Climatology in Cold Regions

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Foreword
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 Scope of the Subject and Recent Highlights
1.2 Some Definitions and Terms of Reference
1.3 Characteristics of Cold Region Climatology
1.4 Classification of Cold Region Climatology
1.5 Impacts of Cold Regions on Global Climate
1.6 Contribution of Cold Regions to Energy Balance
1.7 Summary
Chapter 2 Climate in Cold Regions
2.1 General Circulation
2.2 Low and High Frequency of Atmosphere Variability
2.3 Weather Systems
2.3.1 The Polar Circulation
2.3.2 Polar Vortex
2.3.3 Polar Jet
2.3.4 Polar Low
2.3.5 Blocking High
2.3.6 Polar High
2.3.7 Stratospheric Sudden Warming
2.3.8 Weather Systems on the Tibetan Plateau
2.4 Radiation
2.4.1 Surface Radiation Budget
2.4.2 Aerosol–Cloud Radiative Effect
2.5 Precipitation and Snow
2.6 Frozen Ground
2.7 Hydrology
2.8 Winter Monsoon
Chapter 3 Land-Surface Process in Cold Regions
3.1 Land-Surface Characteristics in Cold Regions
3.1.1 Overview
3.1.2 Sea-Ice Cover
3.1.3 Land-Surface Evapotranspiration
3.2 Daily and Seasonal Cycle of Freeze–Thaw in Soil
3.3 Soil Freezing–Thawing and Snow-Melting Processes and their Hydrothermal Effects
3.4 Impacts of Soil Freeze–Thaw Process and Snow Melting on Surface Diabatic Heating
Chapter 4 Land–Atmospheric Interaction in Cold Region
4.1 Spring Predictability Barrier
4.2 Signal of Climate Prediction in Land Processes in Cold Regions
4.3 Improvement of Climate Prediction by Assimilating Land-Surface Signals in Cold Regions
4.4 Soil-Moisture Memory in Cold Regions
4.5 Soil-Moisture Climate Coupling in Cold Regions
4.6 Snow–Climate Coupling in Cold Regions
Chapter 5 Models and Modeling in Cold Regions
5.1 Snow and Freeze–Thaw Parameterizations
5.2 Hydrothermal Coupling Scheme in the Land-Surface Model
5.3 Simulation of Land-Surface Process in Cold Regions
Chapter 6 Hydrological Processes in Cold Regions
6.1 Glacier Hydrology
6.2 Snowmelt Runoff
6.3 Frozen Soil and Hydrology
6.4 River Ice and Lake-Ice Hydrology
6.5 Sea-Ice Hydrology
6.6 Sea Ice
6.7 Characteristics of Sea Ice Regimes in China
6.8 Precipitation Rates on the Tibetan Plateau
6.9 Precipitation Recycling on the Tibetan Plateau
Chapter 7 Ecology and Vegetation in Cold Regions
7.1 Overview
7.2 Ecology and Vegetation Characteristics on the Tibetan Plateau
7.2.1 Spatial Distribution of Ecology and Vegetation
7.2.2 Vegetation Variations Respond to Climate Change
7.3 Ecology and Vegetation Characteristics in Middle and High Latitudes
7.3.1 Northern China
7.3.2 Europe
7.3.3 North America
7.4 Ecology and Vegetation Characteristics in the Arctic Region
Chapter 8 The Carbon and Nitrogen Cycle in Cold Regions
8.1 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Greenhouse Gases on the Tibetan Plateau
8.2 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Greenhouse Gases at High Latitudes
8.3 Carbon, Nitrogen, and Greenhouse Gases in the Polar Regions
8.4 Outlook
Chapter 9 Climate Disasters in Cold Regions
9.1 Overview
9.2 Snowmelt Flood
9.3 Freezing Rain
9.4 Winter Storms
9.5 Ice Avalanches
9.6 Ice-Jam Floods
9.7 Snow Avalanches
9.8 Freezing and Thawing Damage
9.9 What’s Next
Chapter 10 Climate Changes in Cold Regions
10.1 Climate Change in Cold Regions in the Past Decades
10.2 Projection of Future Climate in Cold Regions
10.2.1 Impact of Soil Moisture on Frozen Ground and its Indicators
10.2.2 Changes in Permafrost Extent and Active Layer Thickness in the Twenty-First Century
10.2.3 The Soil Thermal and Hydraulic Regimes in Permafrost Regions
10.3 Changes of Related Environment Response to Climate Change in Cold Regions
10.3.1 Changes of Hydrological Processes
10.3.2 Changes of Ecology
10.3.3 Changes in Disasters
Chapter 11 Challenges and Outlook
11.1 Challenges for Future Study
11.2 Conclusion
Appendix
A. Soil Hydraulic and Thermal Properties
B. Numerical Implementation
Bibliography
Index
EULA