Clinical Guide to Gastroenterology

Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Contributors
Acronyms and Abbreviations
Podcast and Box Icons
About the Companion Website
Chapter 1.1 Examination Technique
1.1.1 Chapter at a Glance
1.1.2 Common Conditions
1.1.3 Clinical Examination – Peripheries
1.1.4 Clinical Examination – Abdomen
Palpation and Percussion
Specific Organomegaly
Shifting Dullness
Auscultation
To Complete the Examination
1.1.5 How to Present Your Findings
Safety First Approach
Ward-Based Presenting
1.1.6 Eponymous Signs and Symptoms
Chapter 2.1 Dysphagia
2.1.1 Chapter at a Glance
2.1.2 Definition
2.1.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
2.1.4 Differentials List
Dangerous Diagnoses
Common Diagnoses
Diagnoses to Consider
2.1.5 Key History Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 4
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
2.1.6 Key Examination Features
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 4
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
2.1.7 Key Investigations
Bedside Tests
Blood Tests
Imaging
Special Tests
2.1.8 When to Call a Senior
Situations
What Should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
What Should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
2.1.9 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 2.1.1
Key Trial 2.1.2
Key Trial 2.1.3
2.1.10 Guidelines
2.1.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.2 Dyspepsia
2.2.1 Chapter at a Glance
2.2.2 Definition
2.2.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
2.2.4 Differentials List
Dangerous Diagnoses
Common Diagnoses
Diagnoses to Consider
2.2.5 Key History Features
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 4
Common Diagnosis 5
Common Diagnosis 6
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
2.2.6 Key Examination Features
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
2.2.7 Key Investigations (with justification where appropriate)
Bedside
Blood Tests
Imaging
Special Tests
2.2.8 When to Call a Senior
Situations
What Should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
What Should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
2.2.9 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 2.2.1
Key Trial 2.2.2
2.2.10 Guidelines
2.2.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.3 Nausea and Vomiting
2.3.1 Chapter at a Glance
2.3.2 Definition
2.3.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
2.3.4 Differentials List
Dangerous Diagnoses
Common Diagnoses
Diagnoses to Consider
2.3.5 Key History Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Dangerous Diagnosis 4
Dangerous Diagnosis 5
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 4
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 3
Diagnosis to Consider 4
Diagnosis to Consider 5
2.3.6 Key Examination Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Dangerous Diagnosis 4
Dangerous Diagnosis 5
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
Diagnoses to Consider 4
2.3.7 Key Investigations
General Points
Bedside Tests
Blood Tests
Imaging
Special Tests
2.3.8 When to Call a Senior
Situations
What Should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
What Should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
2.3.9 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 2.3.1
2.3.10 Guidelines
2.3.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.4 Abdominal Pain
2.4.1 Chapter at a Glance
2.4.2 Definition
2.4.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
2.4.4 Differentials List
Dangerous Diagnoses
Common Diagnoses
Diagnoses to Consider
2.4.5 Key History Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
2.4.6 Key Examination Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
2.4.7 Key Investigations
Bedside
Blood Tests
Imaging
Special
2.4.8 When to Call a Senior
Situations
What should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
What should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
2.4.9 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 2.4.1
Key Trial 2.4.2
Key Trial 2.4.3
2.4.10 Guidelines
2.4.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.6 GI Bleeding
2.6.1 Chapter at a Glance
2.6.2 Definition
2.6.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
2.6.4 Differentials List
Dangerous Diagnoses
Common Diagnoses
Diagnoses to Consider
2.6.5 Key History Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
Diagnoses to Consider 4
2.6.6 Key Examination Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
Diagnoses to Consider 4
2.6.7 Key Investigations
Bedside
Blood Tests
Imaging
Special
2.6.8 When to Call a Senior
Situations
What should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
What should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives?
2.6.9 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 2.6.1
Key Trial 2.6.2
Key Trial 2.6.3
2.6.10 Guidelines
2.6.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.7 Change in Bowel Habit
2.7.1 Chapter at a Glance
2.7.2 Definition
2.7.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
2.7.4 Differentials List
Dangerous Diagnoses
Common Diagnoses
Diagnoses to Consider
2.7.5 Key History Features
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 4
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
2.7.6 Key Examination Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 4
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
2.7.7 Key Investigations
Bedside
Blood Tests
Imaging
Special
2.7.8 When to Call a Senior
Situations
What should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
What should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
2.7.9 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 2.7.1
2.7.10 Guidelines
2.7.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.8 Anaemia
2.8.1 Chapter at a Glance
2.8.2 Definition
2.8.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
2.8.4 Differentials List
Dangerous Diagnoses
Common Diagnoses
Diagnoses to Consider
2.8.5 Key History Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Dangerous Diagnosis 4
Dangerous Diagnosis 5
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 4
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
2.8.6 Key Examination Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Dangerous Diagnosis 4
Dangerous Diagnosis 5
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Common Diagnosis 4
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
2.8.7 Key Investigations
Bedside
Blood Tests
Imaging
Special tests
2.8.8 When to Call a Senior
Situations
2.8.9 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 2.8.1
2.8.10 Guidelines
2.8.11 Additional References
Chapter 2.9 Jaundice
2.9.1 Chapter at a Glance
2.9.2 Definition
2.9.3 Diagnostic Algorithm
2.9.4 Differentials List
Dangerous Diagnoses
Common Diagnoses
Diagnoses to Consider
2.9.5 Key History Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Dangerous Diagnosis 4
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Diagnosis to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
Diagnosis to Consider 4
2.9.6 Key Examination Features
General Points
Dangerous Diagnosis 1
Dangerous Diagnosis 2
Dangerous Diagnosis 3
Dangerous Diagnosis 4
Common Diagnosis 1
Common Diagnosis 2
Common Diagnosis 3
Diagnoses to Consider 1
Diagnoses to Consider 2
Diagnoses to Consider 3
Diagnoses to Consider 4
2.9.7 Key Investigations
Bedside Tests
Blood Tests
Imaging
Special Tests
2.9.8 When to Call a Senior
Situations
What should be Arranged by the Time the Senior Arrives
What should be Completed by the Time the Senior Arrives
For Upper GI Bleed
2.9.9 Guidelines
2.9.10 Additional References
Chapter 3.2 Oesophagus
3.2.1 Chapter at a Glance
3.2.2 Definition
3.2.3 Underlying Concepts
Gross Anatomy
Sphincters
Vascular Supply and Drainage of Oesophagus
Histology
Gastro-Oesophageal Junction
Physiology
3.2.4 Achalasia
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.2.5 Barrett’s Oesophagus
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.2.6 Oesophageal Malignancy
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.2.7 Gastro-Oesophageal Reflux Disease
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.2.8 Eosinophilic Oesophagitis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.2.9 Oesophageal Candidiasis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.2.10 Mallory–Weiss Syndrome
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.2.11 Other Conditions
3.2.12 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 3.2.1
Key Trial 3.2.2
3.2.13 Guidelines
3.2.14 Additional References
Chapter 3.3 Stomach
3.3.1 Chapter at a Glance
3.3.2 Definition
3.3.3 Underlying Concepts
Anatomy
Nerve Supply
Microanatomy
Functions
3.3.4 H. pylori Infection
Pathophysiology
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Investigations
Management
3.3.5 Peptic Ulcer Disease
Pathophysiology
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Investigations
Management
3.3.6 Gastritis
Pathophysiology
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Investigations
Management
3.3.7 Gastric Polyps
Pathophysiology
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Investigations
Management
3.3.8 Lymphoma
Pathophysiology
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Investigations
Management
3.3.9 Gastric Adenocarcinoma
Pathophysiology
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Investigations
Management
3.3.10 Zollinger–Ellison Syndrome
3.3.11 Gastric Dysmotility
Pathophysiology
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Investigations
Management
3.3.12 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 3.3.1
3.3.13 Guidelines
3.3.14 Additional References
Chapter 3.4 Small Intestine
3.4.1 Chapter at a Glance
3.4.2 Definition
3.4.3 Underlying Concepts
Anatomy
Histology
Vascular Supply and Lymphatics
Physiology
Pathophysiology
3.4.4 Coeliac Disease
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.4.5 Small Bowel Obstruction
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.4.6 Small Bowel Ischaemia
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.4.7 Malignancies of the Small Intestine
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.4.8 Other Conditions
Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth
Angiodysplasia
Short Bowel Syndrome
Whipple’s Disease
Tropical Sprue
3.4.9 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 3.4.1
Key Trial 3.4.2
Key Trial 3.4.3
3.4.10 Guidelines
3.4.11 Additional References
Chapter 3.5 Large Intestine
3.5.1 Chapter at a Glance
3.5.2 Definition
3.5.3 Underlying Concepts
Anatomy
Vascular and Nerve Supply
Physiology
3.5.4 C. difficile-Associated Diarrhoea (CDAD)
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.5.5 Infectious Diarrhoea
Key Data
Presenting features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.5.6 Ischaemic Colitis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.5.7 Microscopic Colitis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.5.8 Diverticular Disease
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.5.9 Large Bowel Obstruction
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.5.10 Pseudo-Obstruction
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Management Options
3.5.11 Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS)
3.5.12 Colorectal Cancer
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Investigations
Management Options
3.5.13 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 3.5.1
Key Trial 3.5.2
Key Trial 3.5.3
Key Trial 3.5.4
3.5.14 Guidelines
3.5.15 Additional References
Chapter 3.6 Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Irritable Bowel Syndrome
3.6.1 Chapter at a Glance
3.6.2 Definition
3.6.3 Underlying Concepts
IBD
IBS
3.6.4 Crohn’s Disease
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.6.5 Ulcerative Colitis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options for Acute Flare of Ulcerative Colitis
Management Options for Chronic Active Ulcerative Colitis in Outpatient Clinical Setting
3.6.6 Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.6.7 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 3.6.1
Key Trial 3.6.2
Key Trial 3.6.3
3.6.8 Guidelines
3.6.9 Additional References
Chapter 3.7 Liver
3.7.1 Chapter at a Glance
3.7.2 Definition
3.7.3 Underlying Concepts
Anatomy
Vasculature
Biliary Drainage
Functions
Damage to Hepatocytes
3.7.4 Viral Hepatitis
3.7.5 Hepatitis B Virus
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.7.6 Hepatitis C virus
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.7.7 Hepatitis A and E Viruses
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.7.8 Autoimmune Hepatitis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.7.9 Alcoholic Liver Disease and Alcoholic Hepatitis
Key Data
Clinical Types
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.7.10 Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Key Data
Clinical Types
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.7.11 Cirrhosis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.7.12 Ascites
3.7.13 Liver Failure and Hepatic Encephalopathy
Key Data
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.7.14 Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.7.15 Other conditions
Wilson’s Disease
Hereditary Haemochromatosis
α1-Antitrypsin Deficiency
3.7.16 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 3.7.1
Key Trial 3.7.2
3.7.17 Guidelines
3.7.18 Additional References
Chapter 3.8 Biliary Tract
3.8.1 Chapter at a Glance
3.8.2 Definition
3.8.3 Underlying Concepts
Anatomy
Vascular and Nerve Supply
Biliary Physiology
Enterohepatic Circulation
3.8.4 Gallstones
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.8.5 Ascending Cholangitis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.8.6 Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.8.7 Primary Biliary Cholangitis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.8.8 Cholangiocarcinoma
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.8.9 Gallbladder Carcinoma
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Special (anything unusual please give practical details)
Management Options
3.8.10 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 3.8.1
Key Trial 3.8.2
Key Trial 3.8.3
3.8.11 Guidelines
3.8.12 Additional References
Chapter 3.9 Pancreas
3.9.1 Chapter at a Glance
3.9.2 Definition
3.9.3 Underlying Concepts
Anatomy
Ducts
3.9.4 Acute Pancreatitis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
Conservative
Medical
Invasive
3.9.5 Chronic Pancreatitis
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.9.6 Pancreatic Cancer
Key Data
Presenting Features
Differentials
Key Investigations
Management Options
3.9.7 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 3.9.1
Key Trial 3.9.2
3.9.8 Guidelines
3.9.9 Additional References
Chapter 4.1 Liver Biochemistry and Faecal Tests
4.1.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.1.2 Definition
4.1.3 Outline of Procedure
4.1.4 Indications
LFTs
Faecal Tests
4.1.5 Requesting the Investigation
4.1.6 Peri-Investigation Management
4.1.7 Interpretation of Results
4.1.8 Complications
Blood Tests
Faecal Testing
4.1.9 Guidelines
4.1.10 Additional References
Chapter 4.2 Abdominal Ultrasound (US)
4.2.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.2.2 Definition
4.2.3 Outline of Procedure
4.2.4 Indications
4.2.5 Requesting the Investigation
4.2.6 Peri-Investigation Management
Pre-procedure
Post-procedure
4.2.7 Interpretation of Results
Gallbladder
Common bile duct stones (choledocholithiasis)
Liver
Pancreas
Ascites
Bladder and Urinary Tract
Kidney
Gynaecological Structures
4.2.8 Complications
4.2.9 Key Clinical Trials
Key Trial 4.2.1
4.2.10 Guidelines
4.2.11 Additional References
Chapter 4.3 Abdominal X-ray
4.3.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.3.2 Definition
4.3.3 Outline of Procedure
4.3.4 Indications
4.3.5 Contraindications
4.3.6 Requesting the Investigation
4.3.7 Peri-Investigation Management
Pre-procedure
Post-procedure
4.3.8 Interpretation of Results
Small Bowel Obstruction
Large Bowel Obstruction
Volvulus
Bowel Perforation
Inflammation of Bowel or Organs as Liver/Biliary Tract
Constipation
4.3.9 Complications
4.3.10 Guidelines
4.3.11 Additional References
Chapter 4.4 CT Imaging
4.4.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.4.2 Definition
4.4.3 Outline of Procedure
4.4.4 Indications
4.4.5 Requesting the Investigation
4.4.6 Peri-Investigation Management
Pre-procedure
Post-procedure
4.4.7 Interpretation of Results
4.4.8 Complications
4.4.9 Guidelines
4.4.10 Additional References
Chapter 4.5 Oesophagogastroduodenoscopy (OGD)
4.5.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.5.2 Definition
4.5.3 Outline of Procedure
4.5.4 Indications
Diagnostic
Therapeutic
Other Indications may Include
4.5.5 Contraindications
4.5.6 Requesting the Investigation
4.5.7 Peri-Investigation Management
Pre-procedure
Post-procedure
4.5.8 Interpretation of Results
Oesophagus
Stomach
Duodenum
4.5.9 Complications
4.5.10 Guidelines
Chapter 4.6 Barium Swallow
4.6.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.6.2 Definition
4.6.3 Outline of Procedure
4.6.4 Indications
4.6.5 Requesting the Investigation
4.6.6 Peri-Investigation Management
Pre-procedure
Post-procedure
4.6.7 Interpretation of Results
4.6.8 Complications
4.6.9 Key Trial
Key Trial 4.6.1
4.6.10 Guidelines
4.6.11 Additional References
Chapter 4.8 Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography
4.8.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.8.2 Definition
4.8.3 Outline of Procedure
4.8.4 Indications
4.8.5 Contraindications
4.8.6 Requesting the Investigation
4.8.7 Peri-investigation Management
Pre-procedure
Post-procedure
4.8.8 Interpretation of Results
4.8.9 Complications
4.8.10 Guidelines
4.8.11 Additional References
Chapter 4.9 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography
4.9.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.9.2 Definition
4.9.3 Outline of Procedure
4.9.4 Indications
4.9.5 Contraindications
4.9.6 Requesting the Investigation
4.9.7 Interpretation of Results
4.9.8 Peri-Investigation Management
Pre-procedure
Post-procedure
4.9.9 Complications
4.9.10 Guidelines
4.9.11 Additional References
Chapter 4.10 Enteral and Parenteral Feeding
4.10.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.10.2 NG Tube Insertion
Definition
Outline of procedure
Indications
Contraindications
Requesting the Procedure
Peri-procedure Management
Interpretation of Results
Complications
Typical Feeding Regimens
4.10.3 PEG
Definition
Outline of procedure
Indications
Contraindications
Requesting the procedure
Peri-procedure Management
Interpretation of Results
Complications
Typical Feeding Regimen
4.10.4 Total Parenteral Nutrition
Definition
Outline of Procedure
Indications
Contraindications
Requesting the Procedure
Peri-procedure Management
Interpretation of Results
Complications
Typical feeding regimen
4.10.5 Guidelines
4.10.6 Additional Reference
Chapter 4.12 Flexible Sigmoidoscopy
4.12.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.12.2 Definition
4.12.3 Outline of Procedure
4.12.4 Indications
4.12.5 Contraindications
Absolute
Relative
4.12.6 Peri-Investigation Management
Pre-procedure
Post-procedure
4.12.7 Interpretation of Results
4.12.8 Complications
4.12.9 Guidelines
4.12.10 Additional References
Chapter 4.13 Colonoscopy
4.13.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.13.2 Definition
4.13.3 Outline of Procedure
4.13.4 Indications
4.13.5 Contraindications
Absolute
Relative
4.13.6 Peri-Investigation Management
Pre-procedure
Post-procedure
4.13.7 Interpretation of Results
4.13.8 Complications
4.13.9 Guidelines
4.13.10 Additional Reference
Chapter 4.14 Abdominal Paracentesis
4.14.1 Chapter at a Glance
4.14.2 Definition
4.14.3 Outline of Procedure
If Continuing to Drain Insertion
4.14.4 Indications
Abdominal Aspiration
Abdominal Paracentesis
4.14.5 Contraindications
4.14.6 Requesting the Procedure
4.14.7 Peri-Procedure Management
Pre-procedure
Post-procedure
4.14.8 Interpretation of Results
4.14.9 Complications
4.14.10 Guidelines
4.14.11 Additional Reference
Chapter 5.1 Pharmacology – Dyspepsia
5.1.1 Chapter at a Glance
5.1.2 Proton Pump Inhibitors
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contra-Indications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Dose
5.1.3 Histamine Receptor-2 Antagonists
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Dose
5.1.4 Antacids and Alginates
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Dose
5.1.5 Key Trials
Key Trial 5.1.1
Key Trial 5.1.2
5.1.6 Guidelines
5.1.7 Additional References
Chapter 5.2 Pharmacology – IBD
5.2.1 Chapter at a Glance
5.2.2 Aminosalicylates
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contraindications
Caution
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Dose
5.2.3 Corticosteroids
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Gastroenterology Indications
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Dose
5.2.4 First-line Immunomodulatory Drugs
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Gastroenterology Indications
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Doses
5.2.5 Calcineurin Inhibitors
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contraindications
Malignancy
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Doses
5.2.6 TNF- Inhibitors
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Doses
5.2.7 Key Trials
Key Trial 5.2.1
Key Trial 5.2.2
Key Trial 5.2.3
5.2.8 Guidelines
5.2.9 Additional References
Chapter 5.3 Pharmacology – Liver Disease
5.3.1 Chapter at a Glance
5.3.2 Benzodiazepines
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications (Chlordiazepoxide)
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Starting Dose
5.3.3 Vitamin Supplementation
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Dose
5.3.4 Antiviral Agents
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Dose
5.3.5 Chelators
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Doses
5.3.6 Key Trial
Key Trial 5.3.1
5.3.7 Guidelines
5.3.8 Additional References
Chapter 5.4 Pharmacology: : Biliary and Pancreatic Disease
5.4.1 Chapter at a Glance
5.4.2 Secondary Bile Acids
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Dose
5.4.3 Bile Acid Sequestrants
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Dose
5.4.4 Pancreatic Enzyme Products
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Indications
Contraindications
Cautions
Interactions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
5.4.5 Key Trial
Key Trial 5.4.1
5.4.6 Guidelines
5.4.7 Additional References
Chapter 5.5 Pharmacology – Paracetamol Overdose
5.5.1 Chapter at a Glance
5.5.2 Paracetamol Overdose
Context
When to Offer Treatment
When Pharmacotherapy Fails
5.5.3 Paracetamol Overdose Antidotes
Drug Examples
Pharmacology
Contraindications
Cautions
Side Effects
Excretion/Metabolism
Routes
Starting Dose
5.5.4 Key Trial
Key Trial 5.5.1
5.5.5 Guidelines
5.5.6 Additional References
Index
EULA