Clinical Immunology not only introduces the reader to the human immune system, it also covers immunology from clinical manifestation to therapeutic approaches in a wide range of conditions. Each chapter describes an introduction, the clinical manifestations, the immunopathogenesis, diagnosis, lab tests and therapeutic approaches. The book guides clinicians, researchers and students to a better understanding of the matters of immunologic-based diseases that can lead to better decision-making for patients.
Because of the growing knowledge regarding the function of immune system in health and disease conditions, clinicians, researchers and students increasingly require an exclusive scientific reference to guide them on matters of immunologic-based diseases. Accordingly, despite the existence of numerous high quality references in basic and cellular/molecular immunology which deeply explain different immunologic mechanisms, there is still a knowledge gap in the field of clinical immunology.
Author(s): Nima Rezaei
Publisher: Academic Press
Year: 2022
Language: English
Pages: 697
City: London
Front cover
Half title
Full title
Copyright
Dedication
CONTENTS
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1 - The immune system
Introduction
Humoral and cellular immunity
Lymphocytes and their specific receptors
Memory
Self-tolerance
Cells of the immune system
Granulocytes
Monocytes/macrophages
Antigen-presenting cells
Dendritic cells (DCs)
Lymphocytes
Primary lymphoid organs
Secondary lymphoid organs
Innate immunity
Recognition of microbes in the context of innate immune system
Cellular component of innate immunity
Humoral components of innate immunity
Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and antigen presentation
The phenomenon of MHC restriction
MHC structure
MHC I structure
MHC II structure
MHC presentation
MHC I processing and presentation pathway
MHC II processing and presentation pathway
Cross-presentation
B lymphocytes
B lymphocyte development
B cell subsets
B cell activation
Plasma cell differentiation
Memory B cell
Effector functions of antibodies
T lymphocytes
T cell development
T cell activation
CD4+ T cells effector functions
CD8+ T cells effector functions
γδ T cells
NKT cells
MAIT cells
Mechanisms of tolerance
T cell tolerance
B cell tolerance
Apoptosis
References
Chapter 2 - Asthma and Allergy
Introduction
Asthma
Definition and classifications
Epidemiology and risk factors
Etiology and pathogenesis
Etiology
Genetics
Epigenetics
Viral infections
Pathogenesis
Inflammation
Tissue remodeling
IgE
Mast cells
Eosinophils
Epithelium
Clinical features
History
Clinical findings
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
GINA guidelines
Patients >11 years old
Patients between 6 and 11 years old
Novel therapies
Non-pharmacological treatments
Severe and difficult to treat asthma cases
Management of asthma exacerbations
Allergic rhinitis
Definition
Epidemiology and risk factors
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Allergic conjunctivitis
Definition
Epidemiology
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Urticaria and angioedema
Definition and classification
Definition
Classification
Acute urticaria
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU)
Chronic inducible urticaria (CInU)
Acquired angioedema (AAE)
Idiopathic histaminergic acquired angioedema (IH-AAE)
Idiopathic non-histaminergic acquired angioedema (InH-AAE)
Acquired angioedema related to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI-AAE)
Acquired angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH-AAE)
Hereditary angioedema (HAE)
Hereditary angioedema with C1 inhibitor deficiency (C1-INH─HAE)
Hereditary angioedema with normal C1 inhibitor and factor XII mutation (FXII-HAE) and of unknown origin (U-HAE)
Epidemiology
Etiology and pathogenesis
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
Atopic dermatitis and allergic contact dermatitis
Definition of atopic dermatitis
History of atopic dermatitis
Epidemiology and risk factors of atopic dermatitis
Etiology and pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis
Clinical features of atopic dermatitis
Diagnosis of atopic dermatitis
Differential diagnosis of atopic dermatitis
Treatment of atopic dermatitis
Definition of allergic contact dermatitis
Epidemiology of allergic contact dermatitis
Pathogenesis of allergic contact dermatitis
Clinical features of allergic contact dermatitis
Diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis
Treatment of allergic contact dermatitis
Food allergy and gastrointestinal syndromes
Definition
Epidemiology and risk factors
Etiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Drug allergy
Definition
Epidemiology and risk factors
Etiology and pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Specific drugs
Non-Steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
β-Lactam antibiotics
Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I)
Radiocontrast media (RCM)
Biological drugs
Treatment
Anaphylaxis
Definition
Epidemiology and risk factors
Pathogenesis
Clinical features
Diagnosis
Differential diagnosis
Treatment
References
Chapter 3 - Autoimmune diseases
Introduction
Immune cells and immune responses
Innate immune activation
Central and peripheral tolerance
Adaptive immune activation and regulatory lymphocytes
Defective suppression of immune activation
Tissue damage
Initiation and facilitation of autoimmunity
Noninfectious environmental triggers
Diet and gut microbiome
Infectious triggers
Genetics and epigenetics
Multisystem autoimmune diseases
Systemic lupus erythematosus
Rheumatoid arthritis
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Systemic sclerosis
Spondyloarthropathies
Sjogren’s disease
Autoimmune myopathies
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Immunoglobulin G4-related disease
System-specific autoimmune diseases
Nervous system
Multiple sclerosis
Myasthenia gravis
Guillain barre´ syndrome
Endocrine system
Autoimmune thyroiditis
Graves’ disease
Autoimmune diabetes
Gastrointestinal system
Autoimmune gastritis and pernicious anemia
Autoimmune hepatitis
Blood disorders
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Immune thrombocytopenia
Cardiovascular system
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Future perspectives and concluding remarks
References
Chapter 4 - Tumor immunology
Introduction
Cancer immunoediting
Immune profiles in malignancy
Cancer antigens and cancer antigen presentation
Antigen presentation machinery
Cancer cell antigenicity
Cancer antigen categories
Immunity to cancer
T cells
Basic immunobiology of T cells
Activation, recruitment and the effector functions of T cells in tumor setting
B cell and immunoglobulin
NK cells
Macrophages
The interaction of immune system with other components of TME
Evading immune destruction and immune escape mechanisms
Immune regulation of cancer progression and metastasis
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of hematologic malignancies
Immunopathology
Lymphoma
Leukemia
Multiple myeloma (MM)
Immunotherapies
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapies
Bispecific T cell engagers
Cancer vaccines
Antibodies against clusters of differentiation
Future perspective
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of central nervous system tumors
Immunopathology
Immunotherapies
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Cancer vaccines
Other immunotherapies
Future perspective
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of head and neck cancers
Immunopathology
Immunotherapies
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Other immunotherapies
Future perspective
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of respiratory system cancer
Immunopathology
Immunotherapies for non-small cell lung cancer
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Other immunotherapies
Immunotherapies for small cell lung cancer
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Other therapies
Immunotherapies for mesothelioma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Other immunotherapies
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of breast cancer
Immunopathology
Immunotherapies
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Other immunotherapies
Future prospective
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of gastrointestinal system cancers
Immunopathology
Esophageal cancers
Gastric cancer
Colorectal and anal cancer
Hepatobiliary and pancreatic cancers
Immunotherapies for esophageal and gastric cancers
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Other immunotherapies
Immunotherapies for colorectal cancers
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Other immunotherapies
Immunotherapies for hepatocellular carcinoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Other immunotherapies
Immunotherapies for pancreatic cancers
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Vaccine therapies
Other immunotherapies
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of endocrine system cancers
Immunopathology
Immunotherapies for thyroid cancers
Future perspective
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of urinary system cancers
Immunopathology
Kidney cancer
Bladder cancer
Immunotherapies for renal cell carcinoma
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Future perspective
Immunotherapies for bladder cancer
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Future perspective
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of skin cancers
Immunopathology
Immunotherapies
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Oncolytic viruses
Interferon-α
Interleukins
Other immunotherapies
Future perspective
Immunolopathology and immunology of soft tissue and bone cancers
Immunopathology
Immunotherapies
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Cancer vaccines
Adoptive cell therapy
Other immunotherapies
Future perspective
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of cancers of men reproductive system
Immunopathology
Immunotherapies for prostate cancer
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Vaccines
Immunotherapies for testicular cancer
Future perspective
Immunolopathology and immunotherapy of cancers of women reproductive system
Immunopathology
Immunotherapies for ovarian cancer
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Other immunotherapies
Immunotherapies for cervical cancer
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs)
Cancer vaccines
Adaptive cell therapies
Future perspective
Immunotherapy in combination with other therapeutic approaches
Tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) after other therapeutic approaches
TIME Post-Chemotherapy
TIME post-radiation therapy
Immune regulation of therapeutic-resistance
Chemo-resistance
Role of macrophages in environment-mediated drug resistance
Radio-resistance
Immune regulation of therapeutic-induced relapse
Therapy induces a dual tumor-host inflammatory response
Loco-Regional relapse
Angiogenesis
Immune escape and proliferation
Distant relapse
At the primary site
At distant sites
References
Chapter 5 - Immunodeficiencies
Introduction
Initial screening of patients with immunodeficiencies
Inborn errors of immunity (IEIs)
Humoral immunodeficiencies
X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Autosomal recessive agammaglobulinemia
Hyper IgM syndrome (HIGM)
Definition
Classification
Type I hyper IgM (HIgM1)
Hyper IgM due to the NEMO mutation
Type II hyper IgM (HIgM2)
Type III hyper IgM (HIgM3)
Type IV hyper igm (HIgM4)
Type V hyper igm (HIgM5)
Treatment
Selective IgA deficiency
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Selective IgG deficiency
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Laboratory assays for humoral immunity deficiencies
Cellular immunodeficiencies and combined immunodeficiencies
Di george syndrome
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID)
SCID caused by gamma chain mutation
SCID caused by defects in adenosine deaminase (ADA)
SCID caused by defects in purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP)
SCID caused by mutation in RAG1 and RAG2
SCID caused by defects in interleukin-7 receptor a (IL-7Ra)
SCID caused by defects in CD45
SCID caused by defects in CD3σ, CD3ε, and CD3ζ
SCID caused by defects in ZAP70
SCID caused by defects in JAK3
SCID caused by defects in ORAI1 and STIM1
SCID caused by defects in adenylate kinase 2 (Reticular dysgenesis)
Treatment
Wiskott-aldrich syndrome
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Ataxia-telangiectasia
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
X-linked lymphoproliferative syndrome (XLP)
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Familial homophagocytosis lymphohistocytosis syndrome (FHL)
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS)
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Immune dysregulation- Polyendocrinopathy-enteropathy-x-linked syndrome (IPEX)
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Bare lymphocyte syndrome
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Laboratory assays for cellular immunity deficiencies
Innate immunity immunodeficiencies
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency (LAD)
Definition
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency i (LADI)
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency ii (LADII)
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency III (LADIII)
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Chronic granulomatosis disease (CGD)
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Chediak-higashi syndrome
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Neutropenia
Definition
Classification
Cyclic neutropenia
Treatment
Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN)
Treatment
Shwachman-diamond syndrome
Dyskeratosis congenita
Treatment
Neutropenia caused by infections
Drug-induced neutropenia
Treatment
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Hyper-IgE syndrome
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
Defects in toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway
Definition
Classification
IRAK-4 and myd88 deficiency
Treatment
IκBα and NEMO (IKKγ) deficiency
Treatment
HOIL-1 deficiency
Deficiency in TLR3 signaling and UNC-93B
Treatment
Defects in IFN-γ/IL-12 pathway
Definition
Treatment
Defects in complement system
Definition
Clinical manifestations and diagnosis
Treatment
References
Chapter 6 - Infection and Immunity
Introduction
Bacterial infections
Definition
Mechanisms
Innate immunity
Inflammasomes
An overview of inflammasomes
NLRP3
Other NLRPs: NLRP1b, NLRP6, NLRP7, NLRP10, and NLRP12
NLRC4
Absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2)
TLRs
Other mechanisms
Immune evasion by bacteria after invasion
Adaptive immunity
Cellular immunity
Humoral immunity
Other mechanisms
Sepsis
Central nervous system infections
MicroRNAs
Diagnosis
Helicobacter pylori
Yersinia
Salmonella
Shigella
Campylobacter
Treatment
Targeting innate immune receptors
TLR modulating therapies
NOD-like receptors modulating therapies
Targeting immune checkpoints
Programmed cell death protein (PD)-1
T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3 (Tim-3)
Cytokine modulation therapies
mAbs
Fungal infections
Definition
Respiratory allergy
Skin diseases
Recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
Invasive fungal infections
Mechanisms
Innate immunity
Inflammasomes
TLRs
CLRs
Adaptive immunity
Cellular immunity
Humoral immunity
Other mechanisms
Interconnecting the innate and adaptive immunity
Diagnosis
Candidiasis
Blastomycosis
Coccidiomycosis
Histoplasmosis
Paracoccidioidomycosis
Penicillinosis
Mucormycosis
Treatment
Adoptive T-cell therapy
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells
Granulocyte transfusion
DCs therapy
NK cell therapy
Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)
Cytokine therapy
Parasitic infections
Definition
Mechanisms
Innate immunity
Inflammasomes
TLRs
Other mechanisms
Other innate immune receptors
Adaptive immunity
Cellular immunity
Humoral immunity
Immune escape mechanisms
Passive
Active
Diagnosis
Falcon assay screening test-elisa (FAST-ELISA)
Dot-ELISA
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs)
Luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS)
Treatment
Leishmaniasis
Cryptosporidiosis
Malaria
Trypanosomiasis
Toxoplasmosis
Trichomoniasis
Schistosomiasis
Viral infections
Definition
Mechanisms
Innate immunity
Inflammasomes
NLRP3
NLRP1
AIM2
TLRs
Adaptive immunity
Cellular immunity
Humoral immunity
Diagnosis
Advanced serological immunoassays
ELISA-based detection
Immunofluorescence-based immunodetection
mAb-based immunodetection
Hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay
Treatment
Interferons
Cellular therapies
Vaccines
References
Chapter 7 - Transplantation
Introduction
Solid organ transplantation (SOT)
Sources
Autologous/allogeneic
Deceased/live donor
Kidney transplantation
Liver transplantation
Heart transplantation
Lung transplantation
Other
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT)
Indications
Adults
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
Myeloproliferative disorders other than CML
Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS)
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)
Lymphomas
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL)
Follicular lymphoma
Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia (lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with IgM gammopathy; WM)
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL)
T cell lymphomas
Hodgkin lymphoma
Multiple myeloma (MM)
Systemic immunoglobulin-light-chain amyloidosis
Acquired severe aplastic anemia
Constitutional severe aplastic anemia
Solid tumors
Autoimmune diseases
Children and adolescents
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML)
MDS and juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Lymphoma
Inherited diseases
Primary immunodeficiencies (PID)
Metabolic diseases
Hemoglobinopathies
Osteopetrosis
Acquired severe aplastic anemia and inherited bone marrow failure syndromes
Solid tumors
Autoimmune diseases
Sources
Autologous/allogeneic/syngeneic
Peripheral blood/bone marrow/umbilical cord blood/amniotic fluid
Establishment process
Homing/engraftment/repopulation/reconstitution
Transplantation immunopathogenesis
The role of cellular immunity
T cell expansion and repertoire formation
Notch signaling
Treg activation
Memory T cells
Natural killer T cells
The role of humoral immunity
Innate B cells/natural Abs
Donor specific antibodies (DSA)
Anti-donor memory B cells
The role of NK cells, DCs, neutrophils, macrophages, and toll-like receptors
The role of complement activation
The role of cytokine level and polymorphisms
Matching
HLA compatibility
Desensitization
Tolerance induction
Pre-transplantation conditioning
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
High-dose conditioning regimens
Reduced-intensity and non-myeloablative conditioning regimens
Common reduced-intensity conditioning regimens
Common non-myeloablative regimens
Radioimmunotherapy-based regimens
Complications
Graft failure
Graft rejection
Antibody-mediated rejection (AMR)
T cell-mediated rejection (TCMR)
GVHD
Change in immunosurveillance
Malignancies
Lymphoproliferative disease (LPD)
Infections
Autoimmune diseases
Organ-dependent complications
Kidney transplantation
Liver transplantation
Heart transplantation
Allergies
Other complications
Post-transplantation therapy
Maintenance therapy
Prophylaxis
Future directions and concluding remarks
References
Index
Back cover
