In medical and health care the scientific method is little used, and statistical software programs are experienced as black box programs producing lots of p-values, but little answers to scientific questions. The pocket calculator analyses appears to be, particularly, appreciated, because they enable medical and health professionals and students for the first time to understand the scientific methods of statistical reasoning and hypothesis testing. So much so, that it can start something like a new dimension in their professional world. In addition, a number of statistical methods like power calculations and required sample size calculations can be performed more easily on a pocket calculator, than using a software program. Also, there are some specific advantages of the pocket calculator method. You better understand what you are doing. The pocket calculator works faster, because far less steps have to be taken, averages can be used. The current nonmathematical book is complementary to the nonmathematical "SPSS for Starters and 2nd Levelers" (Springer Heidelberg Germany 2015, from the same authors), and can very well be used as its daily companion.
Author(s): Ton J. Cleophas, Aeilko H. Zwinderman (auth.)
Edition: 2
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Year: 2016
Language: English
Pages: XXIII, 334
Tags: Biomedicine general; Entomology; Pharmacy; Statistics for Life Sciences, Medicine, Health Sciences
Front Matter....Pages i-xxiii
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Data Spread, Standard Deviations....Pages 3-6
Data Summaries, Histograms, Wide and Narrow Gaussian Curves....Pages 7-11
Null-Hypothesis Testing with Graphs....Pages 13-18
Null-Hypothesis Testing with the T-Table....Pages 19-23
One-Sample Continuous Data (One-Sample T-Test, One-Sample Wilcoxon Test)....Pages 25-29
Paired Continuous Data (Paired T-Test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test)....Pages 31-36
Unpaired Continuous Data (Unpaired T-Test, Mann-Whitney)....Pages 37-43
Linear Regression (Regression Coefficient, Correlation Coefficient and Their Standard Errors)....Pages 45-50
Kendall-Tau Regression for Ordinal Data....Pages 51-56
Paired Continuous Data, Analysis with Help of Correlation Coefficients....Pages 57-63
Power Equations....Pages 65-70
Sample Size Calculations....Pages 71-74
Confidence Intervals....Pages 75-78
Equivalence Testing Instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing....Pages 79-82
Noninferiority Testing Instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing....Pages 83-86
Superiority Testing Instead of Null-Hypothesis Testing....Pages 87-91
Missing Data Imputation....Pages 93-97
Bonferroni Adjustments....Pages 99-102
Unpaired Analysis of Variance....Pages 103-106
Paired Analysis of Variance....Pages 107-111
Front Matter....Pages 1-1
Variability Analysis for One or Two Samples....Pages 113-119
Variability Analysis for Three or More Samples....Pages 121-124
Confounding....Pages 125-129
Propensity Scores and Propensity Score Matching for Assessing Multiple Confounders....Pages 131-137
Interaction....Pages 139-143
Accuracy and Reliability Assessments....Pages 145-149
Robust Tests for Imperfect Data....Pages 151-157
Non-linear Modeling on a Pocket Calculator....Pages 159-162
Fuzzy Modeling for Imprecise and Incomplete Data....Pages 163-170
Bhattacharya Modeling for Unmasking Hidden Gaussian Curves....Pages 171-174
Item Response Modeling Instead of Classical Linear Analysis of Questionnaires....Pages 175-179
Meta-analysis of Continuous Data....Pages 181-184
Goodness of Fit Tests for Identifying Nonnormal Data....Pages 185-191
Non-parametric Tests for Three or More Samples (Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis)....Pages 193-197
Front Matter....Pages 199-199
Data Spread: Standard Deviations, One Sample Z-Test, One Sample Binomial Test....Pages 201-205
Z-Test for Cross-Tabs....Pages 207-210
Phi Tests for Nominal Data....Pages 211-214
Chi-square Tests....Pages 215-219
Fisher Exact Tests Convenient for Small Samples....Pages 221-223
Confounding....Pages 225-230
Front Matter....Pages 199-199
Interaction....Pages 231-235
Chi-Square Tests for Large Cross-Tabs....Pages 237-241
Logarithmic Transformations, a Great Help to Statistical Analyses....Pages 243-247
Odds Ratios, a Short-Cut for Analyzing Cross-Tabs....Pages 249-252
Logodds, the Basis of Logistic Regression....Pages 253-256
Log Likelihood Ratio Tests for the Best Precision....Pages 257-262
Hierarchical Loglinear Models for Higher Order Cross-Tabs....Pages 263-268
McNemar’s Tests for Paired Cross-Tabs....Pages 269-273
McNemar’s Odds Ratios....Pages 275-278
Power Equations....Pages 279-282
Sample Size Calculations....Pages 283-285
Accuracy Assessments....Pages 287-290
Reliability Assessments....Pages 291-293
Unmasking Fudged Data....Pages 295-298
Markov modeling for Predicting Outside the Range of Observations....Pages 299-302
Binary Partitioning for CART (Classification and Regression Tree) Methods....Pages 303-306
Meta-analysis of Binary Data....Pages 307-311
Physicians’ Daily Life and the Scientific Method....Pages 313-318
Incident Analysis and the Scientific Method....Pages 319-325
Cochran Q-Test for Large Paired Cross-Tabs....Pages 327-330
Back Matter....Pages 331-334
