Climate-Smart Agriculture: Reducing Food Insecurity

Preface
Introduction
Extreme Weather Events
Climate Change Effects
Climate-Smart Agriculture
Sustainably Increases Agricultural Production
Build Resilience to Climate
Reduce Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
References
Contents
Part I Sustainably Increases Agricultural Production
1 Water-Smart Practices to Manage Water Scarcity
1 Introduction
2 Water Scarcity Indicators
2.1 Falkenmark Indicator
2.2 Criticality Ratio of Water
2.3 The Classification of the International Water Management Institute
3 Water Stress Effects on Crops
3.1 Effect of Water Stress on Wheat
3.2 Effect of Water Stress on Maize
3.3 Effect of Water Stress on Rice
3.4 Effect of Water Stress on Sugarcane
4 Water Resources in Egypt
4.1 The Nile River
4.2 Groundwater
4.3 Rain Fall
4.4 Recycled Agricultural Drainage Water
4.5 Total Annual Water Resources of Egypt
5 Water Scarcity in Egypt
6 Agriculture in Egypt
6.1 Irrigated Agriculture Using the Nile River
6.2 Irrigated Agriculture by Groundwater
6.3 Rain Fed Agriculture
7 Causes of Water Scarcity in Egypt
7.1 Rapid Growth of Population
7.2 Mismanagement of Water Resources and Low Irrigation Efficiency
7.3 Agricultural Expansion in the New Lands
7.4 Pollution
7.5 Variability in Rain Fall in the Northern Cost of Egypt
8 Water-Smart Practices to Relief Water Scarcity
8.1 Irrigation Water Management on Mesqa Level
8.2 Changing Cultivation/Irrigation Systems
8.3 Reduction in the Area of High Water Consuming Crops
8.4 Train Farmers on Irrigation Scheduling
8.5 Application of Deficit Irrigation
8.6 Application of Supplementary Irrigation in Rain Fed Area
9 Water-Smart Practices to Increase Food Production
9.1 Lands Consolidation
9.2 Precise Land Leveling
9.3 Raised Beds Cultivation
9.4 Implementing Intercropping Systems
9.5 Improved Water Management Practices of Rain Fed Crops
9.6 Simulation of the Effect of Application Supplementary Irrigation in Rain Fed Area
10 Conclusion
References
2 Soil-Smart Practices: Integrated Soil Fertility Management
1 Introduction
2 Fertilizer Application
2.1 Chemical Fertilizer
2.2 Nonchemical Fertilizer
2.3 Biofertilizer
3 Integration of Different Fertilizer Sources
4 Integration Fertilizer Management for Edible Oil Crops: Evidence from Egypt
5 Case Study of East El-Owinate Region
6 Effect of Application of Chemical Fertilizer
7 Effect of Application of Nonchemical Fertilizer
8 Effect of Application of Integrated Fertilizer
8.1 Application of 50% Chemical Fertilizer and 50% Biofertilizer
8.2 Application of 50% Cow Manure and 50% Biofertilizer
8.3 Application of 50% Compost and 50% Biofertilizer
9 Conclusion
References
3 Fish Farms Effluents for Irrigation and Fertilizer: Field and Modeling Studies
1 Introduction
2 Studies on Using Fish Farms Effluents for Irrigation in Egypt
3 Benefits of Irrigation with Fish Farms Effluents and Implementing Intercropping Systems
4 Integration of Water-Smart and Soil-Smart Practices
5 Applied Irrigation Water to the Studied Interplanting Systems
5.1 Applied Irrigation Water to the Field Crops
5.2 Applied Irrigation Water to Interplanted Orange
5.3 Applied Irrigation Water to the Studied Crop Sequences
6 The Yield of the Studied Field Crops
6.1 Winter Crops
6.2 Summer Crops
6.3 Orange Yield
7 Water and Land Equivalent Ratios of the Studied Crop Sequences
7.1 Water Equivalent Ratio (WER)
7.2 Land Equivalent Ratio (LER)
8 Estimation of Potential Irrigated Lands by Fish Farms Effluents
9 The Suggested Cropping Systems
9.1 Crop Rotations
10 Calculation of Water Requirements of the Suggested Crop Rotations
10.1 Interplanting Legume Crops Between Orchard Trees
11 Conclusion
References
4 Integration Between Crop-Smart, Water-Smart and Soil-Smart Practices
1 Introduction
2 Intercropping Systems
2.1 Intercropping Attains Yield Advantage
3 Land Equivalent Ratio
3.1 Higher Water Productivity Under Intercropping Systems
4 Water Equivalent Ratio (WER)
4.1 Intercropping Realizes Soil Conservation
4.2 Intercropping Control Crop Predators’ Infestation
4.3 Intercropping Modifies the Microclimate of the Associated Crops
5 The Sequence of the Cultivated Crops
6 Crop Rotation
7 Crop Rotations in Egypt
7.1 Cotton Rotations
7.2 Intensive-Cropping Rotations
8 Calculation of the Applied Irrigation Water and Water Use Efficiency of These Three Rotations
8.1 Cereal Crops Rotations
8.2 Legume Crops Rotation
8.3 Crop Rotations to Defeat Diseases
8.4 Crop Rotations to Conserve Irrigation Water
9 Conclusions
References
Part II Build Resilience to Climate
5 Climate Extremes and Crops
1 Introduction
2 Climate Variability Leads to Extreme Weather Events
3 Effects of Climate Variability on Crops
3.1 Effects of Heat Waves
3.2 Effect of Precipitation Variability
3.3 Interaction Between High Temperature and Precipitation Variability
4 Climate Variability and Agriculture in Egypt
4.1 Climate Variability Effects on Fresh Water Resource
4.2 Climate Variability and Rain Fall in North Coast of Egypt
5 Heat Waves and Crops Production in Egypt
5.1 Wheat Crop
5.2 Rice Crop
5.3 Maize Crop
6 Measures to Limit Climate Variability Stress in Egypt
6.1 Implementing Resilient Farming System
6.2 Increasing Crops Diversification
6.3 Increasing Resilience of Crops/Varieties
6.4 Early Warning System for Extreme Weather Events
7 Conclusions
References
6 Climate-Resilient Crops
1 Introduction
2 Advantage of Using Climate-Resilient Crops
2.1 The Advantage of Using Quinoa as a Food Crop
3 Nutritional Advantage of Quinoa
4 Traits Contributing to Climate-Resiliency of Quinoa
4.1 Tolerance to Heat Stress
4.2 Tolerance to Salinity Stress
4.3 Tolerance to Water Stress
5 Quinoa Cultivation in Egypt
6 The Advantage of Using Millets as a Food Crop
7 Nutritional Advantages of Pearl Millet
8 Traits Contributing to Climate-Resiliency of Millets
8.1 Tolerance to Heat Stress
8.2 Tolerance to Salinity Stress
8.3 Tolerance to Water Stress
9 Pearl Millet Cultivation in Egypt
10 The Advantage of Using Sorghum as a Food Crop
11 Nutritional Advantages of Sorghum
12 Traits Contributing to Climate-Resiliency of Sorghum
12.1 Tolerance to Heat Stress
12.2 Tolerance to Salinity Stress
12.3 Tolerance to Water Stress
13 Sorghum Cultivation in Egypt
14 Conclusion
References
7 Assessment of Climate Variability on Wheat Productivity in Egypt
1 Introduction
2 The Egyptian Wheat Cultivars
3 Effect of Weather Elements on Wheat Growth and Yield
3.1 Temperature
3.2 Solar Radiation
3.3 Relative Humidity
4 Methodology of the Analysis
4.1 Collected Data
5 Statistical Analysis
6 Coefficient of Determination (R2)
7 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
8 Willmott Index of Agreement (d-stat)
9 Results and Discussion
9.1 Assessment of the Spatial-Variability of Wheat Zone-Specific Productivity and Weather
9.2 Assessment of Temporal-Variability of National Wheat Productivity and Climate
10 Conclusions
References
Part III Reduction of Greenhouse Gases
8 Practices Contribute in Reducing the Emission of Greenhouse Gases
1 Introduction
2 Implication of Climate Change on Agriculture
2.1 Effects on Water Resources
2.2 Effects on Crops Production
2.3 Effects on Agricultural Soils
2.4 Effects on Water Consumption by Crops
3 Implication of Climate Change in Egypt
3.1 Climate Change and Water Resources
3.2 Climate Change and Water Needs for the Cropped Area
3.3 Climate Change and Crops Production
4 Source of Emission of Greenhouse Gases
4.1 Emission from the Soil
4.2 Emission from Rice Fields
4.3 Burning of Crops Residues
5 Climate-Smart Practices to Reduce Emission of Greenhouse Gases
5.1 Carbon Sequestration in the Soil
5.2 Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emissions from Rice Fields
5.3 Biogas Production
6 Conclusion
References