAS......Page 1939
4.LYMPHOMA......Page 1968
5.METASTATIC DISEASE......Page 1972
6.MENINGIOMA......Page 1983
7.HEMANGIOBLASTOMA (see also Chapter 41)......Page 1995
8.PINEAL REGION TUMORS (see also Chapter 58)......Page 1996
9.MEDULLOBLASTOMA (see also Chapter 58)......Page 1999
10.BENIGN CYSTIC MASSES......Page 2000
11.POSTOPERATIVE IMAGING......Page 2009
1.INTRODUCTION......Page 2027
2.PULSE SEQUENCES......Page 2033
3.CRANIAL NERVES......Page 2035
4.INFECTION......Page 2066
5.CEREBROVASCULAR DISEASE......Page 2067
6.CENTRAL PONTINE MYELINOLYSIS......Page 2075
7.INTRA-AXIAL TUMORS......Page 2076
1.Pituitary Gland and Parasellar Region......Page 2091
2.PULSE SEQUENCES AND IMAGING PARAMETERS......Page 2096
3.ANATOMY......Page 2101
4.CLINICAL AND IMAGING CORRELATES OF ANATOMY......Page 2104
5.PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMIC FUNCTION......Page 2106
6.PITUITARY AND HYPOTHALAMIC FUNCTION......Page 2108
7.SUPRASELLAR PATHOLOGY......Page 2130
8.CAVERNOUS SINUS AND PARASELLAR PATHOLOGY......Page 2142
1.Perfusion and MRS for Brain Tumor Diagnosis......Page 2163
2.PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND NEUROCHEMISTRY IN BRAIN TUMOR PERFUSION MRI AND MRS......Page 2164
3.IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND OPTIMIZING PULSE SEQUENCES-TECHNICAL PITFALLS, ARTIFACTS AND LIMITATIONS......Page 2167
4.BRAIN TUMOR MRI PROTOCOL......Page 2172
5.COMBINING CONVENTIONAL MRI WITH PERFUSION AND MRS TO OPTIMIZE DIAGNOSIS......Page 2176
6.CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF PERFUSION MR AND MR SPECTROSCOPY IN BRAIN TUMORS......Page 2178
1.Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases......Page 2238
2.BRAIN ABSCESS......Page 2240
3.MENINGITIS......Page 2246
4.ENCEPHALITIS......Page 2255
5.EXTRA-AXIAL EMPYEMAS......Page 2265
6.CYSTIC LESIONS......Page 2271
7.CONGENITAL INFECTIONS......Page 2281
8.ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME-RELATED INFECTIONS......Page 2288
1.Intracranial Hemorrhage......Page 2311
2.MRI APPEARANCE AND EVOLUTION OF BRAIN HEMORRHAGE......Page 2313
3.INFLUENCE OF PROTEIN CONCENTRATION......Page 2314
4.MAGNETIC STATES OF MATTER......Page 2315
5.EFFECTS OF PARAMAGNETIC SUBSTANCES ON SIGNAL INTENSITY......Page 2316
6.EVOLUTION OF SIGNAL INTENSITY CHANGES ON MR IMAGES......Page 2318
7.USE OF GRADIENT-ECHO PULSE SEQUENCES TO IMPROVE CHARACTERIZATION OF HEMATOMAS......Page 2329
8.EFFECT OF OXYGENATION ON THE APPEARANCE OF HEMORRHAGE......Page 2337
9.EXTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE......Page 2338
10.DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF HEMORRHAGE ON MR IMAGES......Page 2339
11.GENERAL COMMENTS ON SPONTANEOUS BRAIN HEMORRHAGE......Page 2347
12.ETIOLOGY OF HEMORRHAGE BY LOCATION AND ASSOCIATED BRAIN ABNORMALITIES......Page 2353
13.FACTORS INFLUENCING OUTCOME OF INTRACEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE AND THERAPEUTIC IMPLICATIONS......Page 2405
14.CEREBRAL HEMORRHAGE IN NEONATES......Page 2407
15.HEAD TRAUMA AND RELATED HEMORRHAGES (also see Volume 2 Chapter 46)......Page 2412
1.Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Acute Head Injury......Page 2438
2.DIAGNOSTIC COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR HEAD INJURY PATIENTS......Page 2439
3.MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING PULSE SEQUENCES, TECHNIQUES, AND STRATEGIES......Page 2444
4.MECHANISMS OF INJURY......Page 2453
5.CLASSIFICATION OF HEAD INJURY......Page 2454
1.Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Epilepsy......Page 2482
2.MRI IDENTIFIED EPILEPSY SUBSTRATES......Page 2487
3.IMAGING ISSUES......Page 2528
4.ADVANCED TECHNIQUES......Page 2532
1.Practical Clinical Applications of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 2543
2.EQUIPMENT (see also Chapter 9)......Page 2544
3.PATIENT SELECTION AND PREPARATION......Page 2547
4.TYPICAL PARADIGMS......Page 2549
5.IMAGE PROCESSING FOR CLINICAL APPLICATIONS (see also Chapter 9)......Page 2560
6.INTEGRATING FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING INTO PICTURE ARCHIVING AND COMMUNICATING SYSTEMS......Page 2563
7.INTERPRETATION......Page 2566
8.APPLICATIONS OF FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN NEUROSURGERY......Page 2568
9.FUTURE OF CLINICAL FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 2570
1.Aneurysms and Central Nervous System Vascular Malformations......Page 2574
2.INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS......Page 2575
3.VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS......Page 2608
4.VASCULAR COMPRESSION OF THE FACIAL OR TRIGEMINAL NERVE......Page 2637
5.VASCULAR ANOMALIES......Page 2640
1.Stroke and Cerebral Ischemia......Page 2651
2.STROKE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY......Page 2652
3.VASCULAR ANATOMY......Page 2656
4.ISCHEMIC STROKE CATEGORIES......Page 2661
5.CONVENTIONAL MR TECHNIQUES......Page 2673
6.DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING......Page 2677
7.PERFUSION MRI IN ACUTE STROKE......Page 2688
8.MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 2694
9.CEREBRAL VENOUS THROMBOSIS......Page 2696
10.STROKE MIMICS......Page 2700
11.TREATMENT OF ACUTE ISCHEMIC STROKE......Page 2703
12.CONCLUSION......Page 2705
1.Diffusion and Perfusion MRI......Page 2716
2.DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING......Page 2717
3.PERFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING......Page 2722
4.CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF DIFFUSION AND PERFUSION IMAGING......Page 2725
5.THE ROLE OF MRI IN CLINICAL TRIALS......Page 2747
6.CONCLUSIONS......Page 2752
1.MR Angiography of the Head and Neck......Page 2763
2.TIME-OF-FLIGHT MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUES......Page 2764
3.PHASE-BASED MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY- MEASURING VELOCITY AND FLOW RATE......Page 2776
4.THREE-DIMENSIONAL PHASE-CONTRAST IMAGING......Page 2782
5.CONTRAST-ENHANCED MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 2791
6.CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA DUE TO FLOW-RESTRICTIVE EXTRACRANIAL LESIONS......Page 2798
7.FLOW FEATURES OF VASCULAR MALFORMATIONS......Page 2812
8.INTRACRANIAL ANEURYSMS AND FLOW CHARACTERISTICS......Page 2816
9.VENOUS DISEASES AND FLOW......Page 2823
10.CONCLUSION......Page 2829
1.Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Tractography of the Brain......Page 2836
2.EXAMINATION TECHNIQUES......Page 2837
3.NORMAL ANATOMY OF THE HUMAN BRAIN......Page 2839
4.NORMAL BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND AGING......Page 2843
5.CLINICAL APPLICATIONS......Page 2848
1.White Matter Disease......Page 2861
2.NORMAL WHITE MATTER......Page 2862
3.AGING EFFECTS ON THE WHITE MATTER......Page 2863
4.MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS......Page 2877
5.INFECTIOUS AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS (see also Chapter 44)......Page 2898
6.HEREDITARY METABOLIC DISORDERS (see also Chapter 56)......Page 2912
7.ACQUIRED TOXIC-METABOLIC DISORDERS (see also Chapter 56)......Page 2913
8.RADIATION INJURY (see also Chapter 56)......Page 2932
9.TRAUMATIC SHEAR INJURIES (see also Chapter 46)......Page 2939
10.DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 2940
1.Neurodegenerative Disorders......Page 2961
2.NORMAL AGING BRAIN......Page 2962
3.DEMENTIA......Page 2963
4.DISORDERS WITH PROMINENT MOTOR DISABILITY......Page 2977
5.HYDROCEPHALUS......Page 2987
6.MESIAL TEMPORAL SCLEROSIS (see also Chapter 47)......Page 3007
1.OVERVIEW......Page 3017
2.IMAGING OF NEURODEGENERATION......Page 3019
3.COMMON METABOLIC-CONGENITAL NEURODEGENERATIVE DISORDERS......Page 3021
4.TOXIC-SYSTEMIC DISORDERS WITH CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM INVOLVEMENT......Page 3064
1.Developmental Disorders......Page 3108
2.TECHNIQUE......Page 3109
3.STAGES OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT......Page 3112
4.DEVELOPMENTAL ANOMALIES......Page 3119
1.INTRODUCTION......Page 3214
2.PINEAL REGION TUMORS......Page 3220
2.POSTERIOR FOSSA TUMORS (see also Chapter 41)......Page 3226
4.TUMORS OF THE DIENCEPHALON AND OPTIC PATHWAYS......Page 3240
5.SELLAR-SUPRASELLAR TUMORS......Page 3247
6.BENIGN SUPERFICIAL CEREBRAL NEOPLASMS......Page 3252
7.SUPRATENTORIAL MALIGNANT TUMORS......Page 3262
8.INTRAVENTRICULAR TUMORS......Page 3264
9.BRAIN TUMORS IN INFANTS......Page 3266
1.Pediatric Anoxic-Ischemic Injury......Page 3273
2.GLOBAL ANOXIC-ISCHEMIC INJURY......Page 3274
3.FOCAL INFARCTION......Page 3304
1.Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Neuropsychiatric Disorders......Page 3316
2.BASIC PRINCIPLES OF THE FUNCTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING INVESTIGATION (see also chapter 9)......Page 3318
3.SUBSTANCE USE DISORDERS......Page 3320
4.DEMENTING DISORDERS......Page 3327
5.SCHIZOPHRENIA......Page 3337
6.ANXIETY DISORDERS......Page 3342
7.AFFECTIVE DISORDERS......Page 3353
8.GENERAL COMMENTS......Page 3359
1.Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Brain- Neurospectroscopy......Page 3368
2.CURRENT CLINICAL USES OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY......Page 3390
3.PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS- CHEMICAL-SHIFT IMAGING VERSUS SINGLE VOXEL......Page 3462
4.QUALITY CONTROL, AUTOMATION, CLINICAL TRIALS, AND ADDED VALUE OF MRS......Page 3464
5.HAS NEUROSPECTROSCOPY A FUTURE......Page 3468
SUMMARY-WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED......Page 3469
1.ORBIT......Page 3484
2.ORBITAL PATHOLOGY......Page 3489
3.GLOBE......Page 3565
4.OCULAR PATHOLOGY......Page 3572
1.Skull Base and Temporal Bone......Page 3589
2.IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 3590
3.SKULL BASE......Page 3595
4.TEMPORAL BONE AND POSTEROLATERAL SKULL BASE......Page 3654
5.POSTOPERATIVE SKULL BASE......Page 3692
6.DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 3694
7.CONCLUSION......Page 3702
1.Paranasal Sinuses and Nasal Cavity......Page 3706
2.NORMAL ANATOMY AND ANATOMIC VARIATIONS1-3......Page 3707
3.MRI PROTOCOL FOR THE PARANASAL SINUSES......Page 3712
4.PATHOLOGY......Page 3713
1.Nasopharynx and Deep Facial Compartments......Page 3747
2.HISTORICAL SUBDIVISIONS......Page 3748
3.TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 3750
4.ANATOMY......Page 3754
5.PATHOLOGY......Page 3763
6.SLEEP APNEA......Page 3809
7.POSTOPERATIVE AND POSTIRRADIATION CHANGES......Page 3815
8.BIOPSY AND INTERVENTIONAL MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 3817
1.INTRODUCTION......Page 3822
2.TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 3825
3.THE LOWER FACE......Page 3826
4.THE SALIVARY GLANDS......Page 3865
5.POST-SURGICAL AND POST-RADIATION CHANGE......Page 3878
1.TECHNIQUE......Page 3881
2.HYPOPHARYNX AND LARYNX......Page 3882
3.LYMPH NODES......Page 3895
4.THYROID GLAND......Page 3899
5.PARATHYROID GLANDS......Page 3907
6.NEUROGENIC TUMORS......Page 3908
7.CONGENITAL ANOMALIES......Page 3910
68. SPINE ATLAS......Page 3921
1.Spinal Cord and Intradural Disease......Page 3952
2.SPINAL CORD DISEASE (INTRAMEDULLARY)......Page 3955
3.INTRADURAL EXTRAMEDULLARY DISEASE......Page 3991
1.Degenerative Disease......Page 4016
2.EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE......Page 4017
3.INTERVERTEBRAL DISK DISEASE......Page 4019
4.SPONDYLOSIS......Page 4057
5.SPINAL STENOSIS......Page 4066
6.SPONDYLOLISTHESIS......Page 4079
1.Positional and Kinetic Spine Imaging......Page 4097
2.THE STAND-UP™ MRI SYSTEM......Page 4098
3.APPLICATIONS......Page 4099
4.CONCLUSIONS......Page 4132
1.Postoperative Lumbosacral Spine......Page 4141
2.FAILED BACK SURGERY SYNDROME......Page 4142
3.EXAMINATION TECHNIQUE......Page 4143
4.NORMAL POSTOPERATIVE SPINE......Page 4146
5.POSTOSTEOPLASTY APPEARANCE......Page 4147
6.RECURRENT DISK HERNIATION VERSUS EPIDURAL SCARRING......Page 4148
7.HISTOPATHOLOGY OF SCAR......Page 4170
8.HISTOPATHOLOGY OF INTERVERTEBRAL DISK HERNIATION......Page 4173
9.MECHANISM OF CONTRAST ENHANCEMENT OF POSTOPERATIVE EPIDURAL SOFT-TISSUES......Page 4176
10.POSTOPERATIVE COMPLICATIONS......Page 4177
11.CONCLUSION......Page 4192
1.Pediatric Spine Congenital and Developmental Disorders......Page 4196
2.FORMATION OF THE SPINAL CORD......Page 4197
3.FORMATION OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN......Page 4199
4.TERMINOLOGY......Page 4201
5.IMAGING THE PEDIATRIC SPINE......Page 4202
6.ANOMALIES OF NOTOCHORD FORMATION......Page 4207
7.ANOMALIES OF PREMATURE DYSJUNCTION......Page 4213
8.ANOMALIES OF NONDYSJUNCTION......Page 4215
9.ANOMALIES OF THE CAUDAL CELL MASS......Page 4231
10.ANOMALIES OF UNKNOWN ORIGIN......Page 4244
11.CRANIOCERVICAL ANOMALIES......Page 4253
12.IDIOPATHIC SCOLIOSIS......Page 4257
13.CONGENITAL SCOLIOSIS AND KYPHOSIS......Page 4258
14.SCHEUERMANN'S DISEASE......Page 4259
1.Vertebral and Paravertebral Abnormalities......Page 4270
2.MR IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 4271
3.BONE MARROW DISEASE......Page 4273
4.IMAGING OF BENIGN OSTEOPOROTIC AND PATHOLOGIC MALIGNANT FRACTURES......Page 4281
5.TUMORS OF THE SPINE......Page 4282
6.SACRAL LESIONS......Page 4310
7.PARASPINAL MASSES......Page 4319
8.SPINAL INFECTIONS......Page 4328
9.SPINAL TRAUMA......Page 4348
1.Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Peripheral Nervous System......Page 4369
2.TECHNIQUE......Page 4370
3.ANATOMY......Page 4380
4.PATHOLOGY OF PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASE......Page 4398
5.MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN SPECIFIC CATEGORIES OF PERIPHERAL NERVE DISEASES......Page 4404
6.LIMITATIONS OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE NERVE IMAGING......Page 4439
7.FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 4440
8.FUTURE DIRECTIONS......Page 4441
9.APPENDIX MRI Scan Protocols......Page 4442
1.INTRODUCTION......Page 4457
2.GREAT VESSELS......Page 4458
3.LUNG CANCER AND OTHER NEOPLASMS OF THE LUNG......Page 4476
4.MEDIASTINUM......Page 4480
5.PLEURA......Page 4486
6.DIAPHRAGM......Page 4487
7.CHEST WALL AND THORACIC OUTLET......Page 4488
8.PULMONARY FUNCTIONAL IMAGING......Page 4489
1.INTRODUCTION......Page 4511
2.PREOPERATIVE STAGING......Page 4512
3.NEOADJUVANT CHEMOTHERAPY RESPONSE......Page 4524
4.ASSESSMENT OF RESIDUAL DISEASE......Page 4525
5.TUMOR RECURRENCE AT THE LUMPECTOMY SITE......Page 4531
6.OCCULT PRIMARY BREAST CANCER......Page 4532
7.HIGH-RISK SCREENING......Page 4536
8.SENSITIVITY AND SPECIFICITY......Page 4538
9.BREAST MRI ANALYSIS......Page 4539
10.HORMONE-RELATED ENHANCEMENT......Page 4550
11.BREAST MRI PROGRAM......Page 4553
12.CONCLUSION......Page 4563
1.Breast Implants......Page 4567
2.CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 4569
3.SILICONE CHEMISTRY AND IMPLANT CONSTRUCTION......Page 4584
4.PRINCIPLES OF BREAST IMPLANT MR IMAGING......Page 4588
5.NORMAL AND ABNORMAL MR IMAGING APPEARANCES OF BREAST IMPLANTS......Page 4590
6.ARTIFACTS......Page 4607
7.BREAST IMPLANT FINDINGS IN BREAST CANCER MR IMAGING......Page 4617
1.MR Cholangiopancreatography......Page 4626
2.MRCP TECHNIQUES AND IMAGING PROTOCOLS......Page 4630
3.DIAGNOSTIC PITFALLS OF MRCP INTERPRETATION......Page 4633
4.NORMAL BILIARY ANATOMY......Page 4644
5.ANATOMIC VARIANTS......Page 4650
6.BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION......Page 4653
7.BENIGN CAUSES OF BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION......Page 4655
8.CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF BILE DUCTS......Page 4681
9.INFECTIONS OF BILIARY TREE......Page 4691
10.OTHER PARASITIC INFECTIONS OF BILE DUCTS......Page 4694
11.NEOPLASTIC CAUSES OF BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION......Page 4695
12.PRE- AND POST-SURGICAL EVALUATION OF BILIARY TREE......Page 4718
1.Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Gallbladder......Page 4741
2.NORMAL ANATOMY......Page 4742
3.IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 4743
4.NORMAL APPEARANCES OF THE GALLBLADDER......Page 4744
5.DISEASES OF THE GALLBLADDER......Page 4747
6.FUNCTIONAL EVALUATION OF THE GALLBLADDER......Page 4758
1.Focal Liver Lesions......Page 4769
2.BENIGN LESIONS......Page 4771
3.MALIGNANT LESIONS......Page 4800
4.INFECTIOUS PARENCHYMAL LESIONS......Page 4824
5.CONCLUSION......Page 4834
1.Diffuse Liver Disease......Page 4840
2.FATTY LIVER......Page 4841
3.IRON OVERLOAD......Page 4845
4.CIRRHOSIS......Page 4857
5.HEPATIC NODULES ASSOCIATED WITH CIRRHOSIS......Page 4882
6.WILSON'S DISEASE......Page 4897
7.PRIMARY SCLEROSING CHOLANGITIS......Page 4898
8.HEPATIC VASCULAR DISEASE......Page 4910
1.Liver Transplantation......Page 4924
2.CLINICAL BACKGROUND......Page 4925
3.MR IMAGING EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS......Page 4928
4.MR IMAGING EVALUATION OF POTENTIAL LIVING LIVER DONORS......Page 4938
5.FOLLOW-UP OF LIVER TRANSPLANT RECIPIENTS......Page 4947
1.Pancreas......Page 4961
2.TECHNIQUES......Page 4962
3.PANCREATIC ANATOMY......Page 4965
4.MRI APPEARANCE OF THE NORMAL PANCREAS......Page 4966
5.DISEASE ENTITIES......Page 4967
6.CONCLUSION......Page 5014
1.Bowel, Peritoneum, Mesentery, and Omentum......Page 5022
2.GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 5023
3.TECHNIQUES AND PROTOCOLS......Page 5024
4.MAGNETIC RESONANCE ENTEROCLYSIS......Page 5031
5.INFLAMMATORY DISEASES......Page 5035
6.FUNCTIONAL DISEASES......Page 5060
7.INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT......Page 5064
8.DEPOSITION DISEASES AND MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES......Page 5075
9.BENIGN MASSES......Page 5085
10.MALIGNANCY......Page 5097
11.THE PERITONEUM, MESENTERY, AND OMENTUM......Page 5138
12.ANATOMY......Page 5139
13.TECHNIQUES AND PROTOCOLS......Page 5153
14.NORMAL VARIANTS AND CONGENITAL DISEASES......Page 5158
15.MESENTERIC ISCHEMIA......Page 5163
16.BENIGN MASSES......Page 5169
17.INFLAMMATION......Page 5174
18.MALIGNANT DISEASES......Page 5195
1.Kidneys......Page 5237
2.MR TECHNIQUE......Page 5239
3.MR CHARACTERIZATION OF RENAL MASSES......Page 5249
4.MALIGNANT RENAL MASSES......Page 5258
5.BENIGN RENAL MASSES......Page 5289
6.RENAL NEOPLASMS IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION......Page 5311
7.PSEUDOMASSES......Page 5315
8.FAMILIAL RENAL NEOPLASMS......Page 5316
9.RENAL CYSTIC DISEASES......Page 5321
10.MEDULLARY SPONGE KIDNEY......Page 5331
11.UROLITHIASIS......Page 5332
12.INFECTIONS......Page 5336
13.REFLUX NEPHROPATHY AND CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS......Page 5340
14.HEMORRHAGE AND TRAUMA......Page 5342
15.VASCULAR PATHOLOGY......Page 5343
16.DIFFUSE RENAL DISEASES......Page 5345
17.URETEROPELVIC JUNCTION OBSTRUCTION AND CROSSING VESSELS......Page 5350
18.RENAL TRANSPLANT......Page 5351
1.Adrenal Glands......Page 5374
2.IMAGING TECHNIQUE......Page 5376
3.ADRENOCORTICAL ADENOMA......Page 5377
4.ADRENAL MYELOLIPOMA......Page 5383
5.ADRENOCORTICAL CARCINOMA......Page 5386
6.PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA......Page 5389
7.NEUROBLASTOMA......Page 5399
8.METASTASES TO THE ADRENAL GLANDS......Page 5402
9.ADRENAL LYMPHOMA......Page 5404
10.INFLAMMATORY ADRENAL MASSES......Page 5405
11.ADRENAL HEMORRHAGE......Page 5408
12.ADRENAL CYST AND PSEUDOCYST......Page 5415
13.ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA......Page 5417
14.ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY......Page 5420
1.Urinary Bladder Cancer......Page 5428
2.NORMAL ANATOMY......Page 5429
3.URINARY BLADDER CANCER......Page 5431
4.RADIOLOGIC EXAMINATION......Page 5434
5.BLADDER CANCER STAGING......Page 5445
6.NEW MRI TECHNIQUES......Page 5453
7.SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS......Page 5455
introduction......Page 5461
TECHNIQUE OF PROSTATE MR IMAGING......Page 5466
TECHNIQUE OF PROSTATE MR SPECTROSCOPIC IMAGING......Page 5468
ANATOMY OF THE PROSTATE......Page 5480
MRI AND MRSI OF PROSTATE CANCER......Page 5490
conclusion......Page 5499
1.Scrotum and Testes......Page 5506
2.IMAGING TECHNIQUE......Page 5507
3.ANATOMY......Page 5508
4.PATHOLOGY......Page 5515
5.CRYPTORCHIDISM......Page 5548
6.USE OF INTRAVENOUS CONTRAST MEDIUM......Page 5559
7.DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 5560
8.CONCLUSION......Page 5562
1.Malignant Disorders of the Female Pelvis......Page 5566
2.ENDOMETRIAL CANCER......Page 5568
3.UTERINE SARCOMA......Page 5575
4.CERVICAL CARCINOMA......Page 5580
5.ADNEXAL MASSES......Page 5588
6.LOCAL RECURRENCE......Page 5609
1.Benign Conditions of the Female Pelvis......Page 5614
2.NORMAL ANATOMY AND AGE-RELATED PHYSIOLOGIC ALTERATIONS......Page 5615
3.PELVIC MRI TECHNIQUE......Page 5629
4.CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF THE UTERUS......Page 5634
5.BENIGN CONDITIONS OF THE VAGINA......Page 5649
6.BENIGN CONDITIONS OF THE UTERINE CERVIX......Page 5653
7.BENIGN CONDITIONS OF THE UTERINE CORPUS......Page 5659
8.BENIGN CONDITIONS OF THE OVARIES......Page 5688
9.OTHER BENIGN CONDITIONS OF THE PELVIS......Page 5709
10.CONCLUSION......Page 5716
1.Pelvic Floor Imaging......Page 5726
2.PELVIC FLOOR......Page 5727
3.URETHRA......Page 5737
1.Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 5756
2.SAFETY OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING IN PREGNANCY......Page 5757
3.CONDITIONS UNIQUE TO PREGNANCY THAT MAY REQUIRE MRI......Page 5759
4.FETAL IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 5762
5.NORMAL FETAL ANATOMY......Page 5764
6.FETAL ANOMALIES......Page 5770
7.MAGNETIC RESONANCE VOLUMETRY......Page 5793
8.ARTIFACTS......Page 5795
9.FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS......Page 5797
10.CONCLUSION......Page 5800
1.Pediatric Body Applications of MRI......Page 5804
2.TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS......Page 5805
3.CHEST......Page 5808
4.ABDOMEN......Page 5810
5.PELVIS......Page 5841
1.Musculoskeletal MRI Techniques......Page 5864
2.OBJECTIVES FOR OPTIMIZATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL PROTOCOLS......Page 5865
3.PATIENT SETUP......Page 5866
4.LOCAL COILS......Page 5870
5.PULSE SEQUENCES......Page 5877
6.IMAGING PARAMETERS......Page 5902
7.MR ARTHROGRAPHY......Page 5906
1.MR Arthrography......Page 5922
2.INTRODUCTION......Page 5923
3.PREPARATION OF THE DILUTE SOLUTION OF GADOLINIUM FOR INJECTION......Page 5924
4.COMPLICATIONS......Page 5928
5.COMMON PITFALLS IN INTERPRETATION......Page 5929
6.THE SHOULDER......Page 5931
7.THE WRIST......Page 5954
8.THE ANKLE......Page 5961
9.THE ELBOW......Page 5966
10.THE HIP......Page 5970
11.THE KNEE......Page 5975
12.INDIRECT MR ARTHROGRAPHY......Page 5979
13.CONCLUSION......Page 5982
1.Functional Assessment of the Joints Using Kinematic MRI......Page 5989
2.GENERAL ASPECTS OF KINEMATIC MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING......Page 5990
3.TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT......Page 5992
4.PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT......Page 6002
5.ANKLE......Page 6013
6.WRIST......Page 6017
7.CERVICAL SPINE......Page 6021
8.SHOULDER......Page 6026
9.LUMBAR SPINE......Page 6031
1.Shoulder......Page 6037
2.TECHNICAL FACTORS......Page 6038
3.ROTATOR CUFF DISEASE......Page 6071
4.SHOULDER INSTABILITY......Page 6116
5.POSTOPERATIVE SHOULDER......Page 6142
6.OTHER DISORDERS......Page 6156
1.Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Elbow......Page 6190
2.IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 6191
3.ELBOW ANATOMY......Page 6192
3.ELBOW PATHOLOGY......Page 6197
4.CONCLUSION......Page 6249
1.wrist and hand......Page 6252
2.TECHNIQUE......Page 6253
3.ANATOMY......Page 6257
4.WRIST ABNORMALITIES......Page 6279
1.Hip......Page 6363
2.NORMAL ANATOMY......Page 6364
3.MRI TECHNIQUE......Page 6366
4.FEMORAL HEAD PATHOLOGY......Page 6367
5.FRACTURES AND STRESS INJURIES......Page 6381
6.BONE MARROW EDEMA ASSOCIATED WITH NEOPLASM......Page 6410
7.MUSCLE INJURIES......Page 6414
8.SYNOVIAL DISORDERS......Page 6424
9.ACETABULAR LABRAL TEARS......Page 6432
1.Knee......Page 6443
2.THE POSTOPERATIVE KNEE......Page 6445
3.MAGNETIC RESONANCE ANGIOGRAPHY......Page 6447
4.LIGAMENTS......Page 6449
5.MENISCI......Page 6461
6.OSTEOCHONDRITIS DISSECANS......Page 6481
7.CARTILAGE......Page 6483
8.PATELLOFEMORAL JOINT......Page 6491
9.CONCLUSION......Page 6499
1.Ankle and Foot......Page 6508
2.NORMAL ANATOMY......Page 6511
3.LIGAMENTOUS INJURIES......Page 6527
4.TENDON LESIONS......Page 6538
5.BONE LESIONS......Page 6547
6.COMPRESSIVE NEUROPATHIES......Page 6550
7.SYNOVIAL DISORDERS......Page 6552
8.MISCELLANEOUS CONDITIONS......Page 6554
9.BONE AND SOFT-TISSUE TUMORS......Page 6559
10.CONCLUSION......Page 6561
1.Temporomandibular Joint......Page 6564
2.IMAGING METHODS......Page 6566
3.MRI IMAGING PROTOCOL......Page 6567
4.NORMAL ANATOMY ON MRI......Page 6568
5.INTERNAL DERANGEMENTS......Page 6569
6.TRAUMA......Page 6573
7.ARTHRITIS......Page 6574
8.SYNOVIAL CHONDROMATOSIS......Page 6585
9.GANGLION CYST......Page 6586
10.POSTOPERATIVE CHANGES......Page 6587
1.Muscle......Page 6588
2.OVERVIEW OF TECHNIQUES FOR IMAGING MUSCLE......Page 6589
3.TECHNICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR MRI......Page 6590
4.NORMAL ANATOMY......Page 6595
5.NORMAL VARIATIONS IN MUSCLES......Page 6596
6.PATHOLOGIC CONDITIONS......Page 6601
7.DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS......Page 6621
8.CONCLUSION......Page 6622
1.Bone and Soft-tissue Tumors......Page 6636
2.APPROACH TO MR IMAGING OF MUSCULOSKELETAL MASSES......Page 6639
3.ROUTINE MR MASS PROTOCOL......Page 6642
4.DIFFUSION-WEIGHTED IMAGING......Page 6648
5.BONE TUMORS......Page 6651
6.SOFT-TISSUE TUMORS......Page 6661
7.TUMOR STAGING......Page 6689
8.BIOPSY......Page 6698
9.FOLLOW-UP......Page 6700
10.SUMMARY......Page 6706
1.Bone Marrow......Page 6715
2.TECHNIQUE FOR IMAGING......Page 6716
3.NORMAL MARROW ANATOMY......Page 6720
4.NORMAL MARROW IMAGING......Page 6723
5.MARROW PATHOLOGY......Page 6732
1.Cartilage imaging......Page 6774
2.STRUCTURE AND BIOCHEMISTRY OF ARTICULAR CARTILAGE......Page 6775
3.MR OF NORMAL ARTICULAR CARTILAGE......Page 6777
4.CONVENTIONAL MR IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 6781
5.MR OF CARTILAGE INJURY......Page 6786
6.MR OF POSTOPERATIVE ARTICULAR CARTILAGE......Page 6797
7.ADVANCED MR IMAGING TECHNIQUES......Page 6801
8.SUMMARY......Page 6812
1.Pediatric Musculoskeletal System......Page 6818
2.TECHNIQUE......Page 6819
3.INFECTION AND INFLAMMATION......Page 6826
4.SYNOVIAL DISORDERS......Page 6834
5.TRAUMA......Page 6837
6.DEVELOPMENTAL DYSPLASIA OF THE HIP......Page 6849
7.TUMORS AND TUMOR-LIKE CONDITIONS......Page 6853
8.BONE MARROW DISORDERS......Page 6865
9.TARSAL COALITIONS......Page 6872
1.Synovium......Page 6879
2.SYNOVIAL ANATOMY......Page 6880
3.MR IMAGING CONSIDERATIONS......Page 6882
4.GENERAL SYNOVIAL ABNORMALITIES......Page 6883
5.SPECIFIC SYNOVIAL ABNORMALITIES......Page 6891
1.Extremity Scanners......Page 6919
2.THE SCANNERS......Page 6920
3.IMPLEMENTATION......Page 6948
4.SUMMARY......Page 6951
5.APPENDIX MRI Scan Protocols......Page 6952